اثر سیستم‌های تغذیه شیمیایی و غیر شیمیایی بر برخی صفات رشدی، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد برنج(Oryza sativa L.) رقم هاشمی– مطالعه موردی در شهرستان لاهیجان استان گیلان

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، واحد لاهیجان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، لاهیجان، ایران.

چکیده

به­منظور مقایسه اثر سیستم­های تغذیه شیمیایی و غیر شیمیایی بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و برخی صفات رشدی در برنج  (رقم هاشمی) (Oryza sativa L.) شهرستان لاهیجان، آزمایش مزرعه­ای به­صورت اسپلیت پلات بر پایه طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در دو مکان (مزرعه کشاورز و مزرعه دانشگاه) در سال 1397 اجرا شد. عامل­های آزمایشی شامل تغذیه در سه سطح (شاهد، شیمیایی، بوم­شناختی) به‌عنوان عامل اصلی و نوع ماده آلی (شاهد، کمپوست زباله شهری، بیوچار و آزولا) در چهار سطح به‌عنوان عامل فرعی در نظر گرفته شدند. نتایج تجزیه مرکب نشان داد که بیشترین عملکرد دانه با میانگین 3699 کیلوگرم در هکتار در تیمار مصرف کود شیمیایی و بیوچار و کمترین عملکرد دانه به‌میزان 2209 کیلوگرم در هکتار (40 درصد کاهش)، در شاهد (بدون مصرف کود) و بیشترین تعداد خوشه در بوته با میانگین 28 عدد خوشه در بوته در تیمار مصرف کود شیمیایی به‌همراه بیوچار مشاهده شد. بالاترین ارتفاع بوته در تیمارهای شیمیایی و بوم­شناختی (استفاده از اردک) با حضور بیوچار به‌ترتیب 3/128 و 5/124 سانتی­متر و کمترین ارتفاع بوته برنج به­مقدار 3/108 سانتی­متر، در شاهد (بدون مصرف کود) مزرعه دانشگاه مشاهده شد. بیش­ترین درصد پروتئین دانه در شرایط مصرف کود شیمیایی به‌همراه بیوچار به­مقدار 26/8 درصد و کمترین درصد پروتئین به‌میزان 81/6 درصد، در شاهد (بدون مصرف کود) به­دست آمد. از نظر جذب عناصر ماکرو، بیشترین مقدار نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم دانه به­ترتیب با میانگین 79/1، 37/0 و 265/0 درصد در تیمار کود شیمیایی و بیوچار و کمترین مقدار نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم دانه به­ترتیب با میانگین 18/1، 21/0 و 132/0 درصد، در شاهد (بدون مصرف کود) مشاهده شد. در تیمارهای فرعی، بیشترین تأثیرگذاری روی مقدار نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم دانه در تیمار مصرف بیوچار به‌همراه کود شیمیایی و بوم­شناختی بود. درصد جذب عناصر غذایی در تیمار شیمیایی و بیوچار نسبت به سایر تیمارها بیشتر و معنی­دار بود. سیستم­های آلی و غیر شیمیایی اثرات متفاوتی در عملکرد گیاه برنج داشت و باعث کاهش میزان مصرف کودهای شیمیایی و افزایش عملکرد (شیمیایی و بیوچار به­میزان 3699 کیلوگرم، 67 درصد نسبت به شاهد، شیمیایی و کمپوست زباله شهری به‌میزان 3396 کیلوگرم و 53 درصد نسبت به شاهد و شیمیایی و آزولا به­میزان 3243 کیلوگرم در هکتار و 47 درصد بیشتر نسبت به شاهد) می­شوند. بیوچار باعث افزایش رشد، عملکرد و افزایش قابلیت جذب عناصر غذایی گیاه برنج شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Chemical and Non-Chemical Nutrition Systems on Some Growth Traits, Yield and Yield Components of Hashemi Variety Rice (Oryza sativa L.) - A Case Study in Lahijan City, Gilan Province

نویسندگان [English]

  • Alireza Nosrati
  • Hamid Reza Doroudian
  • Sirous Bidarigh
  • Seyyed Mostafa Sadeghi
  • Majid Ashouri
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran,
چکیده [English]

Introduction[1]
Rice is a staple and valuable grain that is the main source of food for over 50 percent of the world's population after wheat (Lopez et al., 2019; Jabran and Chauhan, 2015). Rice production should increase by over 50 percent by 2050, which can be realized by improving its cultivars and applying sound agronomic management practices (Esfahani et al., 2005; Asadi et al., 2016). Nitrogen (N) is a key macroelement that is decisive for plants, but it is deficient in most farms. N fertilizer is applied chemically, organically, and biologically (Moslehi et al., 2015).
 Materials and Methods
This research was conducted as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at two sites at the experimental farm of Islami Azad University of Lahijan (the village of Tustan) and Kateshal farm in 2018-2019. The study site (Lat. 36°55' N., Long. 45°20' E. (first location) and Lat. 37°21' N., Long. 50°18' E. (second location)) has a temperate and humid climate with a 10-year mean annual precipitation of 1150 mm (Guilan Meteorological Quarterly, 2020). Table 1 presents the meteorological data of the region during the experiment. Before the experiment, the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil at the study site were measured in the laboratory of the Water and Soil Department of Rice Research Center. The experimental factors included organic, chemical fertilizer, and control as the three levels of the first factor and urban waste compost, biochar, and Azolla, and control as the four levels of the second factor. Statistical analysis of data, data conversion, and drawing of graphs and charts were done using SAS 9.2 and Excel 2010 software. The averages obtained were statistically compared with each other using Tukey's test and at the probability level of 5%.
Results and Discussion
The simple effects of the chemical, organic, and organic nutritional systems were found to be significant (P < 0.01) on grain yield. Based on the comparison of data means for both research farms, the highest grain yield of, on average, 3699 kg/ha was obtained from the treatment of chemical fertilizer and biochar, and the lowest one of 2209 kg.ha-1 (40% lower than its maximum counterpart) from the control (unfertilized) treatment. Among the subplots, the biochar treatment was the most effective, and the control (unfertilized) was the least effective in this trait. The treatments that were fertilized with chemical N fertilizer produced more panicles per plant than the treatments that weren’t. Among the sub-plots, the highest number of panicles per plant was related to the biochar treatments under no-fertilization, ecological, and chemical conditions, and the lowest number to the control (unfertilized treatment). The plants treated chemically and ecologically in the presence of biochar were the tallest, growing to a height of 127 and 124 cm, respectively, whereas the lowest plant height was 108 cm, related to the control (unfertilized plants).
 
Conclusion
The use of organic fertilizers alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers, in addition to improving the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of rice, has a positive effect on the sustainability of production and preservation of the environment. The results of this research showed that the application of nitrogen fertilizer and biochar, in addition to optimizing the application of fertilizer, increased the yield of rice. It was also found that the consumption of biochar caused an increase in traits related to grain yield. The role of biochar was evident in the significant change of the studied traits of Hashemi rice in the main treatments (control, ecological, and chemical). Therefore, it is recommended to use biochar along with chemical fertilizer in order to maintain yield, prevent biological pollution and increase soil and rice fertility.
Acknowledgments
The assistance of the esteemed personnel of the Islamic Azad University, Lahijan branch, who helped us in the implementation of this research, is gratefully acknowledged.







 




 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Nitrogen
  • Nutrition
  • Organic
  • Paddy

©2023 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

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