بررسی و مطالعه جریان انرژی و انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای در نظام‌های تولید محصولات زراعی و باغی (مطالعه موردی: دشت شریف‌آباد)

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 بخش تحقیقات اصلاح و تهیه نهال و بذر، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد، ایران

2 گروه اگرواکولوژی، پژوهشکده علوم محیطی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

استفاده بهینه از منابع و نهاده‌ها یکی از اولین و اساسی‌ترین اهداف کشاورزی پایدار به شمار می‌رود. در پژوهش حاضر، جریان انرژی و انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای در محصولات زراعی (اعم از یکساله و چندساله) و باغی عمده دشت شریف‌آباد استان قم شامل گندم (Triticum aestivum L.)، جو (Hordeum vulgare L.)، کلزا (Brassica napus L.)، یونجه (Medicago sativa L.)، ذرت علوفه‌ای (Zea mays L.)، پنبه (Gossypium hirsutum L.)، انار (Punica granatum L.)، انگور (Vitis vinifera L.) و پسته (Pistacia vera L.) مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. بدین منظور، اطلاعات مورد نیاز تحقیق با استفاده از پرسشنامه و مصاحبه حضوری با 183 کشاورز منطقه در سال 1397 به دست آمد. شاخص‌های انرژی ورودی، انرژی خروجی، انرژی خالص، انرژی مخصوص، کارایی مصرف انرژی، بهره‌وری انرژی، اشکال مختلف انرژی و پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی محاسبه گردید. نتایج نشان داد که در بین محصولات مورد مطالعه، بیشترین انرژی در فرایند تولید محصولات یونجه، انار و انگور به ترتیب با 94906، 79696 و 78984 مگاژول در هکتار بوده و بیشترین انرژی خروجی نیز به ترتیب متعلق به محصولات یونجه (218567 مگاژول در هکتار)، ذرت علوفه‌ای (171810 مگاژول در هکتار) و گندم (123430 مگاژول در هکتار بود. بیشترین کارایی مصرف انرژی مربوط به محصولات جو (9/2)، ذرت علوفه‌ای (8/2) و گندم (6/2) بوده و کمترین آن به ترتیب برای محصولات پسته (34/0)، انار (48/0) و پنبه (9/0) محاسبه گردید. محصولات پسته (7/72 مگاژول بر کیلوگرم)، پنبه (1/27 مگاژول بر کیلوگرم) و کلزا (7/20 مگاژول بر کیلوگرم) به ازای تولید هر کیلوگرم محصول انرژی بیشتری نسبت به سایر محصولات مورد استفاده قرار دادند و کمترین آن مربوط به محصولات ذرت علوفه‌ای (5/1 مگاژول بر کیلوگرم)، انار (5 مگاژول بر کیلوگرم) و یونجه (8/6 مگاژول بر کیلوگرم) بود. نتایج نشان داد که در نظام تولید محصولات مورد مطالعه، سهم انرژی مستقیم (شامل نیروی انسانی، سوخت دیزلی، آب آبیاری و الکتریسیته) بیش از انرژی غیرمستقیم (شامل بذر، کودهای شیمیایی، کود حیوانی، آفت‌کش‌ها و ماشین‌آلات) و سهم انرژی‌های تجدیدناپذیر (الکتریسیته، کودهای شیمیایی، سوخت دیزلی، آفت‌کش‌ها و ماشین‌آلات) بیش از انرژی تجدیدپذیر (نیروی انسانی، بذر، آب آبیاری و کود دامی) بود. کشت‌بوم‌های یونجه (معادل 12294کیلوگرم معادل CO2 در هکتار)، انار (معادل 10484کیلوگرم CO2 در هکتار) و انگور (معادل 10085 کیلوگرم CO2 در هکتار) به ترتیب بیشترین مقدار پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی را داشته و کمترین آن متعلق به محصولات جو (معادل 4019 کیلوگرم CO2 در هکتار)، کلزا (معادل 4285 کیلوگرم CO2 در هکتار) و گندم (معادل 4542  کیلوگرم CO2 در هکتار) بود. نتایج نشان داد که در بیشتر محصولات، الکتریسیته، گازوئیل و نیتروژن بیشترین سهم را در انرژی ورودی و انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای ایفا می‌کنند. بنابراین، مدیریت بهینه آبیاری برای افزایش کارایی مصرف آب و استفاده از عملیات زراعی مناسب مانند کشت کود سبز یا قرار دادن محصولات لگوم برای افزایش حاصلخیزی خاک به جای استفاده از کودهای شیمیایی می‌تواند به افزایش بهره‌وری انرژی و کاهش انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای کمک کند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Energy Flow and GHG Emissions in Major Field and Horticultural Crop Production Systems (Case Study: Sharif Abad Plain)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Javad Vafabakhsh 1
  • Arash Mohammadzadeh 2
1 Seed and Plant Improvement Research Department, Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Reseach and Education Center, AREEO, Mashhad, Iran
2 Department of Agroecology, Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction[1]
Energy use patterns and Green House Gas (GHG) emissions from agro-ecosystems vary depending on the farming system; cropping pattern; crop season; the level of technology; the size of the population engaged in agriculture; nature and amount of chemical fertilizer; harvesting and threshing operations; and ultimately yield levels. Worldwide, about 5% of the total energy is used in agriculture section that is directly linked to GHGs emissions. According to reports, agricultural GHG emissions account for 10–12% of all anthropogenic GHG emissions. Therefore, efficient use of energy in farming systems is one of the most important implications for decreasing GHG emissions and mitigating global warming. A good understanding of energy flow and GHG emissions in agricultural production systems will help to optimize crop management practices thereby reducing the environmental footprints of energy inputs and promoting sustainable agriculture. This paper describes the energy use patterns and global warming potential for major crop production systems in Sharif Abad plain located in Qom province, Iran.
Materials and methods
The study area relates to the Sharif Abad plain, located in the Qom province in north-central Iran. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews with 183 farmers in the year 2018. A questionnaire form was designed to collect the required information related to various input uses (electricity, biocides, fertilizers, etc.), operation times, crop yields, etc. The selection of producers was based on cropping patterns and the fact that the farmers should be representative of the selected crops. The simple random sampling method was used to determine the survey volume. The studied field crops and horticultural crops were wheat (Triticum aestivum. L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), corn silage (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) and grape (Vitis vinifera L.). In the present study, input and output values for perennial crops (alfalfa, pistachio, pomegranate, and grape) are represented as averages of the crop production cycle.
Results and discussion
Results showed that, in terms of total energy input, alfalfa (94,906 MJ.ha−1), pomegranate (79,696 Mj.ha−1), and grape (78,984 MJ.ha−1) production systems were more energy-intensive than other crops. Among the studied crops, the highest values of output energy were related to alfalfa (218,567 MJ.ha−1), corn silage (171,810 MJ.ha−1) and wheat (123,430 MJ.ha−1) production systems, respectively. Also, it was observed that the highest values of energy use efficiency and specific energy were related to barley (2.9) and cotton (72.7 MJ.kg−1), respectively. Among all the studied crops, the highest values of global warming potential were calculated to be 12,294 kg CO2eq ha−1 for the alfalfa production system followed by the pomegranate (10,484 kg CO2eq ha−1) and grape (10,085 kg CO2eq ha−1) production systems. In the average of all crops, electric power accounted for the greatest GHG emissions, followed by diesel and nitrogen fertilizer. The proportion of direct energy (human labor, diesel fuel, water for irrigation, and electricity) in the studied crops was greater than the indirect form (seed, chemical fertilizer, manure, pesticides, and machinery). Also, the amount of non-renewable energy (electricity, chemical fertilizer, diesel fuel, pesticides, and machinery) in all the investigated crops was higher than of the renewable form (human labor, seed, water for irrigation and manure).
Conclusion
It can be inferred from the present study that in all of studied crops, notable part of energy used and GHG emissions were related to electric power. In the study area, entire electrical power is consumed in irrigation practices. Therefore, optimal management of water and nitrogen in crop production systems are the ways that should be considered to improve energy performance and decrease the GHG emissions. Also, management of plant nutrients by renewable resources like farmyard manure and green manures would increase rate of renewable energy.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Agroecosystem analysis
  • Energy Efficiency
  • Global warming
  • Sharif Abad plain

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 15 تیر 1398
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 25 تیر 1398
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 31 تیر 1398
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار: 31 تیر 1398

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