اثر ﺍﺯﺗﻮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮ ﮐﺮﻭﮐﻮﮐﻮﻡ (Azotobacter chroococcum) و گلوموس اینترارادیسز (Glomus intraradices) بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و جوانه‌زنی بذرهای حاصل تحت شرایط آبیاری تکمیلی در برخی ارقام گندم (Triticum aestivum L.)

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده علوم کشاورزی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

2 گروه تولیدات گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه گنبد کاووس، گنبد کاووس، ایران

چکیده

کمبود آب در مراحل انتهایی رشد گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) منجر به تولید بذر بی‌کیفیت می‌شود. کاربرد بی‌رویه کودهای شیمیایی آسیب‌های جدی به محیط زیست وارد می‌کند. به‌منظور بررسی اثر باکتری ازتوباکتر ﮐﺮﻭﮐﻮﮐﻮﻡ (Azotobacter chroococcum) و قارچ میکوریزا گلوموس اینترارادیسز(Glomus intraradices) بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد ارقام گندم و جوانه­زنی بذرهای حاصل تحت شرایط آبیاری تکمیلی، آزمایشی با سه تکرار به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح پایه بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در ایستگاه تحقیقات کشاورزی گرگان (عراقی محله) در سال زراعی 1395-1394 اجرا گردید. عوامل آزمایش شامل دو رقم گندم آبی (20-80-N و گنبد)، شش سطح تلقیح شامل (1) عدم تلقیح به‌عنوان شاهد، (2) تلقیح بذر با قارچ میکوریزا گلوموس اینترارادیسز، (3) تلقیح بذر با باکتری سویه ازتوباکتر کروکوکوم (پودری)، (4) تلقیح با فرم مایع ازتوباکتر کروکوکوم، (5) تلقیح با سویه ازتوباکتر کروکوکوم (پودری) + گلوموس اینترارادیسز، (6) تلقیح با فرم مایع ازتوباکتر کروکوکوم + گلوموس اینترارادیسز) و سه سطح آبیاری تکمیلی (عدم آبیاری، آبیاری در مرحله آبستنی و آبیاری در مرحله گل‌دهی کامل) بود. در این بررسی صفات عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و جوانه‌زنی بذرهای گندم حاصل مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان داد که تلقیح بذر ارقام گندم با ترکیب توأم ازتوباکتر و میکوریزا اثر معنی‌داری روی عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و هم‌چنین بهبود مؤلفه­های جوانه‌زنی بذرهای تولیدی گندم داشت. بیش‌ترین عملکرد دانه (33/5987 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در بوته­های حاصل از بذرهای تلقیح شده با گلوموس اینترارادیسز + فرم مایع ازتوباکتر کروکوکوم تحت آبیاری تکمیلی در مرحله گل‌دهی کامل به‌دست آمد. رقم 20-80-N و تلقیح بذر با گلوموس اینترارادیسز + فرم مایع ازتوباکتر کروکوکوم با افزایش 10 درصدی نسبت به شاهد، بالاترین عملکرد دانه را به خود اختصاص داد. درصد و سرعت جوانه­زنی بذور ارقام گندم تحت تأثیر آبیاری تکمیلی به‌طور قابل ملاحظه­ای افزایش یافت. هم‌چنین تلقیح بذر گندم با کودهای بیولوژیک سبب افزایش درصد جوانه­زنی بذور حاصل شد. به‌طوری‌که بالاترین درصد جوانه­زنی در تیمار تلقیح بذر با گلوموس اینترارادیسز + فرم مایع ازتوباکتر کروکوکوم (75/95) حاصل شد. رقم 20-80-N در مقایسه با رقم گنبد نسبت به تلقیح بذر و آبیاری تکمیلی از نظر صفات مورد مطالعه پاسخ بهتری را از خود نشان داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Azotobacter chroococcum and Glomus intraradices on Yield, Yield Components and Germination of Derived Seeds under Supplementary Irrigation in some of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties

نویسندگان [English]

  • Abdolghader Enayati 1
  • Morteza Barmaki 1
  • Raouf Seyed Sharifi 1
  • Abdollatif Gholizadeh 2
1 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran
2 Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavos University, Gonbad Kavos, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Water shortage in terminal phases of wheat growth causes low-quality seeds in wheat. Extra use of chemical fertilizer has an adverse effect on the environment. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is very important in Iran grown on 7 million ha of the total national cultivated; irrigated wheat farms accounting for 35% of the total wheat lands. It grows mainly during dry seasons, where irrigation is necessary because precipitation in the growing season is far less than the crop water requirement. Within the arid and semi-arid regions, water available is a major limitation for crop production. Wheat needs sufficient available water and nutrient to achieve optimum yields, quality, and adequate grain-protein content. In recent years, the water shortage has gradually increased in most of the countries mainly due to the annual increasing irrigation and dry climate. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of azotobacter and mycorrhiza fungus on yield and yield components of wheat varieties and quality of derived seeds under supplementary irrigation. The present study experiment was conducted as a factorial arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Research station of Gorgan (Iraqi Mahalle).
Materials and Methods
To evaluate the effect of azotobacter and mycorrihza application on yield, yield components and seed quality of wheat cultivars an experiment was carried out in the Research Station of Gorgan (Iraqi Mahalle). Experimental factors including two irrigated wheat varieties namely N-80-20 and Gonbad Cv., six levels of inoculations (1) non inoculated as control, (2) application of mycorrihza  (G. intraradices), (3) inoculation with powdery A.chroococcum, (4) inoculation with liquid A.chroococcum, (5) inoculation with powdery A.chroococcum+G. intraradices, (6) inoculation with liquid A.chroococcum+G. intraradices, and three levels of supplementary irrigation (non-irrigated, irrigation at booting and irrigation at the full flowering stage). The studied traits were plant height, spike length, number of spikes, number of seed per spike, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, biologic yield, harvest index, seed germination percentage, seed germination rate, seedling length, seedling dry weight and length vigor index. For statistical analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) were performed using SPSS and STATISTICA software. The graphs were drawn by excel software.
 
Results and Discussion
Results revealed that inoculation of wheat varieties with a combination of azotobacter and mycorrihza induced seed yield and yield components increment as well as quality improvement of derived seeds. Supplementary irrigation at full flowering phase had more positive effects on traits of wheat varieties. Considering the investigated characteristics, N-80-20 had a better response to seed inoculation and supplementary irrigation comparing to Gonbad cultivar. The maximum seed yield (5987.33 kg.ha-1) was achieved with the application of mycorrihza + liquid azotobacter under supplementary irrigation at full flowering phase of wheat growth.
It seems that application of biological fertilizers and supplementary irrigation is an appropriate and low-cost method for increasing of yield and improvement of seed quality of wheat. Seed inoculation of N-80-20 cultivar with mycorrihza + liquied azotobacter was increased the seed yield 10 percentage compared to control condition. Seed germination percentage and rate of wheat cultivars under supplementary irrigation was significantly increased. The maximum seed germination percentage (95.7%) was observed with the application of mycorrihza + liquied azotobacter. N-80-20 in compared to Gonbad cultivar was demonstrated better response regarding studied traits.
Conclusion
According to the results, in order to increase seed yield and improving seed quality, inoculation of seeds with a joint combination of azotobacter and mycorrihza along with supplementary irrigation at the full flowering stage of wheat could be recommended.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Supplementary irrigation
  • Wheat cultivars
  • Biologic fertilizer
  • Seed quality
  • Seed yield
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