ارزیابی کارایی مصرف نیترو‍ژن در نظام‌های زراعی تولید گندم (Triticum aestivum L.)

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 بخش تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی، مرکز تحقیقات آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، مشهد

2 گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

3 مرکز تحقیقات آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی

چکیده

نظام‌های رایج کشاورزی برای حفظ و تقویت حاصلخیزی خاک به کودهای شیمیایی به­ویژه کودهای نیتروژنی وابسته می‌باشند.گرچه مصرف کودهای نیتروژنی نقش قابل توجهی در افزایش عملکرد داشته است، اما مصرف بی­رویه آن با کاهش کارایی مصرف نیتروژن همراه بوده است. این پژوهش به­منظور بررسی و تجزیه و تحلیل، روند تغییرات کارایی مصرف نیتروژن و تعیین سهم نسبی اجزای کارایی در نظام‌های زراعی گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) با استفاده از مدل CENTURY انجام شده است. نتایج به­دست آمده در این مطالعه نشان داد که میانگین کارایی مصرف نیتروژن در نظام‌های زراعی گندم این مطالعه 3/28 کیلوگرم دانه به­ازای هر کیلوگرم نیتروژن فراهم یا قابل جذب خاک بود. نظام‌های زراعی گندم (تبریز، شیراز، گرگان) بالاترین و در مقابل نظام‌های زراعی (کرمان، بیرجند، زابل) کمترین کارایی  مصرف نیتروژن را دارا بودند. بررسی روند تغییرات عملکرد در مقابل کارایی مصرف نیتروژن نشان داد با افزایش یک واحدکارایی مصرف نیتروژن، عملکرد با شیبی معادل14/0 تن افزایش یافته است. از طرفی همبستگی مثبت و معنی­داری بین کارایی مصرف نیتروژن با کارایی تبدیل (r=0.73 p≤0.01) و جذب نیتروژن (r=0.69 p≤0.01) به­دست آمد. همچنین، تفکیک سهم نسبی اجزای کارایی مصرف نیتروژن حاکی از آن بود که در دامنه مصرف 120-80 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار سهم نسبی اجزای کارایی جذب و تبدیل به­ترتیب 64 و 36 درصد بود که با افزایش مصرف نیتروژن به­میزان 160-121 کیلوگرم در هکتار سهم نسبی کارایی جذب به 33 درصد وکارایی تبدیل به 67 درصد تغییر یافت. به­نظر می‌رسد در نظام‌های تولید گندم هنگامی که جزء غالب کارایی جذب می­باشد مدیریت زراعی و استفاده از روش‌های اصلاحی زمانی که جزء غالب کارایی تبدیل می‌باشد به عنوان رهیافت‌های پیشنهادی در جهت بهبود کارایی مصرف نیتروژن مورد توجه می­باشند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) eat Cropping Systems of Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • hamid reza tavakkoli kakhki 1
  • Mahdi Nasiri Mahalati 2
  • Alireza koocheki 2
  • Alireza Beheshti 3
1 ferdwosi of mashhad
2 Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
3 Agricultural Education and Natural Resources Research Center of Khorasan Razavi
چکیده [English]

Introduction
  Nitrogen fertilizers, plays an essential role in crop production and additionally its application has environmental drawbacks. So, nitrogen dynamics between cropping systems and environment is one of the most important agronomic management practices. Improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is an important target in wheat cropping systems, it increases profitability through greater yields and reduction of the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production and it could be reduce environmental hazards. There are many definitions related to NUE in the context of crop production and as well as in the literature review. One of the fundamental definition related to Moll et al (1982). According to Moll et al. (1982) definitions’ NUE as grain dry matter yield per unit of nitrogen available from the soil and fertilizer and divided it into two components 1-Nitrogen-uptake efficiency that is crop nitrogen uptake to nitrogen available and 2- Nitrogen-utilization efficiency which is grain dry matter yield to crop nitrogen uptake. Wheat is one of the most extend cultivated crops in the world.  It is estimated in Iran, about 2.3 million ha of wheat cropping systems are under irrigated cultivation. The specific objectives of the present study were to 1- investigation and analysis nitrogen use efficiency variations and its components in wheat cropping systems by using simulation model.2-Determine how nitrogen use efficiency and its components (component analysis) is affected by nitrogen fertilizer levels.
Materials and Methods
We used CENTURY model  to evaluate nitrogen use efficiency in wheat cropping systems. For this purpose 14 wheat cropping system from different locations were selected. Soil data was collected from Soil and Water Research Institute and weather data from 2000 to 2014 were obtained from Iran Meteorological Organization for 14 selected stations.The CENTURY model simulates the long-term dynamics of Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), for different Plant-Soil Systems. The model can simulate the dynamics of agricultural crop systems. The crop systems have different plant production submodels which are linked to a common soil organic matter submodel. The soil organic matter submodel simulates the flow of C, N through plant litter and the different inorganic and organic pools in the soil.  CENTURY model runs in monthly time step with calculating monthly precipitation (cm), monthly mean of minimum and maximum temperature (c°), site latitude and longitude, sand, silt and clay (%), soil bulk density (g/cm3), rooting depth (cm), C and N content of the top 20 cm of soil and management information such as planting date, first and last month of wheat growth, number and amounts of fertilization, amount of irrigation water and its schedules are required. For model validation we used three statistical measures including Normalized Root Mean Squared Error (nRMSE), Willmott (1982) index or (d index) and linear regression coefficients between actual values and predicted values.
Results and Discussion
   Results, revealed that average nitrogen use efficiency in wheat cropping systems of Iran was 28.3 kg grain per kg of nitrogen applied.  The highest and lowest mean nitrogen use efficiency were 36.02 and 21.26 kg grain per kg N that observed respectively in (Tabriz, Shiraz, Gorgan) and (Kerman, Zabol, Birjand). Regression of nitrogen use efficiency vs. yield showed that with increasing nitrogen use efficiency, yield is raised (b=0.14 kg kg-1). Separation of nitrogen use efficiency to its components indicated that on range of value (80-120 kgha-1) use of nitrogen, relative contribution of nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency separately were 64 and 36 percent. When use of nitrogen fertilizer was increased up to value (121-160 kg ha-1) relative contribution of nitrogen uptake and nitrogen utilization was changed to 33 and 67 percent, respectively.
Conclusion
It seems that, when in cropping system nitrogen uptake will be dominant, agronomic management practice and in versus, if nitrogen utilization efficiency will be more important choice of superior cultivars are emphasizes the improvement of nitrogen use efficiency.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • components analysis efficiency
  • Sustainable production
  • Utilization efficiency
  • Uptake efficiency

مراجع

Abeledo, L.G., Calderini, D.F., and Slafer, G.A. 2008. Nitrogen economy in old and modern malting barleys. Field Crops Research 106: 171-178.
Alijani, F., Karbasi, A., and Mozafari Mosen, M. 2011. Survey of the effects of climate change on yield of irrigated wheat in Iran. Agricultural Economic and Development 76:143-167.
Annabi Milani, A., 2007. Interaction of irrigation regimes and nitrogen sources on grain yield and water use efficiency of wheat. Journal of Agroecology 2: 43-56. (In Persian with English Summary)
Ayneband, A., Moezi, A., and Sabet, M. 2011. The comparision of nitrogen use efficiencies in old and modern wheat cultivars: Agroecological results. American- Eurasian Journal Agricultural Environmental Science 10: 574-586.
Bahrani, A., and Tahmasebi Sarvestani, Z. 2007. Effect of rate and times of nitrogen application on accumulation and remobilization efficiency of flag leaf in two wheat cultivars. Journal of Water and Soil Science 11: 147-155. (In Persian with English Summary)
Bakhshaie, S., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and Goldani, M. 2014. The effects of nitroxin and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 12: 360-368. (In Persian with English summary)
Barraclough, P.B., Howarth, J.R., Jones, J., Lopez-Bellido, R., Parmar, S., Shepherd, C.E., and Hawkesford, M.J. 2010. Nitrogen efficiency of wheat: genotypic and environmental variation and prospects for improvement. European Journal of Agronomy 33: 1-11.
Bruinsma, J. 2009. The resource outlook to 2050. Expert meeting on how to feed the world in 2050. FAO.
Cassman, K.G., Dobermann, A., and Walters, D.T. 2002. Agroecosystems, nitrogen-use efficiency, and nitrogen management. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment 31: 132-140.
Conant, R.T., Berdanier, A.B., and Grace, P.R. 2013. Patterns and trends in nitrogen use and nitrogen recovery efficiency in world agriculture. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 27: 558-566.
Dawson, J.C., Huggins, D.R., and Jones, S.S. 2008. Characterizing nitrogen use efficiency in natural and agricultural ecosystems to improve the performance of cereal crops in low-input and organic agricultural systems. Field Crops Research 107: 89-101.
Deihimfard, R., Mahallati, M.N., and Koocheki, A. 2015. Yield gap analysis in major wheat growing areas of Khorasan province, Iran, through crop modelling. Field Crops Research 184: 28-38.
Delgado, J., and Shaffer, M. 2008. Nitrogen Management Modeling Techniques: Assessing Cropping Systems/Landscape Combinations. Elsevier Inc.
Dhugga, K.S., and Waines, J. 1989. Analysis of nitrogen accumulation and use in bread and durum wheat. Crop Science 29: 1232-1239
Fageria, N., and Baligar, V. 2005. Enhancing nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants. Advances in agronomy 88: 97-185.
Farshid, R., Zamani, G., Behdani, M., and Sahrai, E. 2012. Effects of salinity and nitrogen application methods on yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 10: 18-24. (In Persian with English Summary)
FAOSTAT. 2013. Crop production Statistics. Food and Agriculture Organization Rome. Available online at: www.faostat.fao.org
Foth, H.D., and Ellis, B.G. 1997. Soil Fertility. CRC Press, Inc. USA.
Foulkes, M., Hawkesford, M., Barraclough, P., Holdsworth, M., Kerr, S., Kightley, S., and Shewry, P. 2009. Identifying traits to improve the nitrogen economy of wheat: recent advances and futureprospects. Field Crops Research 114: 329-342.
Gabarron-Galeote, M.A., Trigalet, S., and van Wesemael, B. 2015. Soil organic carbon evolution after land abandonment along a precipitation gradient in southern Spain. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 199: 114-123.
Gaju, O., Allard, V., Martre, P., Snape, J., Heumez, E., LeGouis, J., Moreau, D., Bogard, M., Griffiths, S., and Orford, S. 2011. Identification of traits to improve the nitrogen-use efficiency of wheat genotypes. Field Crops Research 123: 139-152.
Gastal, F., Lemaire, G., Durand, J.L., and Louarn, G. 2014. Quantifying crop responses to nitrogen and avenues to improve nitrogen-use efficiency. Crop Physiology–Applications for Genetic Improvement and Agronomy, 2nd Edn. Academic, Elsevier, 161-206.
Gerami, F., Aynehband, A., and Fateh, E. 2013. Effect of green manures and nitrogen fertilizer levels on early growth, yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science. 23: 1-17. (In Persian with English Summary)
Greenwood, D., Gastal, F., Lemaire, G., Draycott, A., Millard, P., and Neeteson, J. 1991. Growth rate and %N of field grown crops: theory and experiments. Annals of Botany 67: 181-190.
Group, F.F.O.W. 2012. Current world fertilizer trends and outlook to 2016. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome. Available online at: ftp://ftp. fao. org/ag/agp/docs/cwfto16.
Hurley, T.M., Malzer, G.L., and Kilian, B. 2004. Estimating site-specific nitrogen crop response functions. Agronomy Journal 96: 1331-1343
Hirel, B., and Lemaire, G. 2006. From agronomy and ecophysiology to molecular genetics for improving nitrogen use efficiency in crops. Journal of Crop Improvement 15: 213-257.
Hosseini, R., Galeshi, S., Soltani, A., and Kalateh, M. 2011. The effect of nitrogen on yield and yield component in modern and old wheat cultivars. Electronic Journal of Crop Producation. 4:187-200. (In Persian with English Summary)
Hosseini, R., Galeshi, S., Soltani, A., Kalateh, M., and Zahed, M. 2013. The effect of nitrogen rate on nitrogen use efficicency index in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Research 11: 300-306. (In Persian with in English Summary)
Jimenez, E.I., and Garcia, V.P. 1992. Relationships between organic carbon and total organic matter in municipal solid wastes and city refuse composts. Bioresource Technology 41: 265-272.
Khasseh Serjani, A., Farahbakhsh, H., Ravari, S.Z., Pasandipoor, N., and Karami, A. 2011. Evaluation the effect of biological, zinc sulphate and nitrogen fertilizer on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of wheat yield. Iranian Journal of Soil Research 25: 125-135. (In Persian with English Summary)
Lal, R. 2010. Beyond Copenhagen: mitigating climate change and achieving food security through soil carbon sequestration. Food Security 2: 169-177.
Linacre, E.T. 1977. A simple formula for estimating evaporation rates in various climates, using temperature data alone. Agricultural Meteorology 18: 409-424.
Mdhej, A., Naderi, A., Imam, Y., Aynehband, A., and Normohamadi, G. 2009. Effect of different nitrogen level on grain yield , grain protein content and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency in wheat genotypes under optimum and post- anthesis heat stress conditions. Seed and Plant Production Journal 25: 353-371. (In Persian with English Summary)
Mikanova, O., Šimon, T., Javůrek, M., and Vach, M. 2012. Relationships between winter wheat yields and soil carbon under various tillage systems. Plant, Soil and Environment 58: 540-544.
Moll, R., Kamprath, E., and Jackson, W. 1982. Analysis and interpretation of factors which contribute to efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Agronomy Journal 74: 562-564.
Nassiri Mahalati, M., and Koocheki, A. 2014. Trend analysis of nitrogen use and productivity in cereal production system of Iran. Journal of Agroecology 6: 1-25. (In Persian with in English Summary)
Oelofse, M., Markussen, B., Knudsen, L., Schelde, K., Olesen, J.E., Jensen, L.S., and Bruun, S. 2015. Do soil organic carbon levels affect potential yields and nitrogen use efficiency? An analysis of winter wheat and spring barley field trials. European Journal of Agronomy 66: 62-73.
Paponov, I., Aufhammer, W., Kaul, H.P., and Ehmele, F.P. 1996. Nitrogen efficiency components of winter cereals. European Journal of Agronomy 5: 115-124.
Parton, W. 1996. The CENTURY model. Evaluation of soil organic matter models. Springer p. 283-291.
Parton, W., McKeown, R., Kirchner, V., and Ojima, D. 1992. Users guide for the CENTURY model.
Parton, W.J., and Rasmussen, P., 1994. Long-term effects of crop management in wheat-fallow: II. CENTURY model simulations. Soil Science Society of America Journal 58: 530-536.
Pathak, H., Aggarwal, P., Roetter, R., Kalra, N., Bandyopadhaya, S., Prasad, S., and Van Keulen, H. 2003. Modelling the quantitative evaluation of soil nutrient supply, nutrient use efficiency, and fertilizer requirements of wheat in India. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 65: 105-113.
Pourazari, F., Ehsanzade, P., and Jahanbin, S. 2011. Response of hulled tetraploid wheats to nitrogen deficit stress in comparison to macaroni wheat. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science 42: 285-294. (In Persian with English Summary)
Sainju, U.M., Lenssen, A.W., Caesar-TonThat, T., and Evans, R.G. 2009. Dryland crop yields and soil organic matter as influenced by long-term tillage and cropping sequence. Agronomy Journal 101: 243-251.
Sanjani, S., Koocheki, A., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2012. Quantifying yield potential and yield gap for corn (Zea mays L.) in the Northeast Iran. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 22: 1692-1700.
SAS, 2002. Procedures Guide. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
Semenov, M.A., Jamieson, P.D., and Martre, P. 2007. Deconvoluting nitrogen use efficiency in wheat: a simulation study. European Journal of Agronomy 26: 83-294.
Shaffer, M.J., Ma, L., and Hansen, S. 2010. Modeling Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics for Soil Management. CRC PressUSA. 651.
Shahabifar, M., and Daryashenas, A. 2004. Increase of N use efficiency in wheat fertigation method by optimum split N at growth stage. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Soil and Water Research Institute. 44674. (In Persian with English Summary)
Statistical Year Book. 2013. Department of Agricultural Statistics. Jihad-e-Agriculture Ministry. 167pp. (In Persian)
Sylvester-Bradley, R., Stokes, D., Scott, R., and Willington, V. 1990. A physiological analysis of the diminishing responses of winter wheat to applied nitrogen. 2. Evidence. Aspects of Applied Biology 25: 289-300.
Taghipoor, F. 2005. The effect of nitrogen sources on the yield and quality of wheat. Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization 84-955. (In Persian with English Summary)
Tilman, D., Cassman, K.G., Matson, P.A., Naylor, R., and Polasky, S. 2002. Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature 418: 671-677.
Van Sanford, D., and MacKown, C. 1986. Variation in nitrogen use efficiency among soft red winter wheat genotypes. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 72: 158-163.
Wallach, D., and Goffinet, B. 1989. Mean squared error of prediction as a criterion for evaluating and comparing system models. Ecological Modelling 44: 299-306.
Weih, M., Asplund, L., and Bergkvist, G. 2011. Assessment of nutrient use in annual and perennial crops: A functional concept for analyzing nitrogen use efficiency. Plant and Soil 339: 513-520.
Willmott, C.J. 1982. Some comments on the evaluation of model performance. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 63: 1309-1313.
Yang, J., Yang, J., Liu, S., and Hoogenboom, G. 2014. An evaluation of the statistical methods for testing the performance of crop models with observed data. Agricultural Systems 127: 81-89
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله
CAPTCHA Image

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 11 اسفند 1394
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 11 اسفند 1394
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار: 01 مهر 1397

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار