تأثیر ورمی‌کمپوست بر خصوصیات مورفوفیزیولوژیکی، بیوشیمیایی و عملکرد مرزه (Satureja hortensis L.) تحت رژیم‌های مختلف آبیاری

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، ایران.

2 گروه علوم باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، ایران

3 گروه خاک‌شناسی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، ایران

4 گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، ایران.

چکیده

تنش خشکی مهم‌ترین عامل محدودکننده در تولید محصولات کشاورزی، به‌ویژه در مناطق خشک و نیمه­خشک جهان است. به‌منظور بررسی اثر سطوح مختلف ورمی­کمپوست بر خصوصیات مورفوفیزیولوژیکی، بیوشیمیایی و عملکرد گیاه دارویی مرزه (Satureja hortensis L.) تحت تنش خشکی، آزمایش مزرعه­ای به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک­­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی در سال زراعی 96-1395 انجام شد. تیمار­های آزمایشی شامل سه رژیم آبیاری (:S1 آبیاری کامل (100 درصد)، :S2 قطع آبیاری در 50 درصد گل‌دهی و :S3 قطع آبیاری در اوایل گل‌دهی و ورمی­کمپوست در چهار سطح (صفر، 1، 5/1 و 2 تن در هکتار) بودند. صفات مورد بررسی شامل ارتفاع گیاه، وزن خشک ساقه، تعداد شاخه جانبی، محتوای نسبی آب برگ، نشت یونی، کلروفیل فلورسانس، کلروفیل a، کلروفیل b، کلروفیل کل، کاروتنوئید، پرولین، پروتئین، آنزیم‌های کاتالاز و پراکسیداز بودند. نتایج نشان داد که اثر متقابل تنش خشکی و ورمی­کمپوست بر صفاتی از قبیل ارتفاع بوته، وزن خشک ساقه، محتوای نسبی آب برگ، کلروفیل فلورسانس، کلروفیل a، کلروفیل b، کاروتنوئید، میزان نشت یونی و پرولین در سطح احتمال پنج درصد معنی­دار بود، ولی اثر متقابل تنش خشکی و ورمی­کمپوست بر صفاتی مانند تعداد شاخه جانبی، آنزیم پراکسیداز، آنزیم کاتالاز، پروتئین و کلروفیل­کل معنی­دار نبود. با افزایش مقدار ورمی­کمپوست شاخص‌های مورفوفیزیولوژیک از قبیل ارتفاع گیاه، وزن خشک ساقه، تعداد شاخه جانبی، محتوای نسبی آب برگ، کلروفیل فلورسانس، کلروفیل a، کلروفیل b، کلروفیل کل، کاروتنوئید و پروتئین افزایش یافت و مقدار نشت یونی، کاتالاز، پراکسیداز و پرولین در شرایط تنش خشکی کاهش یافت. بر اساس نتایج می­توان بیان کرد که مصرف ورمی­کمپوست به‌میزان دو تن در هکتار می­تواند باعث تولید پایدار و بهبود رشد و عملکرد گیاه دارویی مرزه در شرایط تنش خشکی شدید مد نظر قرار گیرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Vermicompost on Morphophysiological, Biochemical and Yield Characteristics of Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.) under Different Irrigation Regimes

نویسندگان [English]

  • Omid Heidarpour 1
  • Behrooz Esmaeeli pour 2
  • Ali-Ashraf Soltani 3
  • Soroor Khorramdel 4
1 Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
2 Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
3 Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
4 Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad , Iran.
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) is an annual medicinal herb, belonging to the family of Labiatae. This plant is native to the Mediterranean region and is cultivated extensively in France, Hungary, Spain, and Iran. Drought is one of the most important environmental factors responsible for decreasing global production and performance, especially in areas with low and irregular rainfall. Morphological indices such as plant height, stem length, yield, leaf area, and many of the growth traits of the plant are affected by drought stress.
 
Materials and Methods
A factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at the Research Farm at the Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Iran, during 2016-2017. Treatments included three levels of drought stress (Full irrigation (s1), Water cut at 50% of flowering (s2), and Water cut in early stages of flowering (s3) and four vermicompost levels (including 0, 1, 1.5 and 2 t. ha-1). Plants were fully irrigated until eight weeks after seeding, and then drought stress was started at the early stage of flowering and 50 % flowering of plants. Fully irrigated plants throughout the growing season considered as control. The sampling was performed from cultivated plants, by the random collection of 3 individual samples. Samples to evaluate the morphophysiological, biochemical, and yield characteristics were taken at the full flowering stage. Traits such as plant height, dry stem weight, lateral branches, relative water content, electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid, proline, protein, Catalase, and peroxidase antioxidant enzymes were measured and assessed. Data were analyzes using SAS V9.2. Mean comparison of results was made using Duncan's multiple range test at P≤0.05 levels.
Result and Discussion
Morphological traits: The results of the analysis of variance the effects of various vermicompost levels and drought stress and their interaction have been presented. The results showed that the effect of drought stress and vermicompost on plant height and shoot dry weight were significant at the 5% probability level. However, no significant effect was observed on the number of lateral branches. Also, the interaction of drought stress and vermicompost fertilizer treatments was substantial for plant height and dry weight of stem at a 5% probability level.
The photosynthetic pigments: The results of the analysis of variance showed that the interaction of drought stress and vermicompost on chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid was significant at 5% probability level, but the total chlorophyll has a considerable effect. The highest chlorophyll a (23.33 mg.kg-1), chlorophyll b (17.24 mg.g-1) and carotenoid (8.08 mg.g-1) in full irrigation treatment and two tons per hectare of vermicompost and minimum chlorophyll a (17.73 mg.kg-1), chlorophyll b (96.6 mg.g-1) and carotenoid (5.5 mg.g-1) in Water cut in early stages of flowering and Without the application of vermicompost (control).
Proline: Based on the results of the analysis of variance, the effect of drought stress and vermicompost on the proline content of Satureja plant was significant at 5% probability level. The results showed that with increasing drought stress, the amount of proline in leaf was raised. However, with the use of vermicompost, leaf proline decreased, with the highest amount of proline (0.226 μg.g-1) in Water cut in early stages of flowering (severe stress) and without application of vermicompost (control) and low proline (0.15 μg.g-1) in Full irrigation (control) and vermicompost treatment (2 t.ha-1) were obtained. Investigating the drought stress on German chamomile plant, researchers reported that drought stress increased proline accumulation in the leaf (Ghaedi Jeshni et al., 2017). It was reported that increasing the amount of drought stress in sorghum increased the amount of proline in the leaf (Esmaeilpour et al., 2013).
 
Conclusion
Based on the results, it can be concluded that vermicompost 2 t. ha-1 can improve the medicinal plant growth and yield under severe drought irrigation regimes.
 
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Catalase
  • Chlorophyll a
  • Electrolyte leakage
  • Medicinal plant
  • Proline
Alaboz, P., Isildar, A.A., Mujdeci, M., and Senol, H., 2017. Effects of different vermicompost and soil moisture levels on pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown and some soil properties. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 27(1): 30-36.
Alishah, H.M., Heidari, R., Hassani, A., and Dizaji, A.A., 2006. Effect of water stress on some morphological and biochemical characteristics of purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). International Journal of Biological Sciences 6(4): 763-767.
Anwar, M., Patra, D.D., Chand, S., Kumar, A., Naqvi, A.A., and Khanuja, S.P.S., 2005. Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil quality of French basil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 36(1-14): 1737-1746.
Arancon, N.Q., Edwards, C.A., Babenko, A., Cannon, J., Galvis, P., and Metzger, J.D., 2008. Influences of vermicomposts, produced by earthworms and microorganisms from cattle manure, food waste and paper waste, on the germination, growth and flowering of petunias in the greenhouse, Applied Soil Ecology 39: 91-99.
Arnon, D.I., 1975. Physiological Principles of Dry Land Crop Production. In: U.S.Gupta (Ed.) Physiological Aspects of Dry Land Farming. pp. 3-14. Oxford Press.
Ashraf, M., and Foolad, M.R., 2007. Roles of glycine, betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany 59: 206-216.
Atiyeh, R.M., Arancon, N., Edwards, C.A., and Metzger, J.D., 2001. The influence of earthworm processed pigmanure on the growth and productivity of marigolds. Bioresource Technology 81(2): 103-108.
Barrs, H.D., and Weatherley, P.E., 1962. A re-examination of the relative turgidity techniques for estimating water deficits in leaves. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 15: 413-428.
Bates, L.S., Waldern, R.P., and Teave, I.D., 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil 39: 205-107.
Bender ÖzençOzenç, D., 2008. Growth and transpiration of tomato seedlings grown in hazelnut husk compost under water-deficit stress. Compost Science and Utilization 16: 125-13.
Beyk Khurmizi, A., Ganjeali, A., Abrishamchi, P., and Parsa, M., 2010. The effect of vermicompost on salt tolerance of bean seedlings (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Journal of Agroecology 23: 474-485. (In Persian with English Summary)
Boyer, J.S., Wong, S.C., and Farquhar, G.D., 1997. Gas exchange across leaf cuticule at various water potentials. Plant Physiology 114: 185-191.
Bradford, M.M., 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Annual Biochemistry 72: 248-254.
De Ridder, N., and Van Keulen, H., 1995. Estimating biomass through transfer functions based on a simulation model results: A case study for Sahel. Agricultural Water Management 28: 57-71.
Devnarain, N., Crampton, BG., Chikwamba, R., Becker, J.V.W., and O'Kennedy, M.M., 2016. Physiological responses of selected African sorghum landraces to progressive water stress and re-watering. South African Journal of Botany 103: 61-69.
Dhanda, S.S., Sethi, G.S., and Behl, R.K., 2004. Indices of drought tolerance in wheat genotypes at early stages of plant growth. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 190(1): 6–12.
Esmaielpour, B., Hadian, J., and Jalilvand, P., 2013. Effects of drought stress and mycorizha on morpho-physiological and yield of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.). Journal of Agroecology 5(2): 169-177. (In Persian with English Summary)
Fu, J., and Huang, B., 2001. Involvement of antioxidants and lipid peroxidation in the adaptation of two cool-season grasses to localized drought stress. Journal of Environmental and Experimental Botany 45: 105-114.
Ghaedi Jeshni, M., Mousavinik, M., Khammari, I., and Rahimi, M., 2017. The changes of yield and essential oil components of german chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) under application of phosphorus and zinc fertilizers and drought stress conditions. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences 16: 60–65.
Ghavami, A., Abdossi, V., Rafiee, M., and Khalighi, A., 2017. The effect of mycorrhiza and vermicompost bio-fertilizers on some physiological characteristics of sweet basil plant (Ocimum basilicum L.) under the stress condition caused by water deficit. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 7(4): 325–329.
Ghavami, A., Abdossi, V., Rafiee, M., and Khalighi, A., 2017. The effect of mycorrhiza and vermicompost bio-fertilizers on some physiological characteristics of sweet basil plant (Ocimum basilicum L.) under the stress condition caused by water deficit. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 7(4): 325–329.
Gholamhoseini, M., Ghalavand, A., Dolatabadian, A., Jamshidi, E., and Khodaei-Joghan, A., 2012. Effects arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation of on growth, yield, nutrient uptake and irrigation water productivity of sunflowers grown under drought stress. Agricultural Water Management 117: 106-114.
Gholinezhad, R., Sirousmehr, A.R., and Fakheri, B., 2016. Evaluation of irrigation regimes and use of organic fertilizers on qualitative and quantitative yield of borage (Borago officinalis L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology 10(3): 683-696. (In Persian with English Summary)
Good, J., and Stonet, D., 1994. The effects of drounght Stress free amino in acids accumlation and prolien suntesis in (Brassica napus). Physiology Plantarum 20(1): 9-14.
Hassani, A., and Omidbaigi, R., 2002. Effect of water stress on some morphological, physiological and metabolical characteristics in basil (Ocuimm basilicum L.). Journal of Agricultural Sciences 12(3): 47-59. (In Persian with English Summary)
Hornok, L., 1986. Effect of environmental factors on growth, yield and on active principal of som spice plants. Acta Horticulturae 168: 169-176.
Huang, J., Ridoutt, B.G., Xu, C.C., Zhang, H.L., and Chen, F., 2012. Cropping pattern modifications change water resource demands in the Beijing metropolitan area. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 11(11): 1914-23.
Ikemura, Y., 2007. Remote sensing of drought and salinity stressed turfgrass. Ph.D. Dissertation. New Mexico State University.
Izadi, Z., Asnaashari, M., and Ahmadvand, G., 2009. Influence of drought tension on yield, proline contents, soluble sugars, chlorophyll, relative water contents and essential oil in peppermint (Mentha piperita L). Iranian Journal of Horticultural Sciences 10(3): 223-234. (In Persian with English Summary)
Kadam, N.N., Xiao, G., Melgar, R.J., Bahuguna, R.N., QuiñonesQuinones, C., Tamilselvan, A., 2014. Agronomic and physiological responses to high temperature, drought, and elevated CO2 interactions in cereals. Advances in Agronomy 127: 111-56.
Kar, M., and Mishra, D., 1976. Catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenoloxidase activities during rice leaf senescence. Plant Physiology 57(2): 315-319.
Karmegam, N., and Daniel, T., 2000. Effect of biodigested slurry and vermicompost on the growth and yield of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.)]. Environment and Ecology 18(2): 367-70.
Kazeminasab, A., Yarnia, M., Lebaschy, M.H., Mirshekari, B., and Rejali, F., 2016. The effect of vermicompost and pgpr on physiological traits of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) plant under drought stress. Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-products 2: 135-144.
Kçukyumuk, Z., Gultekin, M., and Erdal, I., 2014. Vermikompost ve mikorizanın biber bitkisinin gelisimi ile mineral beslenmesi Uzerine etkisi. Suleyman Demirel Universitesi Ziraat Fak. Dergisi 9: 51-58.
Khalid, K.A., 2006. Influence of water stress on growth, essential oil and chemical composition of herbs (Ocimum sp.). International Agrophysics 20: 289-296.
Koc, E., IslekIslek, C., and UstunUstun, A.S., 2010. Effect of cold on protein, proline, phenolic compounds and chlorophyll content of two pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) varieties. Gazi University Journal of Science 23: 1-6.
Korkmaz, A., Korkmaz, Y., Demirkiran, A.R., 2010. Enhancing chilling stress tolerance of pepper seedling by exogenous application of 5- aminolevolinic acid. Environmental and Experimental Botany 67: 495-501.
Kuznetsov, V.V., and Shevyakova, N.I., 1999. Proline under stress: biological role, metabolism, and regulation. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 46:274-287.
Lawlor, D., and Cornic, G., 2002. Photosynthetic carbon assimilation and associated metabolism in relation to water deficits in higher plants. Plant, Cell and Environment 25(2): 275-294.
Liu, H., Zhang, Y.H., Yin, H., Wang, W.X., Zhao, X.M., and Du, Y.G., 2013. Alginate oligosaccharides enhanced Triticum aestivum L. tolerance to drought stress. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 62: 33-40
Lotfi, M., Abbaszadeh, B., and Mirza, M., 2014. The effect of drought stress on morphology, proline content and soluble carbohydrates of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 30(1): 19-29. (In Persian with English Summary)
Mirakalaei, S., Ardebill, Z., and Mostafavi, M., 2013. The effects of different organic fertilizers on the growth of lilies (Lilium longiflorum). International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 4: 181-186.
Nooshkam, A., Majnoun Hoseini, N., Hadian, J., Jahansooz, M., and Khavazi, K., 2014. The effects of irrigated and rainfed conditions on vegetative and essential oil yield of two medicinal species, Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad and S. rechingeri Jamzad in North of Khuzestan. Electronic Journal of Crop Production 7(2): 61-75. (In Persian with English Summary)
Omidbaigi, O., and Mahmoudi Sourestani, M., 2010. Effect of drought stress on some morphological traits, amount and yield essential oil of Mexican flower (Agastache foeniculum L.). Iranian Journal of Horticulture 41(2): 153-161. (In Persian with English Summary)
Omidbaigi, R., 1997. Approaches to Production and Processing of Medicinal Plants. Vol. 2, Tarrahan-E-Nashr Publication, Tehran, Iran. 424 pp. (In Persian)
Prabha, M.L., Jayraay, I.A., Jayraay, R., and Rao, D.S. 2007. Effect of vermicompost on growth parameters of selected vegetable and medicinal plants. Asian Journal of microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences 9(2): 321-326.
Pritam, S.V.K., and Garg, C.P.K., 2010. Growth and yield response of marigold to potting media containing vermicompost produced from different wastes. Environmentalist 30: 123-130.
Reddy, A.R., Chaitanya, K.V., and Vivekanandan, M., 2004. Drought induced responses of photosynthesis and antioxidant metabolism in higher plants. Journal of Plant Physiology 161: 1189-1202.
Safi-Khani, F., Heidari Sharif Abad, H., Siadat, S.A., Sharifi, Ashorabadi, E., Seyednejad, S.M., and Abaszadeh, B., 2006. Drought effects on yield and morphological traits of Dracocephalum moldavica L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 36(2): 183-190. (In Persian with English Summary)
Salehi, A., Tasdighi, H., and Gholamhoseini, M., 2016. Evaluation of proline, chlorophyll, soluble sugar content and uptake of nutrients in the German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) under drought stress and organic fertilizer treatments. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 6(10): 886–891.
Samiran, R., Kusum, A., Biman, K.D., and Ayanadar, A., 2010. Effect of organic amendments of soil on growth and productivity of three common crops viz. Zea mays, Phaseolus vulgaris and Abelmoschus esculentus. Applied Soil Ecology 45: 78-84.
Sefidkon, F., and Ahmadi, S., 2002. Essential oil of Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad. Journal of Essential Oil Reviews 12: 427-428.
Sefidkon, F., and Jamzad, Z., 2000. Essential oil of Satureja bachtiarica Bunge. Journal of Essential Oil Research 12: 545-546.
Shao, H.B., Chu, L.Y., Wu, G., Zhang, J.H., Lu, Z.H., and Hu, Y.C., 2007. Changes of some antioxidative physiological indices under soil water deficits among 10 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes at tillering stage. Colloids and Surfaces B: 54: 143–149.
Singh, R., Gupta, R.K., Patil, R.T., Sharma, R.R., Asrey, R., and Kumar, A., 2010. Sequential foliar application of vermicompost leachates improves marketable fruit yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria × Ananassa Duch.). Scientia Horticulturae 124: 34-9.
Uma, B., and Malathi, M., 2009. Vermicompost as a soil supplement to improve growth and yield of Amaranthus species. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 5: 1054-1060.
Wang, Y., Ma, F., Li, M., Liang, D., and Zou, J., 2011. Physiological responses of kiwifruit plants to exogenous ABA under drought conditions. Plant Growth Regulation 64: 63-74.
Wu, H., Wu, X., Li, Z., Duan, L., and Zhang, M., 2012. Physiological evaluation of drought stress tolerance and recovery in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var Botrytis.) seedlings treated with methyl jasmonate and coronatine. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 31: 113-123.
Wu, Q.S., and Xia, R.X., 2006. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence growth, osmotic adjustment and photosynthesis of citrus under well watered and water stress conditions. Journal of Plant Physiology 163: 417–425.
Zhang, X., Dong, W., Dai, X., Schaeffer, S., Yang, F., and Radosevich, M., 2015. Responses of absolute and specific soil enzyme activities to long term additions of organic and mineral fertilizer. Science of the Total Environment 536: 59-71.
Zhang, Z., and Shang, Q., 2007. Studies on heat tolerance of cucumber and watermelon plug seedling with vermicompost-based substrate. Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 25: 164-168.
CAPTCHA Image