ارزیابی اثر محلول‌پاشی کود آهن بر خصوصیات فیتوشیمیایی و عملکردی گاوزبان اروپایی (Borago officinalis L.) در کشت مخلوط با چای ترش (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران.

چکیده

به‌منظور ارزیابی تأثیر نسبت­های جایگزینی و افزایشی کشت مخلوط چای ترش بر ویژگی­های کمّی و کیفی گاوزبان اروپایی تحت محلول‌پاشی کود آهن آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار، در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه زابل در سال زراعی 95-1394 اجرا گردید. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل محلول‌پاشی سولفات آهن به‌عنوان عامل اول در سه سطح شاهد، سه و شش گرم در لیتر و نسبت­های کشت مخلوط شامل خالص چای ترش، خالص گاوزبان اروپایی، 75 درصد چای ترش + 25 درصد گاوزبان اروپایی، 75 درصد گاوزبان اروپایی + 25 درصد چای ترش، 50 درصد چای ترش + 50 درصد گاوزبان اروپایی، 50 درصد چای ترش + 100 درصد گاوزبان اروپایی، 100 درصد چای ترش + 50 درصد گاوزبان اروپایی، 100 درصد چای ترش + 100 درصد گاوزبان اروپایی به‌عنوان عامل دوم بود. نتایج حاصل از برهم‌کنش متقابل کشت مخلوط و محلول‌پاشی سولفات آهن نشان داد که بیشترین میزان آنتوسیانین از تیمارشش گرم در لیتر سولفات آهن و 100 درصد چای ترش + 100 درصد گاوزبان اروپایی به‌دست آمد. بیشترین مقدار عملکرد اقتصادی گاوزبان اروپایی در بین نسبت­های کشت مخلوط از تیمار 25 درصد چای ترش به‌علاوه 75 درصد گاوزبان اروپایی به‌دست آمد (1/49 کیلوگرم در هکتار) که از لحاظ آماری تفاوت معنی­داری با تیمار 100 درصد چای ترش + 50 درصد گاوزبان اروپایی نشان نداد. بالاترین مقدار نسبت برابری زمین (2)، از کشت مخلوط 100 درصد چای ترش + 50 درصد گاوزبان اروپایی به‌دست آمد که نشان­دهنده مزیت کشت مخلوط نسبت به تک کشتی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of the Effect of Foliar Application of Iron Fertilizer on the Phytochemical and Functional Characteristics of Borage (Borago officinalis L.) in Intercropping with Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohammad Abdolahi
  • Mehdi Dahmradeh
  • Issa Khammari
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Sustainable agriculture refersp to the correct management of agricultural resources that, while meeting changing human needs, and preserve the quality of the environment and the capacity of water and soil resources. Among the components of sustainable agriculture, we can mention the agroforestry system, integrated pest management, crop rotation, and intercropping. The purpose of intercropping is to find plants that have the least competition with each other and use the available resources more effectively. The purpose of this research is to the effect of intercropping of Roselle on the quantitative and qualitative traits of borage under foliar application of iron fertilizer and to determine the best ratio of intercropping to achieve the highest yield and the highest level of land equivalent ratio.
Material and Methods
This research was carried out in the educational research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture of Zabol University in the agricultural year of 2014-2015. The experiment was carried out as a factorial in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments examined in this research include foliar spraying of sulfate fertilizer as the first factor in three levels including |(no foliar application or control, 3gr.l-1 and 6gr.l-1) and eight levels of intercropping including (pure Roselle, pure Borage, 75% Roselle + 25% Borage, 75% Borage + 25% Roselle, 50% Roselle + 50% Borage, 50% Roselle + 100% Borage, 100% Roselle + 50% Borage, 100% Roselle + 100% Borage were as the second factor. Both plants were planted at the same time at the end of March in 2×2 plots, where the distance between the planting lines was 50 cm, the distance between the rows was the same, but the density was different in each row. Irrigation was done according to the needs of the plants, weeding and thinning during the growth period and weeding was done by hand during three stages. Wagner's method was used to measure the amount of anthocyanins. The criterion for evaluating intercropping was using the land equivalent ratio. At the end, data analysis will be done using SAS version 9.1 software, and a comparison of means will be done using Duncan's test at the 5 % level.
Results and Discussion
Results showed that the interaction effects of foliar application, iron, and intercropping were significant on the anthocyanin and mucilage content of borage. Additionally, the simple effects of foliar application of iron were significant on the number of flowers per stem, stem height, number of sub-branches, biological yield, and harvest index. The effects of intercropping were significant on the number of flowers per stem, anthocyanin content, mucilage content, stem height, number of sub-branches, economic yield, and harvest index. The comparison of means effects of different intercropping systems showed that the highest biological yield (1412.8 kg.ha-1) was obtained from the intercropping system of 75% Roselle + 25% borage. In addition, the comparison of means effects of different intercropping systems showed that the highest amount of economic yield (49.68  kg.ha-1) was obtained from the treatment of pure borage cultivation. Comparison of means showed that the highest percentage of mucilage with an average of 0.0713% from the foliar treatment of 6gr.l-1 of iron sulfate in the conditions of pure borage cultivation, and the lowest percentage of mucilage was obtained with an average of 0.0280 from the control treatment (no application of iron sulfate fertilizer + 100% Roselle + 50% borage). The highest land equivalent ratio (2) was obtained from intercropping of 100% Roselle + 50% borage harvest.
 
Conclusion
According to the results obtained in the present study, the effects of foliar application of iron and intercropping systems had significant effects on yield and yield components of borage. By increasing the foliar application of iron improved growth traits and yield. The highest proportion of LER obtained was from 100% Roselle+ 50% borage, which indicated superior cropping compared to pure crop. This superiority is probably due to the better use of mixed components of growth resources such as light, water, and nutrients compared to pure crop.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Anthocyanin
  • Intercropping ratios
  • Land Equivalent Ratio
  • Mucilage

©2023 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source.

مراجع

  1. Abbasi, R., Hejazi, A., Akbari, G., Kafi, M., & Zand, A. (2006). Assessing different density of cumin and pea with respect of weed control. 9th Conference of Agronomy and Plant Breeding. Tehran University, Iran. 24-26. p.141. (In Persian with English abstract)
  2. Ahmad, Y.M., Shahlaby, E.A., & Shanan, N.T. (2011). The use of organic and inorganic cultures in improving vegetative growth, yield characters and antioxidant activity of roselle plants (Hibiscus sabdariffa). African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(11), 1988-1996.
  3. Akbarian,M., Heidari Sharifabad, H., Noormohammadi, G., & Darvish Kojouri, F. (2012). The effect of potassium, zinc and iron foliar application on the production of saffron (Crocus sativa). Annals of Biological Research, 3(12), 5651-58.
  4. Asadi, G.A., & Khorramdel, S. (2014). Effects of different ratio of barley and hairy vetch intercropping on yield, plant nitrogen content, weed population and diversity. Journal of Crop Production, 7(1), 131-156. (In Persian with English abstract)
  5. AsleMohammadi, Z., Mohammadkhani, N., & Servati, M. (2020). Effect of iron and zinc foliar application on some biochemical traits of thymus (Thymus vulgaris) plant under nitrogen deficiency. Journal of Plant Research, 4(2), 10-22. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/ 20.1001.1.23832592.1400.34.3.7.8
  6. Bigonah, R., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., & Jahan, M. (2014). Effect of intercropping on biological yield percentage nitrogen, and morphological traits coriander (Coriandrum sativum) with fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 12(3), 369-377. (In Persian with English abstract)
  7. Dahmardeh, M., & Keshtehgar, A. (2014). Evaluating yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays) in intercropping with peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Journal of Agroecology, 6(2), 311-323. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/ 10.22067/JAG.V6I2.39371
  8. Ghanbari, A., & Lee, H.C. (2002). Intercropped field beans (Vicia faba) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) for whole crop forage: Effect of nitrogen on forage yield and quality. Journal of Agriculture Science, 13(8), 311-314. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859602002149
  9. Ghorbani, R., & Koocheki, A. (2006). Organic saffron in Iran: prospects challenges. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Saffron Biology and Technology. Mashhad, Iran, 28-30 October 2006, p. 369-374.
  10. Gliessman, S.R. (1997). Agroecology: Ecological Processes in Sustainable Agriculture. Arbor Press. 357 pp.
  11. Ibrahim, M., Ayub, M., Maqbool, M.M., Nadeem, S.M., Tanver-Ul-Haq, T., Hussain, S., Ali, A., & Lauriault, L.M. (2014). Forage yield components of irrigated maize-legume mixtures at varied seed ratios. Field Crops Research, 169, 140-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2014.08.013
  12. Kafi, M., Lahoti, M., Zand, A., Sharifi, H.R., & Goldani, M. (2000). Plant Physiology. Jahad Daneshgahi, Mashhad, Iran. 379 pp. (In Persian)
  13. Kalyanasundaram, N.K., Patel, P.B., & Dalal, K.C. (1982). Nitrogen need of Plantago ovata In relation to the available nitrogen in soil. Indian Journal Agriculture Science, 52(4), 240-242.
  14. Kiani,H., Mokhtari, A., Zeinali, H., Abbasnejad, A., & Afghani Khoraskani, L. (2014). Rosmarinic acid and anthocyanin content improvement by foliar application of Fe and Zn fertilizer in lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.). International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 2(5), 1525-1530.
  15. Koocheki, A., Seyyedi, S.M., & Gharaei, S. (2016). Evaluation of the effects of saffron–cumin intercropping on growth, quality, and land equivalent ratio under semi-arid conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 21(3), 190-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2016.02.005
  16. Kremer, R.J., & R.J. (2011). Soil quality in a pecan–kura clover alley cropping system in the Midwestern USA. Agroforest System, 93, 213 -223.
  17. Kuo, M.C., & Kao, C.H. (2004). Antioxidant enzyme activities are upregulated in response to cadmium in sensitive, but not intolerant, rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica, 45, 291-99.
  18. Lingaraju, B.S., Marer, B.S.S., & Chandrashekar, S.S. (2008). Studies on intercropping of maize and pigeon pea under rain fed conditions in northern transitional zone of Karnataka. Journal Agricultural Science, 21(2), 1-3.
  19. Malakuti, M.J., & Tehrani, M. (1999). The Role of Micronutrients on Yield and Quality of Crops. Tarbiat Modares Press, Iran. 433 pp.
  20. Marschner, H. (1995). Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2 Ed. New York: Academic Press Books, p. 889.
  21. Miransari, H., Mehrafrin, A., & Naghdi-Badi, H. (2015). Response of morphological and phytochemical reactions to spray sulfate and zinc fertilizer in (Anethum graveolens). Journal of Medicinal Plants, 14(2), 15-29.
  22. Moradi, R., Koocheki, A., & Nassiri Mahallati, M. (2017). Evaluation of economical yield and radiation use efficiency of maize and cotton in sole and intercropping systems as affected by different levels of nitrogen. Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 7(2), 47-59. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.jcpp.7.2.47
  23. Mushagalusa, G.N., Ledent, J.F., & Draye, X. (2008). Shoot and root competition in potato/maize intercropping: effects on growth and yield. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 64, 180-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2008.05.008
  24. Naderi, M.R., Madani, H., Nabitaba, A., & Jalali Zand, A. (2009). Investigating agricultural and economic aspects of saffron and chamomile mixed farming in Isfahan region. Research Report of the Plan Approved in Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan branch, Iran.
  25. Nasiri,, Zehtab-Salmasi, S., Nasrullahzadeh, S.N., Najafi, N., & Ghassemi-Golezani, K. (2010). Effects of foliar application of micronutrients (Fe and Zn) on flower yield and essential oil of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(17), 1733-37.
  26. Omidbaigi, R. (2005). Production of Medicinal Plants. Vol. II. Publication of Astane Qods-e- Razavi, Iran. 438 pp. (In Persian)
  27. Rahimi, M., Mazaheri, D., & Hedari Sharifabad, K. (2002). Investigating the yield and yield components of corn and soybeans intercropping. Journal of Research and Construction, 1(5), 45-55.
  28. Rahmati Ahmadabad, Z., Meftahizadeh, H., Shirmardi, M., Ghorbanpour, M., & Dehestani Ardakani, M. (2022). Intercropping improves yield and phytochemical attributes in guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) plants under nitrogen application. South African Journal of Botany, 147, 608-617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2022.02.017
  29. Rangahau, M.K. (2003). Growing saffron -The world’s most expensive spice. Crop Food Research, 20, 1-4.
  30. Rezvani Moghaddam, P., & Moradi, R. (2012). Effect of planting dates, biological fertilizers and intercropping on yield and essential oil quantity of cumin and fenugreek. Journal of Iranian Crop Science, 43, 230-217. (In Persian with English abstract)
  31. Rostami, B., Asilan, K.S., Yousefzadeh, S., & Mansorifar, S. (2017). Effect of foliar application of iron and zinc sulfate on quantitative traits and essential oil yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum). Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 48(2), 517-525. (In Persian with English abstract)
  32. Sajedi, N., & Ardakani, M. (2008). Investigating the effect of different amounts of nitrogen, iron and zinc fertilizers on the physiological parameters of fodder corn in Central province on single cross variety. Field Crop Research, 78(2), 99-110.
  33. Shamideh Shabanzadeh, S., & Galavi, M. (2011). Effect of micronutrients foliar application and irrigation regimes on agronomic traits and yield of black cumin (Nigella sativa). Environmental Stresses in Crop Science, 4(1), 2-9. https://doi.org/10.22077/escs.2011.94
  34. Shamloo,, & Roozbahani, A. (2016). Effect of amino acids and microelements on the rate of photosynthetic pigments content and yield of red bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Plant Ecophysiol, 7 (21), 136-50.
  35. Sharifi Ashourabadi, E., Ardakani, M.R., Paknejhad, F., Habibi, D., & Adraki, M. (2006). Effect of solid nitrogen application on biological yield, essential oil percentage and essential oil yield of balm (Melissa officinalis) under greenhouse condition. Proceeding of 18th World Congress of Soil Science. Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA, pp. 147.
  36. Shobeiri, S.S., Habibi, D., Kashani, A., Pak Nejad, F., Jafari, H., & Lamei, J. (2011). Study of dry forage yield and quality of hairy vetch and triticale in pure stand and mixed cropping. Crop Science, 13, 269-281. https://doi.org/20.1001.1.15625540.1390.13.2.4.0
  37. Solemani, R. (2012). Enrichment of the concentration of trace elements of wheat in relation to human nutrition. Faiz's Bimonthly Scientific-Research Journal, 16(7), 751-754.
  38. Sujatha, S., Bhat, R., Kannan, C., & Balasimha, D. (2011). Impact of intercropping of medicinal and aromatic plants with organic farming approach on resource use efficiency in arecanut (Areca catechu) plantation in India. Industrial Crops and Products, 33, 78-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.09.001
  39. Taylor, S. (1992). A model for predicting tea quality from the carotenoid and chlorophyll composition of fresh green tea leaf. Journal of Science Agricultural, 58, 185-191.
  40. Tsubo, M., Walker, S., & Mukhala, E. (2011). Comparisons of radiation use efficiency of mono-/inter-cropping systems with different row orientations. Field Crops Research, 71, 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(01)00142-3
  41. Tuna, C., & Orak, A. (2007). The role of intercropping on yield potential of common vetch/oat cultivated in pure stand and mixtures. Journal of Agriculture Biology Science, 2, 14-19.
  42. Vandermeer, (1989). The Ecology of Intercropping. Cambridge. University Press-Cambridge. England, pp. 237.
  43. Wagner, G.J. (1979). Content and vacuole/extra vacuole distribution of neutral sugars, free amino acids and anthocyanins in protoplast. Journal of Plant Physiology, 64, 88-93. https://doi.org/ 10.1104/pp.64.1.88
  44. Whitty, E.N., & Chambliss, C.G. (2010). Fertilization of Field and Forage Crops, Nevada State University Publication, 21 pp.
  45. Yousefzadeh, S. (2019). Investigate of morphological variation and phytochemical traits of Matricaria recutita affected by foliar application of iron, zinc, manganese and copper. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal Plants, 26(2), 104-116. (In Persian with English abstract)
  46. Zehtab-Salmasi, S., Heidari, F., & Alyari, H. (2008). Effect of microelements and plant density on biomass and essential oil production of peppermint (Mentha peppermint). Plant Science Research, 1, 24-28.
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله
CAPTCHA Image

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 13 اسفند 1401
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 29 فروردین 1402
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 06 اردیبهشت 1402
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار: 06 اردیبهشت 1402

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار