تأثیر کودهای بیولوژیک و شیمیایی بر عملکرد دانه، روغن و برخی صفات زراعی گلرنگ (Carthamus tinctorius L.) تحت رژیم‌های مختلف آبیاری

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• حمیدرضا فنایی ¹
• اقدس ازمل ²
• عیسی پیری ²

¹ گروه تحقیقات علوم زراعی و باغی مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی سیستان، سازمان تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی، زابل، ایران

² گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشگاه پیام نور زاهدان، زاهدان، ایران

10.22067/jag.v8i4.46602

چکیده

جهت بررسی تأثیر کودهای بیولوژیک و شیمایی بر عملکرد دانه، روغن و برخی صفات زراعی گلرنگ (Carthamus tinctorius L.) تحت رژیم‌های مختلف آبیاری آزمایشی به صورت کرت‌های خرد شده بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه پیام نور زابل در سال زراعی 92-1391 اجرا شد. رژیم آبیاری در سه سطح شامل: I1: آبیاری در تمام مراحل رشد ( شاهد) I2: قطع آبیاری از زمان کاشت تا گلدهی و آبیاری در مراحل گلدهی و پرشدن دانه I3: آبیاری در مراحل روزت، ساقه رفتن، طبق دهی و قطع آبیاری در مراحل گلدهی و پرشدن دانه؛ به عنوان کرت‌های اصلی و منابع کودی شامل، F1: عدم مصرف کود شیمیایی (شاهد) F2: مصرف خالص کود شیمیایی (نیتروژن، فسفر و پتاسیم) به ترتیب 99، 44 و 123 کیلوگرم در هکتار F3: مصرف نیتروکسین (دو لیتر در هکتار) F4: مصرف ازتوباکتر (دو لیتر در هکتار) F5: مصرف نیتروکارا (100 گرم در هکتار) به عنوان کرت‌های فرعی بودند. نتایج نشان داد، عملکرد دانه در شرایط عدم تنش با میانگین 1539 کیلوگرم در هکتار نسبت به شرایط قطع آب در فاز رویشی (روزت، ساقه رفتن و طبق دهی) و قطع آبیاری در فاز زایشی (گلدهی و پرشدن) به ترتیب 27 و 45 درصد افزایش داشت. اگر چه در بین کود‌های بیولوژیک از نظر عملکرد دانه اختلاف معنی‌دار وجود نداشت اما کود بیولوژیک نیتروکارا نسبت به تیمار شاهد (عدم مصرف کود) 19 درصد افزایش نشان داد. با افزایش اثر شدت تنش میزان محتوی نسبی آب برگ نسبت به شاهد کاهش یافت به طوری که کمترین محتوی نسبی آب برگ در تیمار قطع آب در فاز رویشی مشاهده شد، اما با مصرف کود‌های بیولوژیک روند تغییرات محتوی نسبی آب برگ افزایشی بود. اثر متقابل تنش خشکی و کود بیولوژیک بر عملکرد دانه معنی‌دار بود. به طور کلی، نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که آبیاری در همه مراحل رشد به ویژه مراحل حساس به خشکی (گلدهی و پرشدن دانه) و استفاده از کودهای بیولوژیکی سازگار مانند نیتروکارا و نیتروکسین، تأثیر مثبت در بهبود عملکرد کمی و کیفی گلرنگ داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• تنش خشکی
• شاخص برداشت
• گیاه روغنی
• محتوی نسبی آب برگ
• نیتروکارا

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عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Biological and Chemical Fertilizers on Oil, Seed Yield and some Agronomic Traits of Safflower under Different Irrigation Regimes

نویسندگان [English]

• Hamidreza Fanaei ¹
• Aghdas Azmal ²
• Issa Piri ²

¹ Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences Research Department Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Sistan, Agricultural Research and Training Organization,

² Department of Agronomy, Payame Noor University, Zahedan Center, Zahedan, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Safflower) Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a tolerant plant to water deficit due to long roots and capability for high water absorption from soil deeper parts. Safflower can growth successfully in regions with low soil fertility and temperature. Behdani and Mosavifar (2011) reported that drought stress affect on yield by reducing yield components and agronomic traits. Biofertilizer during a biological process chanced the nutrients from unusable to usable form for plants in soils (Aseretal, 2008). Mirzakhani et al. (2008) found that inoculation of seed with free-living bacterium azotobacter and a symbiotic fungus productive mycorrhiza addition to increasing oil and seed cause increasing resistance against two factors of unfavorable environmental and to improve quality of product. In order to study the effect of biological and chemical fertilizers on oil, seed yield and some of agronomic traits of Safflower under irrigation of different regimes an experimental design was conducted.
Materials and methods
In order to study the effect of biological and chemical fertilizers on oil, seed yield and some of agronomic traits of safflower under irrigation of different regimes an experiment was carried out split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in experimental farm of payame-Noor university of Zabol during 2012-2013 growing season. Irrigation regime in three levels include: I1 (control) irrigation in all growth stages, I2 stop irrigation from sowing to flowering (irrigation in growth stages flowering, and seed filling), I3 irrigation in growth stages rosset, stem elongation, heading and stop irrigation in flowering, and seed filling were as main plots and fertilizer resources in five levels included: F1 non application chemical fertilizer (control), F2 pure application chemical fertilizer (NPK) 99, 44 and 123 kg.ha-1 respectively, F3 Nitroxin application (2 L.ha-1) F4 Azotobacter application (2 L.ha-1) and F5 Nitrokara application (100 g.ha-1) were sub plots. Bio-fertilizers mixed with seeds before planting based on manufacturer's recommendations. Fertilizers were applied at ratio of 123 kg.ha-1 potassium based on (K2O), of sulphatedipotash, 44 kg.ha-1 phosphor based on (P2O5) of super-phosphate triple respectively, (based on the results of above soil analysis) along with one-third of 99 kg.ha-1 pure N based on Urea prior to sowing. Other two-third of N was applied at the start stem and heading stages respectively. All other agricultural practices (weeds control and irrigation), were performed when they were required and as recommended for commercial safflower production. A random sample of five plants was selected from each plot in physiological ripening to estimate the different parameters. Data were analyzed by using Mstat-C statistical package (Mstat-C, Version 1.41, Crop and Sciences Department, Michigan State University, USA). Duncan Multiple Range Test was used to do mean comparisons.
Results and discussion
Analysis of variance showed that the effect of irrigation and fertilizer resources on yield, yield components, oil yield and RWC were significant. Results showed that seed yield in treatment non stress with mean 1539 than stop irrigation in vegetative phase (rosset, stem elongation, heading), and stop irrigation in reproductive phase (flowering, and seed filling) had increased 45 and 27 percent, respectively. High yield by increasing yield components under water supply reported by Behdani & Mosavifar, (2011). However there was no significant difference from aspect seed yield between biological fertilizers, but Nitrokara bio-fertilizer showed 19 percent increase than non-application - chemical fertilizer (control). Biofertilizer able during a biological process, chanced the nutrients from unusable to usable form for plants in soils. By increasing stress severity, leaf relative water content (RWC) than (control) irrigation in all growth stages decreased, so lowest RWC obversed when irrigation was cut in vegetative phase (rosset, stem elongation, heading). Increasing duration and intensity of stress had an impact on loweringRWC. Reduction in the RWC under drought stress by Behdani & Mosavifar, (2011), has been reported in safflower but with, application bio-fertilizers chances in RWC were increasing. Data analysis showed that interaction effect of bio-fertilizer treatment and drought stress on seed yield was significant.
Conclusion
In general, results of the present study revealed that irrigation in all growth stages, especially in stages sensitive to drought (flowering, and seed filling) and application of biological fertilizers adapted such as: Nitrokara and Nitroxin had positive effects in improving quantitative and qualitative yield of Safflower.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Drought stress
• Harvest index
• Nitrokara
• Oil plant
• Relativity water crop

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