بررسی اثر تلقیح با میکوریزا و حجم های آبیاری بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و اسانس دو گونه دارویی رازیانه (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) و زنیان(Trachyspermum ammi L.)

کوچکی, علیرضا; شباهنگ, جواد; خرم دل, سرور; نجفی, فرزاد

doi:10.22067/jag.v7i1.48191

بررسی اثر تلقیح با میکوریزا و حجم های آبیاری بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و اسانس دو گونه دارویی رازیانه (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) و زنیان(Trachyspermum ammi L.)

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

¹ گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

² پژوهشکده گیاهان و مواد اولیه دارویی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران

10.22067/jag.v7i1.48191

چکیده

به منظور بررسی اثر تلقیح با میکوریزا و سطوح مختلف آبیاری بر رشد، عملکرد کمی و کیفی رازیانه(Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) و زنیان (Trachyspermum ammi L.) آزمایشی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در دو سال زراعی 89-1388 و 90-1389 به صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا شد. تلقیح با میکوریزا در دو سطح (با تلقیح و بدون تلقیح) وحجم های آبیاری در سه سطح (1000، 2000 و 3000 مترمکعب در هکتار) به ترتیب به عنوان فاکتور اول و دوم در نظر گرفته شدند. صفات مورد بررسی شامل اجزای عملکرد (از جمله تعداد شاخه جانبی، تعداد چتر در بوته، تعداد چترک در چتر، تعداد دانه در چترک و وزن هزار دانه)، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیکی و درصد اسانس هر دو گونه بود. نتایج نشان داد که اثر ساده تلقیح با میکوریزا و حجم های آبیاری بر عملکرد بیولوژیکی، عملکرد دانه، شاخص برداشت، اجزای عملکرد، درصد اسانس و عملکرد اسانس رازیانه و زنیان معنی دار (01/0≥p) بود. در شرایط تلقیح با میکوریزا عملکرد بیولوژیکی رازیانه و زنیان به ترتیب 03/5 و 3/4 گرم بر متر مربع بود. همچنین همزیستی با قارچ میکوریزا موجب بهبود عملکرد دانه رازیانه و زنیان به ترتیب به میزان 46 و 97 درصد در مقایسه با شاهد شد. در شرایط تلقیح با میکوریزا درصد اسانس رازیانه و زنیان به ترتیب 2/4 و 0/3 درصد بود. بیشترین و کمترین عملکرد دانه رازیانه و زنیان به ترتیب برای حجم آبیاری 3000 مترمکعب در هکتار (به ترتیب با 6/1 و 9/0 گرم بر متر مربع) و 1000 مترمکعب در هکتار (به ترتیب با 4/1و 7/0 گرم بر متر مربع) به دست آمد. بیشترین میزان اسانس رازیانه و زنیان (به ترتیب با 0/4 و 4/3 درصد) در حجم آبیاری 1000 مترمکعب و کمترین میزان آن در حجم آبیاری 3000 مترمکعب در هکتار (به ترتیب با 2/3 و 9/2 درصد) مشاهده شد. اثر متقابل حجم های آبیاری و تلقیح با قارچ میکوریزا بر عملکرد بیولوژیکی، شاخص برداشت و برخی اجزای عملکرد رازیانه (تعداد شاخه جانبی در بوته، تعداد چتر در شاخه جانبی، تعداد چترک در چتر و تعداد دانه در چترک) و زنیان (تعداد چترک در چتر، تعداد دانه در چترک و وزن هزار دانه) معنی دار (05/0≥p) بود. تلقیح با میکوریزا به دلیل تولید انواع هورمون ها و مواد بیولوژیکی محرک رشد گیاه و همچنین بهبود توسعه سیستم ریشه ای باعث فراهمی رطوبت و دسترسی به عناصر غذایی به ویژه فسفر گردید که در نتیجه بهبود خصوصیات رشدی و عملکرد را به دنبال داشت. افزایش حجم آبیاری با بهبود رشد رویشی و سطح فتوسنتز کننده باعث افزایش سرعت فتوسنتز و بهبود سطح برگ شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of mycorrhiza inoculation and different irrigation levels on yield, yield components and essential oil contents of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.)

نویسندگان [English]

Alireza Koocheki ¹
Javad Shabahang ¹
Surur Khorramel ¹
Farzad Najafi ²

¹ Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

² Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institue, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Fertilizers are the key components which provide plant nutrients' needs in recent years (Omid Jangir & Sing, 1996; Kapoor et al., 2007). In many cases, using chemical fertilizers has different negative environmental effects such as soil, water and air pollution, which increase environmental hazardous and production costs (Jangir & Sing, 1996; Kapoor et al., 2007). Biological activities are markedly enhanced by microbial interactions in the rhizosphere of plants (Kapoor et al., 2007).
Many investigators have successfully used mycorrhiza to increase the availability of immobilized phosphate and thus minimize the use of mineral fertilizers. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) can better enable a plant to withstand environmental stresses such as drought and salinity. AMF interacts with pathogens and other rhizosphere inhabitants which affect plant health and nutrition. More importantly, mycorrhizal fungi are capable of dissolving weakly soluble soil minerals, especially phosphate, by releasing acids or increasing CO2 partial pressure (Gupta et al., 2002; Gosling et al., 2006; Kapoor et al., 2007). Therefore, they have the ability to enhance host plant uptake of relatively immobile nutrients particularly P, S and Zn.
Limited water supply is also another major environmental constraint in the productivity of crop and medicinal plants. Moisture deficiency induces various physiological and metabolic responses such as stomatal closure, decline in growth rate and photosynthesis (Flexas and Medrano, 2002). The results of Baher et al. (2002) showed that greater soil water stress decreased plant height and total fresh and dry weight of Satureja hortensis.

Materials and Methods
In order to study the effects of mycorrhiza inoculation and different irrigation levels on the growth, quantitative and qualitative yield of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) and ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.), a field experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran during two growing seasons of 2009-2010 and 2010-2011. Mycorrhiza inoculation (with and without inoculation) and irrigation levels (1000, 2000 and 3000 m3.ha-1) were allocated to the first and the second factors, respectively. Several criteria such as yield components (including branch numbers per plant, umbel number per branch, umbellet number per umbel, seed number per umbellet and 1000-seed weight), biological yield, seed yield, harvest index, essential oil content and essential oil yield of fennel and ajwain were measured.

Results and Discussion
Results indicated that the simple effects of mycorrhiza inoculation and irrigation levels on the biological and seed yields, harvest index (HI), yield components, essential oil content and essential oil yield of fennel and ajwain were significant (p≤0.01). The maximum biological yield of fennel (5.3 g.m-2) and ajwain (4.3 g.m-2) were observed in mycorrhiza inoculation. Mycorrhiza inoculation enhanced seed yield of fennel and ajwain up to 46% and 97% compared with control, respectively. The highest essential oil content of fennel (4.2%) and ajwain (3.0%) were obtained in mycorrhiza inoculation. The highest and the lowest seed yield of fennel and ajwain were observed in 3000 m3.ha-1 (1.6 and 0.9 g.m-2) and 1000 m3.ha-1 (1.4 and 0.7 g.m-2) irrigation levels, respectively. The maximum essential oil content of fennel and ajwain were obtained in 3000 m3.ha-1 (4.0% and 3.4%) and the minimum were for 1000 m3.ha-1 (3.2% and 2.9%). Interaction effects among mycorrhiza inoculation and different irrigation levels on the biological yield, HI and some yield components of fennel (such as branch number per plant, umbel numbel per branch, umbellet number per umbel and seed number per umbellet) and ajwain (such as umbellet number per umbel, seed number per umbellet and 1000 seed weight) scale fern number, seed number and 1000 seed weight of ajwain were significant (p≤0.05). Inoculation with mycorrhiza, enhanced root development and resulted in the availability of moisture and nutrients, particularly phosphorus. On the other hand, these fertilizers are the cause of production of many growth regulators for the plant. The higher irrigation levels increased photosynthesis and dry matter production due to vegetative growth and photosynthesis area of the plants.

Acknowledgements
This research (044.2) was funded by Vice Chancellor of Research of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, which is hereby acknowledged

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Biofertilizer
Medicinal plant
Symbiosis

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