اثرات نحوه تغذیه نیتروژنی گیاه مادری و تلقیح باکتریایی بذور حاصله بر بهبود تحمل به شوری گندم در مرحله جوانهزنی

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• حمیدرضا فلاحی ¹
• پرویز رضوانی مقدم ²
• محمد بهزاد امیری ³
• مهسا اقحوانی شجری ⁴
• رستم یزدانی بیوکی ⁵

¹ گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، بیرجند، ایران

² گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

³ دانشکده کشاورزی، مجتمع آموزش عالی گناباد، گناباد، ایران

⁴ گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

⁵ گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

10.22067/jag.v6i4.45979

چکیده

تنش شوری یکی از عوامل مهم کاهش رشد و عملکرد محصولات زراعی در ایران می‌باشد، از این رو شناخت راهکارهای مناسب جهت کاهش اثرات منفی آن دارای اهمیت است. در این راستا آزمایشی به منظور مطالعه اثرات تغذیه نیتروژنی گیاه پایه مادری و تلقیح باکتریایی بذور حاصله توسط کودهای زیستی، بر بهبود مقاومت به شوری گندم (Triticum aestivum L.cv sayonz) در مرحله جوانه زنی و رشد گیاهچه در آزمایشگاه دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال 1388 به صورت فاکتوریل بر مبنای طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. فاکتورهای مورد مطالعه شامل سطوح مختلف نیتروژن مصرفی بر روی گیاه مادری در مزرعه (شامل سطوح صفر، 55، 110 و 165 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص در هکتار)، تلقیح بذور حاصله توسط کودهای زیستی (نیتراژین، بیوفسفر و عدم تلقیح) و سطوح مختلف تنش شوری (صفر، 4/0-، 8/0- و 2/1- مگاپاسکال) بودند. نتایج نشان داد که تلقیح بذر توسط کودهای زیستی اثرات مثبتی بر شاخص‌های جوانه‌زنی داشت، به طوری که بیشترین تعداد ریشه در گیاهچه (39/2 عدد)، طول ریشه‌چه (34/5 سانتی‌متر) و طول ساقه‌چه (56/3 سانتی‌متر) در تیمار تلقیح بذر توسط کود زیستی نیتراژین و کمترین مقدار این صفات در شاهد مشاهده گردید. همچنین کمترین مقدار متوسط زمان جوانه زنی در تیمار تلقیح بذر توسط بیوفسفر (89/2 روز) و بیشترین مقدار آن در شاهد (42/3 روز) به دست آمد. در بین سطوح نیتروژن مصرفی حداکثر مقدار فاکتورهای جوانه‌زنی در تیمارهای 55 و 110 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار به دست آمد، به طوری که بیشترین سرعت جوانه‌زنی (59/2 بر روز)، تعداد ریشه‌چه در هر گیاهچه (34/2 عدد)، طول ریشه‌چه (75/5 سانتی‌متر) و متوسط وزن ریشه‌چه (0022/0 گرم) در بذور حاصل از تیمار کاربرد 55 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار بر روی گیاه مادری به دست آمد. همچنین با افزایش شدت تنش شوری تمامی فاکتورهای مربوط به جوانه زنی و رشد گیاهچه کاهش پیدا کرد. به طور کلی، نتایج این بررسی نشان داد که مصرف 55 تا 110 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار همراه با تلقیح باکتریایی بذور حاصله توسط کودهای زیستی نیتراژین و بیوفسفر می‌تواند باعث بهبود فاکتورهای جوانه زنی گندم تحت شرایط تنش شوری گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• درصد جوانه‌زنی
• ریشه‌چه
• ساقه‌چه
• سرعت جوانه زنی
• کود زیستی

---

عنوان مقاله [English]

The study of nutritional management of mother plant and seed priming by biofertilizers on improve salinity tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Sayonz at germination period.

نویسندگان [English]

• H.R Fallahi ¹
• Parviz Rezvani Moghaddam ²
• Mohamad Behzad Amiri ³
• Mahsa Aghhavani Shajari ⁴
• Rostam Yazdani Biouki ⁵

¹ Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran

² Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

³ Faculty of Agriculture, University of Gonabad, Mashhad, Gonabad, Iran

⁴ Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

⁵ Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

چکیده [English]

Salinity is one of the important factors that reduce the growth and yield of crops in Iran; however, determining appropriate methods for reducing its negative effects is important. In order to study the effects of nutritional condition of mother plant and bacterial biofertilizers seed priming on germination indices of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), in salinity condition, an experiment was conducted during 2009 at Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. This experiment was conducted as factorial layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Studied factors consisted of: four levels of nitrogen fertilizer applied on mother plant in field (0, 55, 110 and165 Nitrogen kg.ha-1), seed priming by three types of biofertilizers (Nitrajin, Biophosphouros and distillated water) and four levels of salinity stress (0, -0.4, -0.8 and -1.2 MPa). Results indicated that the seed priming with biofertilizers had a positive effect on germination indices of wheat. The maximum radicle number per seedling (2.39), radical length (5.34 cm) and plumule length (3.56 cm) were observed in seed primed by Nitrajin biofertilizer and the minimum of those characteristics were shown in control. In addition, the lowest and highest mean germination time were obtained in seed priming by Biophosphouros (2.89 day) and control (3.42 day), respectively. The highest germination indices were obtained at 55 and 110 kg.ha-1 Nitrogen. The maximum germination rate (2.59.day-1), number of radicle per seedling (2.34), radical length (5.75 cm) and mean weight of radical (0.0022 g) were obtained in seeds that were treated by 55 kg.ha-1 nitrogen on mother plant. So, all factors related to germination and growth seedling were decreased by increasing salinity stress. Over all, results indicated that use of 55-110 kg.ha-1 nitrogen with bacterial biofertilizers seed priming can improve germination indices under salinity stress conditions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Biofertilizer
• Germination percentage
• Germination rate
• Plumule
• Radical

مراجع

1- Almansouri, M., Kinet, J.M., and Lutt, S. 2001. Effect of salt and osmotic stresses on germination in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf). Plant and Soil 231: 243-254.

2- Amini, A., Vahhabzadeh, M., Majidi, E., Afiyouni, D., Tabatabaei, M.T., Saberi, M.H., Lotfali, G.A., and Ravari, Z. 2010. Grain yield stability and adaptability of bread wheat genotypes using different stability indices under salinity stress conditions. Seedling and Seed Breeding Journal 26(3): 397-411. (In Persian with English Summery)

3- Amiri, M.B., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Ghorbani, R., Fallahi, J., and Fallah-Poor, F. 2010a. Effects of biofertilizers on seedling growth of different cultivars of wheat. The First National Symposium on Agriculture and Sustainable Development. Islamic Azad University, 3-4 April, Shiraz p. 1302-1314. (In Persian)

4- Amiri, M.B., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Fallahi, J., and Yazdani, R. 2010b. Effects of different levels of applied nitrogen on mother plant, drought stress and seed priming with bacteria on germination indexes in wheat cv. Sayonz. The First National of Environmental Stresses in Agricultural Sciences, 27-28 February Birjand p. 149. (In Persian)

5- Amiri, M.B., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Fallahi, J., and Yazdani, R. 2010c. Effects of mother plant nutritional management and biofertilizers on salinity resistance in wheat cv. sayonz. The First National of Environmental Stresses in Agricultural Sciences 27-28 February Birjand p. 150. (In Persian)

6- Bai, Y., Tischler, C.R., Booth, D.T., and Taylor, E.M. 2003. Variations in germination and grain quality within a rust resistant common wheat germplasm as affected by parental CO2 conditions. Environmental and Experimental Botany 50: 159-168.

7- Bennett, S.J., Barrett-Lennard, E.G., and Colmer, T.D. 2009. Salinity and water logging as constraints to salt land pasture production: a review. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 129: 349-360.

8- Dalla Santa, O.R., Hernandez, R.F., Alvarez, G.L.M., and Junior, P.R. 2004. Azospirillum sp. inoculation in wheat, barley and oats seeds greenhouse experiments. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 47(6): 843-850.

9- El-Keblawy, A., and Al-Rawai, A. 2005. Effects of salinity, temperature and light on germination of invasive Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) D.C. Journal of Arid Environments 61: 555-565.

10- Fallahi, J., Ebadi, M.T., and Ghorbani, R. 2009. The effects of salinity and drought stresses on germination and seedling growth of clary (Salvia sclarea). Environmental Stresses in Agricultural Sciences 1(1): 57-67. (In Persian with English Summery)

11- Fallahi, J., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Khajeh Hosseini, M., Amiri, M.B., and Yazdani Biuki, R. 2011a. Effects of seed nourished by different levels of nitrogen, different biofertilizers and drought stress on germination indices and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. Sayonz. 10thConference of the International Society for Seed Science, 10-15 April Brazil p. 205.

12- Fallahi, J., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Ghorbani, R., Amiri, M.B., and Fallah Pour, F. 2011b. Effects of seed priming by biofertilizers on the growth characteristics of three wheat cultivars at the germination period under greenhouse condition. 10th Conference of the International Society for Seed Science, 10-15April Brazil p. 286.

13- Gorham, J. 1996. Mechanisms of salt tolerance of halophytes. In: Halophytes Ecologic Agriculture (eds: Allah, R.C., Nalcolm, C.V. and Aamdy, A.). p. 30-35. Marcel Dekker. Inc.

14- Hampson, C.R., and Simpson, G.M. 1990. Effects of temperature, salt and osmotic pressure on early growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum). I. Germination. Canadian Journal of Botany 68: 524-528.

15- Hanslin, H.M., and Eggen, T. 2005. Salinity tolerance during germination of seashore halophytes and salt-tolerant grass cultivars. Seed Science Research 15: 43-50.

16- Hara, Y., and Toriyama, K. 1998. Seed nitrogen accelerates the rates of germination, emergence, and establishment of rice plants. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 44(3): 395-366.

17- Iqbal, N., Ashraf, H.Y., Javed, F., Iqbal, Z., and Shah, G.H. 1998. Effect of salinity on germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 3(1): 226-227.

18- Janick, 2001. New Crops for 21st Century. In: Crop Science: Progress and Prospects. (Eds. J. Norsbarger, H.H. Giger, and P.C. Struik). p. 307-327. CABI. Publication, Wallingford, UK.

19- Kader, M.A., Main, M.H., and Hoque, M.S. 2002. Effects of Azotobacter inoculant on the yield and nitrogen uptake by wheat. Journal of Biological Sciences 2: 259-261.

20- Kapoor, R., Sharma, S., and Bhatnagar, A.K. 2008. Arbuscular mycorrhizae in micropropagation systems and their potential applications. Scientia Horticulturae 116: 227-239.

21- Karimi, G., Haydari-Sharifabad, H., and Asareh, M.H. 2004. Effects of salinity on germination, seedling establishment and proline content in pasture species of Atriplex verrucifera. Iranian Journal of Rangelands Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research 12(4): 419-433. (In Persian with English Summery)

22- Kızılkaya, R. 2008. Yield response and nitrogen concentrations of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) inoculated with Azotobacter chroococcum strains. Ecological Engineering 33: 150-156.

23- Komayli, H.R., Rashed Mohassel, M.H., Ghodsi, M., and Zare Fayzabadi, A. 2006. Evaluation of drought tolerance of new wheat genotypes under water stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Field crop Research 4(2): 301-314. (In Persian with English Summery)

24- Krishna, A., Patil, C.R., Raghavendra, S.M., and Jakati, M.D. 2008. Effect of bio-fertilizers on seed germination and seedling quality of medicinal plants. Karnataka Journal of Agriculture and Science 21(4): 588-590.

25- Lutts, S., Almansouri, M., and Kinet, J.M. 2004. Salinity and water stress have contrasting effects on the relationship between growth and cell viability during and after stress exposure in durum wheat callus. Plant Science 167: 9-18.

26- Lynch, J., and Lauchli, A. 1988. Salinity affects intercellular calcium in corn root protoplasts. Plant Physiology 87: 351-356.

27- Maguire, J.D. 1962. Speed of germination-aid in selection and evaluation for seedling emergence and vigor. Crop Science 2: 176-177.

28- Mansour, M.M.F. 2000. Nitrogen containing compound and adaptation of plants to salinity stress. Plant Biology 43: 491-500.

29- Penuelas, J., Isla, R., Filella, I., and Araus, J.L. 1997. Visible and near-infrared reflectance assessment of salinity effects on barley. Crop Science 37: 198-202.

30- Ramagopal, S. 1990. Inhibition of seed germination by salt and its subsequent effect on embryonic protein synthesis in barley. Journal of Plant Physiology 136: 621-625.

31- Remus, R., Ruppel, S., Jacob, H.J., Hecht-Buchholz, C., and Merbach, W. 2000.Colonization behavior of two enter bacterial strains on cereals. Biology and Fertility of Soils 30(5-6): 550-557.

32- Ravikumar, S., Kathiresan, K., Ignatiammal, S.T.M., Selvam, M.B., and Shanthy, S. 2004. Nitrogen-fixation Azotobacters from mangrove habitat and their utility as marine biofertilizers. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 15: 157-160.

33- Salehzade, H., Izadkhah Shishvan, M., Ggiyasi, M., Forouzani, F., and Abbasi Siyahjani, A. 2009.Effects of seed priming on germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Research Journal of Biological Sciences 4(5): 629-631.

34- Soltani, A., Gholipoor, M., and Zeinali, E. 2006. Seed reserve utilization and seedling growth of wheat as affected by drought and salinity. Environmental and Experimental Botany 55: 195-200.

35- Song, J., Fan, H., Zhao, Y., Jia, Y., Du, X., and Wang, B. 2008. Effect of salinity on germination, seedling emergence, seedling growth and ion accumulation of a euhalophyte Suaeda salsa in an intertidal zone and on saline inland. Aquatic Botany 88: 331-337.

36- Tuna, A.L., Kaya, C., Higgs, D., Murillo-Amador, B., Aydemir, A.S., and Girgin, R. 2008. Silicon improves salinity tolerance in wheat plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany 62: 10-16.

37- Ungar, I.A. 1995. Seed Germination and Seed-bank Ecology of Halophytes. In: Kigel, J., Galili, G. (Eds.), Seed Development and Germination. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, p. 599-629.

38- Voigt, E.L., Almeida, T.D., Chagas, R.M., Ponte, L.F.A., Viegas, R.A., and Silveira, J.A.G. 2009. Source–sink regulation of cotyledonary reserve mobilization during cashew (Anacardium occidentale) seedling establishment under NaCl salinity. Journal of Plant Physiology 166: 80-89.

39- Warraich, E.A., Basra, S.M.A., Ahmad, N., Ahmed, R., and Aftab, M. 2002. Effect of nitrogen on grain quality and vigor in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 4(4): 517-520.

40- Yagmur, M., and Kaydan, D. 2008. Alleviation of osmotic stress of water and salt in germination and seedling growth of triticale with seed priming treatments. African Journal of Biotechnology 7(13): 2156-2162.

41- Yazdani, R., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Koocheki, A., Amiri, M.B., Fallahi, J., and Dayhimfar, R. 2010. Effects of seed nourished by different levels of nitrogen, different biofertilizers and drought stress on germination indices and seedling growth of wheat (Tritium aestivum) cv. Sayonz. Agroecology 2(1): 266-276. (In Persian with English Summery)

42- Zaied, K.A., Abd El-Hady, A.H., Afify, Aida, H., and Nassef, M.A. 2003. Yield and nitrogen assimilation of winter wheat inoculated with new recombinant inoculants of rhizobacteria. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 6(4): 344-358.