بررسی امکان کنترل بیولوژیک علف هرز سس (Cuscuta campestris L.) با استفاده از عوامل بیماری های قارچی

فلاح پور, فرنوش; کوچکی, علیرضا; نصیری محلاتی, مهدی; فلاحتی رستگار, ماهرخ; قربانی, رضا

doi:10.22067/jag.v2i3.7655

بررسی امکان کنترل بیولوژیک علف هرز سس (Cuscuta campestris L.) با استفاده از عوامل بیماری های قارچی

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

10.22067/jag.v2i3.7655

چکیده

علف های هرز از مهمترین عوامل کاهش عملکرد محصولات زراعی می باشند، از این میان علف هرز سس (Cuscuta campestris L.) گیاهی انگلی است یکساله با گسترش جهانی که سبب کاهش عملکرد بسیاری از محصولات زراعی و باغی می شود. جهت یافتن عامل کنترل بیولوژیک مناسب به منظور کنترل سس، پژوهشی در قالب طرح کاملا تصادفی با پنج تکرار در سال 88-1387 در گلخانه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد انجام پذیرفت. جمع آوری نمونه های سس آلوده به عوامل بیماری زا در منطقه چناران و از مزارع چغندرقند (Beta vulgaris L.) صورت گرفت. پس از گردآوری، کشت و خالص سازی قارچ های موجود در رشته های سس جنس های Fusarium sp. ، Alternaria sp. و Colletotrichum sp. شناسایی شدند. مایه زنی ایزوله ها با غلظت 108 اسپور در میلی لیتر آب مقطر در مراحل مختلف رشدی علف هرز سس (جوانه زنی، پیش از اتصال به میزبان، پس از اتصال به میزبان و تشکیل هوستوریوم) در آزمایشگاه و گلخانه تحقیقاتی صورت گرفت. از میان قارچ های بدست آمده گونه F. oxysporum توانست کنترل مؤثری بر جوانه زنی بذور سس داشته باشد. با توسعه مراحل رشدی سس و استقرار آن روی میزبان از بیماری زایی قارچ مورد نظر کاسته شد. جهت بررسی تکمیلی، بیماری زایی این جدایه روی سایر گیاهان زراعی از جمله گندم (Triticum aestivum L.)، جو (Hordeum vulgare L.)، یونجه (Medigago sativa L.)، چغندرقند و ریحان (Ocimum basilicum L.) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و هیچگونه علایم بیماری در آنها مشاهده نگردید.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Biological control of dodder (Cuscuta campestris L.) by fungi pathogens

نویسندگان [English]

Farnoosh Fallahpour
Alireza Koocheki
Mehdi Nassiri Mahallati
Mahrokh Falahati Rastegar
Reza Ghorbani

Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

چکیده [English]

Parasite weeds are the most important yield reducing factors, and among them dodder (Cuscuta campestris L.) is an obligate parasite of many plant families. In order to find a suitable biocontrol agent for dodder a study was conducted based on a randomized complete design with four replications at research greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran during 2007-2009. Diseased dodders sampled from sugarbeet farms of Chenaran, Iran. After culturing and isolating exiting fungi from infected tissues of dodder, Fusarium sp., Alternaria sp. and Colletotrichum sp. were recognized. Inoculation of isolates was carried out with concenteration of 1×108 spores per ml sterile water at different growth stages of dodder in labratoary and greenhouse. Among different fungi, isolate of 323 of F. oxysporum showed an effective control on germination of dodder seeds and the highest level of plant pathogencity was before the contact of dodder with host and infection in older plants decreased. Infection of this isolate with crops such as sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.), alfalfa (Medigago sativa L.), basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) showed no symptoms.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Alternaria
Fusarium
Parasitic plants

مراجع

1- Bewick, T., Stewart, J.S., Binning L.K., and Stevenson, W.R. 1990. Biological Control of Dodder. United States Patent 4915726. Available at http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4915726.html (accessed 2009/02/20).

2- Boari, A., and Vurro, M. 2004. Evaluation of Fusarium spp. and other fungi as biological control agents of broomrape (Orobanche romase). Biological Control 30: 212-219.

3- Boyetchko, S.M., Rosskopf, E.N., Caesar, A.J., and Charudattan, R. 2002. Biological weed control with pathogens: From search for candidates to applications. In G.G. Khachatourians and D.K. Arora, Applied Mycology and Biotechnology, Volume II, Applications of Fungal biotechnology to food production (pp. 239-274). New York: Elsevier Science.

4- Butt, T.M., and Copping, L.G. 2000. Fungal Biological Control Agents. University of Wales Swansea. Available at http://www.rsc.org/delivery/_ArticleLinking/DisplayArticleForFree.cfm?doi=b008009h&JournalCode=PO (accessed 2010/09/10).

5- Charudattan, R. 2001. Biological control of weeds by means plant pathogens: Significance for integrated weed management in modern agro-ecology. Journal of Biocontrol 46: 229-260.

6- Elzine, A., Kroscher, J., and Muller-Stover, D. 2004. Effects on inoculum type and propagule concentration on self life of pesta formulation containing Fusarium oxysporum, a potential mycoherbicide agent for Striga spp. Biological Control 30: 203-211.

7- Ghorbani, R., Seel, W., Litterick, A., and Leifert, C. 2000. Evaluation of Alternaria alternata for biocontrol of Amaranthus retroflexus. Weed Science 48: 473-479.

8- Goldwasser, Y., Lanini, W.T., and Wrobel, R.L. 2001. Tolerance of tomato varieties to lespedeza dodder. Weed Science 49: 520-523.

9- Hallett, S.G. 2005. Where are the bioherbicides? Weed Science 53: 404-415.

10- Hutchinson, J.M., and Ashton, F.M. 1980. Germination of field dodder (Cuscuta campestris). Weed Science 28:330-333.

11- Lanini, W.T., Cudney, D.W., Miyao, G., and Hembree, K.J. 2002. Dodder-Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Professional Horticulturalists. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources.

12- Lanini, W.T., Cudney, D.W., Miyao, G., Hembree, K.J. 2002. Dodder-Integrated pest management for home gardeners and professional horticulturalists. University of California, agriculture and natural resources. Available at http://www.ardentermite.com/2003/pestnotes/plants/pndodder.pdf (Accessed: 2009/07/08).

13- Li, Y., Sun, Z., Zhuang, X., Xu, L., Chen, S., and Li, M. 2003. Research progress on microbial herbicides. Journal of Crop Protection 22:247-252.

14- Makowski, R.M.D. 1993. Effect of inoculum concentration, temperature, dew period, and plant growth stage on disease of roundleaved mallow and velvetleaf by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. malvae. Journal of Phytopathology 83: 1229–1234.

15- Montazeri, M. 2005. The role of Melanin and periods of dryness on germination of conidia and viruhence of Alternaria alternata on Amaranthus teroflexus. Iranian Journal of Weed Science 1(2): 141-154.

16- Montazeri, M. 2007. Biological control of Orobanch spp. in Iran. 2nd Weed Science Conference of Iran. P. 27-47. (In Persian with English Summary).

17- Nadjafi, H. 2006. Nonchemical Methodes of Weeds Management. Kankash Danesh Press. (In Persian)

18- Nadler-Hasser, T., and Rubin, B. 2003. Natural tolerance of Cuscuta campestris to herbicides inhibiting amino acid biosynthesis. Weed Research 43: 341-347.

19- Pitelli, R.I., and Amorim, I. 2002. Effects of different dew periods and temperatures on infection of Senna obtusifolia by a brazilian isolate of Alternaria cassiae. Biological Control 28: 237-242.

20- Pitelli, R.I., and Amorim, I. 2002. Effects of different dew periods and temperatures on infection of Senna obtusifolia by a Brazilian isolate of Alternaria cassiae. Journal of Biological Control 28: 237-242.

21- Rashed Mohessel, M.H., and Mousavi, K. 2005. Management of Weeds. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press. pp 566. (In Persian)

22- Sandler, H.A. 2010. Managing Cuscuta gronovii (swamp dodder) in cranberry requires an integrated approach. Journal of Sustainability 2: 660-683.

23- Shabana, Y.M. 2005. The use of oil emulsions for improving the efficacy of Alternaria eichhorniae as a mycoherbicide for water hyacinth (Eichhorina crassipes). Biological control 32: 77-89.

24- Shimi, P., and Mousavi, M.R. 1997. Parasitic Weeds of the World (Biology and Management). Barahmand Press. pp 412. (In Persian)

25- Sokal, R.R., and Rohlf, F.J. 1992. Biometry: The Principles and Practices of Statistics in Biological Researches. Freeman Company, New York, NY.

26- Strobel, G. 1991. Phytotoxins as potential herbicides. Journal of Experiential 47: 819–826.

27- Thomas, H., Heller, A., Sauerborn, J., and Muller-Stover, D. 1999. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. orthoceras, a potential mycoherbicide, parasitizes seeds of Orobanche cumana (sunflower broomrape): a cytological study. Journal of Annals of Butany 83: 453-458.

28- Thomas, H., Sauerborn, J., Muller-stover, D., Ziegler, A., Bedi, J.S., and Kroschel, J. 1998. The potenthial of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. orthoceras as a biological control agent for Orobanche cumana in sunflower. Journal of Biological Control 13: 41-48.

29- Vaughn, K.C. 2002. Attachment of the parasitic weed dodder to the host. Journal of Protoplasma 219:227-237.

30- Vurro, M. 2002. Integration of fungal toxins with pathogens. In proceedings of the meeting 'Integrated control of broomrape', Obermarchtal, Germany. 25-27 July.