اثر رژیم‌های آبیاری بر عملکرد، اجزاء عملکرد و خصوصیات کیفی اسانس اکوتیپ‌های زیره سبز (Cuminum Cyminum L.) در شرایط آب و هوایی افغانستان

جامی, محمد یوسف; ملافیلابی, عبداله; امینی دهقی, مجید

doi:10.22067/jag.v10i4.76116

اثر رژیم‌های آبیاری بر عملکرد، اجزاء عملکرد و خصوصیات کیفی اسانس اکوتیپ‌های زیره سبز (Cuminum Cyminum L.) در شرایط آب و هوایی افغانستان

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

¹ گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شاهد، تهران، ایران

² گروه زیست فناوری مواد غذایی، مؤسسه پژوهشی علوم و صنایع غذایی، مشهد، ایران

10.22067/jag.v10i4.76116

چکیده

زیره سبز (Cuminum cyminum L.) یکی از مهمترین و اقتصادیترین گیاهان دارویی است که کشت و کار آن میتواند به ویژه در مناطق خشک و نیمهخشک در شرایط کمآبی حائز اهمیت باشد. به منظور بررسی و تعیین بهترین زمان آبیاری و انتخاب تودههای مناسب زیره سبز در منطقه هرات- افغانستان، آزمایشی به صورت کرتهای خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی با چهار تکرار در سال 1388 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه هرات انجام شد. چهار رژیم آبیاری شامل دیم (1W)، بعد از ساقه رفتن (2W)، اوایل گلدهی (3W) و اوایل دانه‌بندی (4W) به عنوان عامل اصلی و تودههای بذر راجستان هند (1V)، بادغیس افغانستان (2V) و کاشمر ایران (3V) به عنوان عامل فرعی در نظر گرفته شدند. صفات مورد مطالعه شامل ارتفاع بوته، تعداد چتر در گیاه، تعداد دانه در چتر، تعداد ساقه فرعی، وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد دانه، شاخص برداشت و صفات کیفی شامل مواد مؤثره موجود در اسانس زیره سبز بودند. نتایج نشان داد که اثر ساده و متقابل زمان آبیاری و توده بر عملکرد و حجم اسانس، عملکرد بذر، وزن هزار دانه، تعداد دانه در چتر، تعداد ساقه فرعی، شاخص برداشت، درصد کومین آلدئید و پارا-سیمن معنیدار بود. بالاترین مقدار برای آبیاری در اوایل گلدهی و توده هندی مشاهده شد، اما بیشترین تعداد ساقه فرعی از توده افغانستان بدست آمد. بالاترین درصد شاخص برداشت و تعداد ساقههای فرعی به ترتیب برای آبیاری در اوایل دانه‌بندی و دیم بدست آمد. بیشترین میزان کومین آلدئید از تودههای ایرانی و افغانستانی به ترتیب با 35/27 % و 73/25% و بیشترین مقدار پارا- اسیمن (81/25%) از اثر متقابل توده هندی با تیمار آبیاری اوایل دانه‌بندی بدست آمد. طبق نتایج توده هندی +آبیاری در اوایل گلدهی برای شرایط آب و هوایی هرات- افغانستان توصیه میگردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

20.1001.1.20087713.1397.10.4.3.7

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effect of Irrigation Regimes on Yield, Yield Components and Characteristics Criteria of Essential Oil Percentage of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) Ecotypes in Afghanistan

نویسندگان [English]

Mohammad Yousof Jami ¹
Abdollah Filabi ²
Majid Amini Dehaghi ¹

¹ Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran

² Department of Food Biotechnology, Research Institute of Food Science and Technology, Mashhad, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is a small annual herbaceous and an aromatic and medicinal plant included in the Apiaceae family. This plant also possesses resistance to drought stress, which is especially important, considering water deficits in many locations in semi-arid environments. Cumin is used to flavor foods, added to fragrances, and medicinal preparations. Seeds are is yellow to brownish-gray in color. Cumin seeds contain numerous phytochemicals that are known to have antioxidant, carminative and anti-flatulent properties. This spice is an excellent source of minerals like iron, copper, calcium, potassium, manganese, selenium, zinc and magnesium. It also contains very good amounts of B-complex vitamins such as thiamin, vitamin B-6, niacin, riboflavin, and other vital anti-oxidant vitamins like vitamin E, vitamin A and vitamin C. The seeds are also rich source of many flavonoid phenolic anti-oxidants such as carotenes, zeaxanthin, and lutein.
The main objective of this study was to investigate the qualitative and seed yield response of three local ecotypes of cumin as an important medicinal plant to different irrigation regimes under the climatic conditions of Herat, Afghanistan.

Materials and methods
This experiment was conducted as a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design with four replications during growing season 2009-2010 in Herat (Afghanistan) University Research Farm. Treatments were irrigation regimes (main plot) at 4 levels including (rainfed: W1, after stem elongation: W2, early flowering: W3 and early seed formation: W4) and landraces (as subplot) (Rajasthan of India: V1, Badghis of Afghanistan: V2, and Kashmar of Iran: V3). Studied traits were including quantitative traits such as content and yield of essential oil, seed yield, plant height, number of umbels per plant, number of seeds per umbel, lateral shoots, 1000-seed weight, harvest index and the qualitative characteristics including active ingredients in essential oils of cumin.
The treatments were run as an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine if significant differences existed among treatments means. Multiple comparison tests were conducted for significant effects using the Duncan’s test.

Results and discussion
Results showed that simple effect of irrigation regimes and landraces and their interaction had difference significant for content and yield of essential oil, seed yield, plant height, number of seeds per umbel, lateral shoots, 1000- seed weight, harvest index, cumin aldehyde and p-cymene percent at 1% and 5% and the W3 treatment and Indian landrace in terms of most traits was superior, but the greatest number of lateral branches, obtained from V2. However, W4 and W1 treatments showed the highest harvest index percent and number of lateral branches respectively. Most of cumin aldehyde was obtained from Iran and Afghanistan landraces (respectively 27.348% and 25.725%) and highest p-cymene (25.811%) of the interaction of V1 with W4 treatment. The results for correlation coefficients between seed yield, biomass and yield components revealed that there was a positive and negative correlation between these criteria. The highest coefficient was calculated for seed yield and biomass (r=0.926**).

Conclusion
Agronomic management strategies had significantly effect on growth, yield, and yield components of cumin ecotypes. The results showed that Indian landrace and W3 treatment are recommended under Heart-e (Afghanistan) conditions. Considering water deficit that the world will face in the future, cumin in those environments susceptible to water stress conditions will have higher water use efficiency compared to other plants.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Cumin
Time of irrigation
Content and yield essential oil
grain yield
Cumin aldehyde
p-cymene

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