اثر رژیم‌های مختلف آبیاری و تاریخ کاشت بر درصد اسانس، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گیاه دارویی زیره سبز (Cuminum cyminum L.)

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

2 دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد شیروان

چکیده

زیره‌ سبز (Cuminum cyminum L.) گیاهی علفی از خانواده چتریان است که سابقه طولانی به عنوان طعم دهنده­های غذایی و در درمان بیماری­ها دارد. این آزمایش با هدف بررسی رژیم‌های مختلف آبیاری و تاریخ کاشت بر درصد اسانس، عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد زیره سبز به صورت کرت­های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد بیرجند در سال زراعی 96-1395 اجرا شد. چهار تاریخ کاشت به عنوان عامل اصلی (5 آذر، 7 دی، 1 اسفند و 29 اسفند) و چهار رژیم آبیاری به عنوان عامل فرعی (آبیاری کامل، دو نوبت آبیاری در زمان رشد رویشی (ساقه رفتن)، دو نوبت آبیاری در زمان گلدهی و دو نوبت آبیاری در زمان دانه­بندی) به عنوان تیمار در نظر گرفته شد. صفات مورد مطالعه شامل وزن بوته، وزن دانه، تعداد چتر در گیاه، تعداد دانه در چتر، تعداد دانه در بوته، وزن هزار دانه و درصد اسانس تعیین بود. نتایج نشان داد که اثر متقابل تاریخ‌های مختلف کاشت و رژیم­های آبیاری بر تعداد شاخه جانبی و عملکرد دانه و عملکرد بیولوژیک معنی‌دار بود. اثر ساده تاریخ کاشت بر تعداد دانه در چتر، ارتفاع بوته، درصد اسانس، وزن هزار دانه و شاخص برداشت معنی­دار بود. بیشترین عملکرد دانه و عملکرد بیولوژیک در تاریخ کاشت 7 دی ماه همراه با آبیاری کامل به دست آمد. نتایج همبستگی بین صفات نشان داد که بین عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد همبستگی مثبت و معنی­داری مشاهده شد. همچنین عملکرد دانه بیشترین همبستگی (95/0r=) را با عملکرد بیولوژیک داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of Irrigation Regimes and Planting Times on Essential Oil Percentage, Yield and Yield Components of Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) as a Medicinal Plant

نویسندگان [English]

  • Abdollah mollafilabi 1
  • Tahmineh Esfandiari 2
1 Research Institute of Food Science and Technology, Mashhad
2 shirvan Azad
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Since ancient times, medicinal plants and aromatic herbs have been used by humans to treat diseases and as spices. Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is the dried seed of the herb, a member of the Asteraceae family. Cumin has a long history of use as food flavors, perfumes and medicine. It is an annual herbaceous plant, with a slender, glabrous, branched stem. The cumin plant grows to 30–50 cm tall and is harvested by hand. Its essential oil is used for bactericidal applications, giving smell to some medicines, sterilizing of surgical operation fiber and producing some veterinary and agricultural medicines. In semi-arid area such as Iran, water is the most limiting factor for agriculture. Cumin has a potential to be as a rainfed plant, but supplemental irrigation is needed to produce more productivity. Little information is available about its consumptive use of water. Also, selecting an optimum plant density is necessary for maximum utility of existing environmental parameters (including water, air, light and soil). As a result, inter specific or intra specific competition is minimum. Thus, many researches has been done to determine the best level of irrigation and plant density and their effects on vegetative and generative parameters of agricultural and medicinal plants. In this paper we aimed to study the effects of different planting dates and irrigation regimes on seed yield and essential oil yield of cumin as an important medicinal plant under the climatic conditions of Torbat-e Jam climatic conditions, Iran.
Materials and Methods
In order to study irrigation regimes and planting dates, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, Azad University of Birjand during growing season 2016-2017. Treatments included four planting dates as main plot (25th November, 27th December, 19th February and 19th March) and four irrigation regimes as sub plot (full irrigation, two times irrigation at vegetative stage (stem elongation), two times irrigation at flowering stage and two times irrigation at seed formation). Plant weight, seed weight, number of branches per plant, number of umbels per plant, number of seeds per plant, 1000- seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, essential oil content and harvest index The treatments were run as an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine if significant differences existed among treatments means. Multiple comparison tests were conducted for significant effects using the Duncan’s test.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the interaction effect of planting dates and irrigation regimes were significant on number of branches per plant, seed yield and biological yield. The simple effect of planting date was significant on number of seeds per umbel, plant height, essential oil percentage, 1000-seed weight and harvest index. The highest seed yield and biological yield were observed in planting at 27th December + full irrigation. The results for correlation coefficients between yield and yield components revealed that there was a positive and significant correlation between these criteria. The highest coefficient was calculated for seed yield and biological yield (r=0.95).
Conclusion
Agronomic management strategies had significantly effect on growth, yield, and yield components of cumin. In conclusion, according to the results, full irrigation combined with planting at 27th December could produce optimum seed yield and biological yield in cumin under semi arid climatic conditions. Generally, irrigation regimes and planting date are two safe and effective technique for agronomic management that may decrease the necessity for chemical approaches to crop. On the whole, results of this study revealed that early sowing was more successful, evident from relatively high yields. Considering water shortages that the world will face in the future, winter planting in those environments susceptible to water stress conditions will have higher water use efficiency compared to late sowing time.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • drought
  • Medicinal plant
  • Planting Time
  • Seed yield
  • Water shortages

مراجع

Anjum, S.A., Xie, X., Wang, L., Saleem, M. F., Man, C., and Lei, W. 2011. Morphological, physiological and biochemical responses of plants to drought stress. African Journal of Agricultural Research 6(9): 2026-2032.
Aslam, M. 2006. Guidelines for Cultivation, Collection, Conservation and Propagation of Medicinal Herbs. Introduction of Medicinal Herbs and Spices, Crop Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Islamabad. 129p.
Ayub, M., Nadeem, M.A., Tanveer, A., Tahir, M., Saqib, M.T.Y., and Nawaz, R. 2008. Effect of different sowing methods and times on the growth and yield of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Pakistan Journal of Botany 40(1): 259-264.
Azizi, E., Siahmarguee, A., Nezami, A., Mohamad Abadi, A., and Soheili, R. 2015. Investigation of possibility of fennel (Foeniculum vulgar L.) autumnal sowing in Mashhad condition. Journal of Horticulture Science 29(1): 1-10. (In Persian with English Summary)
Barros, J.F.C., Del Carvalho, M., and Basch, G. 2004. Response of sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) to sowing date and plant density under Mediterranean conditions. European Journal of Agronomy 21: 347–356.
Boomsma, C.R., and Vyn, T.J. 2008. Maize drought tolerance: Potential improvements through arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis? Field Crops Research 108: 14–31.
Cattivelli, L., Rizza, F., Badeck, F.W., Mazzucotelli, E., Mastrangelo, A.M., Francia, E., Marè, C., Tondelli, A., and Stanca, A.M. 2008. Drought tolerance improvement in crop plants: An integrated view from breeding to genomics. Field Crops Research 105: 1-14.
Chaves, M. 2002. Water stress in the regulation of photosynthesis in the field. Annals of Botany 89: 907- 916.
Chay, P., and Thurling, N. 1989. Variation in pod length in spring rape (B. napus) and its effects on seed yield components. The Journal of Agricultural Science 113: 139-147.
Darvishzadeh, R., Hatami-Maleki, H., and Sarrafi, A. 2011. Path analysis of the relationships between yield and some related traits in diallel population of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) under well watered and water-stressed conditions. Australian Journal of Crop Science 5: 674-680. (In Persian with English Summary)
Davazdahemami, S., Sefidkon, F., Jahansooz, M.R., and Mazaheri, D. 2008. Comparison of biological yield, essential oil content and composition and phenological stages of moldavian balm (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) in three planting dates. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 24(3): 263-270. (In Persian with English Summary)
Diepenbrock, W., Long, M., and Feil, B. 2001. Yield and quality of sunflower as affected by row orientation, row spacing and plant density. Die Bodenkultur 52(1): 29-36.
Ebadi, M., Azizi, M., Omidbaigi, R., and Hassanzadeh Khayyat, M. 2009. The effect of sowing date and seeding levels on quantitative and qualitative yield of chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) CV. Presov. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 25(3): 296-308. (In Persian with English Summary)
Efeoğlu, B., Ekmekçi, Y., and Çiçek, N. 2009. Physiological responses of three maize cultivars to drought stress and recovery. South African Journal of Botany 75: 34–42.
Eftekharinasab, N., Khoramivafa, M., Sayyadian, K., and Najaphy, A. 2011. Nitrogen fertilizer effect on grain yield, oil and protein content of pumpkin seed (Cucurbita pepo L. var. styriaca) intercropped with lentil and chickpea. International Journal of Agricultural Science 1: 283-289.
Ehsanipour, A., Razmjoo, K., and Zeinali, H. 2011. Effect of nitrogen rates on yield, yiel components and essential oil content of several fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) populatios. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 28: 579-593. (In Persian with English Summary)
Farooq, M., Wahid, A., Kobayashi, N., Fujita, D., and Basra, S.M.A. 2009. Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 29: 185–212.
Ghaderi, Y., and Moghaddam, M. 2017. Effect of different levels of plant density and N fertilizer on yield and yield components of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). Journal of Plant Ecophysiology 7(23): 104-112. (In Persian with English Summary)
Ghanbari, J., Khajoeinejad, G., and Mohamadinejad, G. 2014. Casual explanation of therelationships between seed yield and some yield components in cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) by different multivariate statistical analysis at different sowing dates, Ethno-pharmacuticale Products 1: 15-22. (In Persian with English Summary)
Ghane, H., Amirshekar, H., and Naji, A.M. 2017. The effects of planting date and seed priming on yield and physiological traits of two cumin ecotypes. Journal of Agricultural Crops Production 3(9): 561-575. (In Persian with English Summary)
Ghorbani, R., Koocheki, A., Hosseini, A., Jahani, M., Asadi, G.A., Aghel, H., and Mohammad Abadi, A.S. 2010. Effects of planting date, time and methods of weed control on weed density and biomass in cumin fields. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 8(1): 120-127. (In Persian with English Summary)
Haung, B. 2001. Involvement of antioxidants and lipid peroxidantion in the adaptation two-season grasses to localized drought stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany 45:105-114.
Hornok, L. 1992. Cultivation and Processing of Medicinal Plants. Academic Publication, Budapest. Pp. 338-345.
Hu, Y., Burucs, Z., Tucher, von S., and Schmidhalter, U. 2007. Short-term effects of drought and salinity on mineral nutrient distribution along growing leaves of maize seedlings. Environmental and Experimental Botany 60: 268–275.
Hu, Y.Y., Zhang, Y.L., Yi, X.P., Zhan, D.X., Luo, H.H., Chow, W.S., and Zhang, W.F. 2013. The relative contribution of non-foliar organs of cotton to yield and related physiological characteristics under water deficit. Journal of Integrative Agriculture 3119(13): 60568-60567.
ISTA. 2010. International rules for seed testing. Glattbrugg, Switzerland. 290 p.
Jahani, M., Koocheki, A., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2008. Comparison of different intercropping arrangements of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and lentil (Lens culinaris). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 6(1): 67-78. (In Persian with English Summary)
Kafi, M. 2002. Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) Production and Processing. Mashhad University Publication, Mashhad, Iran, 195 pp. (In Persian)
Karimi Afshar, A., Baghizadeh, A., and Mohammadi-Nejad, G. 2016. Evaluation of relationships between morphological traits and grain yield in cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) under normal and drought conditions. Journal of Crop Breeding 8(18): 159-165. (In Persian with English Summary)
Kazemi Arbat, H. 1999. Special Agronomy. First issue: Cereal. Universities Extension Center, Tehran. Iran. (In Persian)
Khosh-Khui, M., and Bonyanpour, A.R., 2006. Effects of some variables on seed germination and seedling growth of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.). International Journal of Agricultural Research 1: 20-24. (In Persian with English Summary)
Letchamo, W., and Marquard, R. 1993. The pattern of active substances accumulation in chamomile genotypes under different growing condition and harvesting frequencies. Acta Horticulture 331: 357-361.
Long, M., and Eiszner, H. 2001. Variation of sunflower growth, soil moisture and soil temperature in relation to planting patterns at a high latitude site. Acta Agronomica Hungarica 49(3): 273-282.
Lukovic, J., Maksimovi, I., Zoric, L., Nagl, N., Percic, M., Polic, D., and Putnik-Delic, M. 2009. Histological characteristics of sugar beet leaves potentially linked to drought tolerance. Industrial Crops and Products 30: 281-286.
Mafakheri, A., Siosemardeh, B., Bahramnejad, P.C., Struik, E., and Sohrabi, A. 2010. Effect of drought stress on yield, proline and chlorophyll contents in three chickpea cultivars. Australian Journal of Crop Science 4(8): 580-585.
Mazahery-Laghab, H., Salvati, S., and Mahmoudi, R. 2011. Response of the yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivar armavirski to sowing time and plant density in rain fed conditions in Ghorveh Kordestan. Plant Production Technology 11(2): 63-74. (In Persian with English Summary)
Mirzaei, M.R., Dashti, S., Absalan, M., Siadat, A., and Fathi, G. 2010. Study the effect of planting dates on the yield, yield components and oil content of canola cultivars (Brassica napus L.) in Dehloran rejoin. Electronic Journal of Crop Production 3(2): 159-176. (In Persian with English Summary)
Mosavi, S.G.R., Segatoleslami, M.J., and Pooyan, M. 2012. Effect of planting date and plant density on yield and seed yield components of Plantago ovata L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 27(4): 681-699.
Nevo, E., and Chen, G.X. 2010. Drought and salt tolerances in wild relatives for wheat and barley improvement. Plant, Cell and Environment 33: 670–685.
Nezami, A., Korramdel, S., Nassiri-Mahallati, M., and Mohammad-Abadi, A.A. 2009. Effect of planting dates on cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) landraces in Mashhad conditions. Environmental Stresses in Agricultural Sciences 2(1):1-13. (In Persian with English Summary)
Ozgüven, M., Muzaffer, K., Şener, B., Orhan, I., Şeeroğlu, N., Kartal, M., and Kaya, Z. 2008. Effects of varying nitrogen doses on yield, yield Components and artemisinin content of Artemissia annua L. Industrial Crops and Products 27: 60-64.
Rahimian, H., Salahi Moghaddam, M., and Galavi, M. 1991. Potato intercropping with maize and sunflower. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology 6(1): 45-48. (In Persian with English Summary)
Sodaie Zadeh, H., Shamsayi, M., Tajamolian, M., Meyboodi, A.M., and Hakim Zadeh, M.A. 2016. Investigation of drought stress effects on some morphological and physiological traits in Satureja hortensis. Journal of Plant Process and Function 5(15): 1-12. (In Persian with English Summary)
Tatrai, Z.A, Sanoubar, S., Pluhar, Z., Mancarella, S., Orsini, F., and Gianquinto, G. 2016. Morphological and physiological plant responses to drought stress in Thymus citriodorus. International Journal of Agronomy 1-9.
Taysi, V., Vomel, A., and Ceylan, A. 1977. New cultivation experiment with anise in the region Turkey. Zeitchrift- Fur- Acker and Pflanzenbau 145: 8-21.
Turner, N.C., Blum, A., Cakir, M., Steduto, P., Tuberosa, R. and Young, N. 2014. Strategies to increase the yield and yield stability of crops under drought – are we making progress? Functional Plant Biology 41: 1199–1206.
Yordanova, R., and Popova, L. 2007. Effect of exogenous treatment with salicylic acid on photosynthetic activity and antioxidant capacity of chilled wheat plants. General and Applied Plant Physiology 33 (3-4): 155-170.
Yoshida, S. 1981. Fundamentals of rice crop science. Los Banos, Philippine International Rice Research Institute Press.
Zhu, J.K. 2002. Salt and drought stress signal transduction in plants. Annual Reviews Plant Biology 53: 247-316.
ارسال نظر در مورد این مقاله
CAPTCHA Image

فایل ها

سابقه مقاله

  • تاریخ دریافت: 14 شهریور 1397
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 14 شهریور 1397
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار: 01 مهر 1397

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار