ارزیابی کارایی جذب و مصرف نیتروژن در ارقام گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) تحت شرایط آب و هوایی کرمانشاه

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران

2 گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، کرمانشاه، ایران

چکیده

جبران عنصر نیتروژن از طریق مصرف کودهای شیمیای باعث به هم خوردن تعادل شیمیایی خاک، شستشوی سریع­تر آن و آلودگی بیشتر منابع آبی می­شود که در نهایت کاهش کارایی مصرف نیتروژن را در پی دارد. به منظور ارزیابی کارایی جذب و مصرف نیتروژن در ارقام گندم، آزمایشی به صورت کرت­های خرد شده در قالب طرح پایه بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار تحت شرایط آب و هوایی کرمانشاه در سال زراعی 94-1393 اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل چهار سطح کود نیتروژن (90، 180، 300 و 360 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار) در قالب عامل اصلی و ارقام گندم پارسی، زارع، پیشگام و اروم در قالب عامل فرعی بود. صفات مورد ارزیابی شامل عملکرد ماده خشکل کل، عملکرد دانه، درصد نیتروژن زیست توده و کارایی جذب، تبدیل و مصرف نیتروژن بود. نتایج نشان داد که رقم پیشگام در مقایسه با سایر ارقام از ویژگی­های اکوفیزیولوژیک بهتری در شرایط تیمارهای مصرف کود نیتروژن برخوردار بود. صرف‌نظر از ارقام گندم، با افزایش میزان کاربرد کود اوره از 90 به 360 کیلوگرم در هکتار، عملکرد ماده خشک کل (94/65 درصد) و عملکرد دانه (06/73 درصد) افزایش یافت. رقم پیشگام نسبت به سایر ارقام از عملکرد دانه بیشتری (37/37 درصد) برخوردار بود. بالاترین عملکرد دانه در رقم پیشگام (8950 کیلوگرم در هکتار) در تیمار 360 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار و پایین­ترین آن در رقم اروم (1264 کیلو گرم در هکتار) و شرایط کودی 90 کیلوگرم در هکتار مشاهده شد. نتایج نشان داد بیشترین کارایی جذب نیتروژن در پایین­ترین سطح کودی برای رقم زارع (70/0 کیلوگرم نیتروژن بر کیلوگرم نیتروژن مصرف شده+ قابل جذب خاک) و کمترین آن در بالاترین سطح کودی برای رقم اروم (26/0 کیلوگرم نیتروژن بر کیلوگرم نیتروژن مصرف شده+ قابل جذب خاک) بدست آمد. بیشترین کارایی تبدیل نیتروژن در رقم پیشگام (59 کیلوگرم دانه بر کیلوگرم نیتروژن) در شرایط 90 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار و کمترین آن در رقم اروم (37 کیلوگرم دانه بر کیلوگرم نیتروژن) در شرایط 360 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار مشاهده شد. رقم پیشگام در شرایط 90 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار بیشترین (36 کیلوگرم دانه بر کیلوگرم نیتروژن مصرف شده+ قابل جذب خاک) و رقم اروم در شرایط 360 کیلوگرم اوره در هکتار کمترین (10 کیلوگرم دانه بر کیلوگرم نیتروژن مصرف شده+ قابل جذب خاک) کارایی مصرف نیتروژن را داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of nitrogen uptake and use efficiency in wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) under Kermanshah weather conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Farzad Mondani 1
  • Ali Bozorgi Hossein Abad 1
  • Mohsen Saeedi 1
  • Alireza Bagheri 2
  • Hassan Heidari 1
1 Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
2 Department of Plant production and Genetics, Razi University, Kermanshah, Kermanshah, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Nitrogen is the most important mineral nutrient for crop growth and development that improve quality and quantity of yield. It is used in modern agroecosystems to maximize yields. In harvest time, about 40 to 60% of applied nitrogen to the fields must be compensated by different fertilizers. Nevertheless, only 30 to 50% of consumed nitrogen is taken up by the crops and high amount of it is lost. Improved economic cost and environmental concerns augmented managing use of fertilizers. Improvement of nitrogen use efficiency has become an urgent target in crop production for efficient nitrogen utilization, maximum energy saving and productivity. In the sustainable agriculture approaches, there are several ways for increasing nitrogen use efficiency such as selection of suitable varieties. There is about six million hectare of wheat in Iran. Kermanshah Province with 6.4% of cultivation area and 6.6% of wheat production is the fifth place in Iran. In this province consumes large amounts of N fertilizers annually in the wheat agroecosystem. Therefore, the aims of this study were evaluating nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency, and final nitrogen use efficiency in the wheat production system under Kermanshah weather condition.
 
Materials and methods
A split-plot experiment based on the randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources Field at Razi University under Kermanshah weather condition during 2015-2016. The experiment treatments were four levels of nitrogen fertilizer rate (90, 180, 300, 360 kg ha-1 of urea) as main-plot and four wheat varieties (Parsi, Zare, Pishgam and Orum) as sub-plot. The evaluated traits were included total dry weight yield, grain yield, biomass nitrogen content, nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE), nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Data analysis was done by SAS software (Ver 9.4) and means comparison by LSD tests were also carried out at the level of 5%.
 
Results and discussion
The results showed that under nitrogen fertilizer rate treatments, Pishgam variety in comparison with other varieties had the most satisfying ecophysiological characteristics. Regardless of studied varieties, by increasing the rate of urea fertilizer from 90 to 360 kg ha-1 total dry weight yield (65.9%) and grain yield (73.1%) were improved. In this situation, Pishgam variety had the highest grain yield (37.4%) compared to other varieties. The highest and the lowest grain yield were related to Pishgam variety (8950 kg ha-1) in 360 kgurea ha-1 treatment and Orum variety (1264 kg ha-1) in 90 kgurea ha-1 treatment, respectively. The results also showed that the highest NUpE observed in the lowest level of fertilizer rate for Zare variety (0.7 kg Nuptake/kg Nsoil+applied) and the lowest NUpE observed in the highest level of fertilizer rate for Orum variety (0.26 kg Nuptake/kg Nsoil+applied). The greatest and the lowest NUtE were for Pishgam variety (59 kg grain/kg Nuptake) in 90 kgurea ha-1 treatment and Orum variety (37 kg grain/kg Nuptake) in 360 kgurea ha-1 treatment, respectively. In relation to NUE, Pishgam variety had the highest value (36 kg grain/kg Nsoil+applied) under 90 kgurea ha-1 treatment and Orum variety had the lowest value (10 kg grain/kg Nsoil+applied) under 36090 kgurea ha-1 treatment. Our results also indicated that grain yield had a significant positive correlation with nitrogen content at anthesis and maturity while there was a significant negative correlation with NUpE and NUE. The relation of grain yield with  NUtE was positive and no significant.
 
Conclusion
The results showed that most of traits of wheat varieties such as grain yield and total dry weight yield were improved by increased nitrogen fertilizer rate. But, evaluation of traits related to nitrogen efficiency showed that NUE reduced by increasing of nitrogen fertilizer rate for all wheat varieties. The NUpE compare to NUtE had more effect on NUE. The grain yield had a significant negative correlation with NUpE and NUE but it had a positive correlation with NUtE. Although, breeding of varieties with higher NUtE can be cooperate an effective role in improvement of NUE but it seems that emphasis on nitrogen management consumption methods can be more effective.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biomass nitrogen content
  • Nitrogen uptake efficiency
  • Nitrogen utilization efficiency
  • Nitrogen use efficiency
  • Wheat varieties
Ahmadi, M. 2015. Evaluation of resource absorption and use efficiency in corn cultivars (Zea mays) under Kermanshah weather conditions. M.Sc. Thesis, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)
Ahmadi, M., Mondani, F., Khoramivafa, M., Mohammadi, G., and Shirkhani, A. 2017. Evaluation of nitrogen efficiency in maize cultivars (Zea mays L.) under Kermanshah climate condition. Journal of Agroecology 10: 234-247. (In Persian with English Summary)
Alfred, E.H., Johnston, M., Sullivanc, J.N.O., and Polomad, S. 2000. Nitrogen use efficiency of taro and sweet potato in the humid lowlands of Papua New Guinea. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 79: 271-280.
Ahmadinezhad, R., Najafi, N., Aliasgharzad, N., and Oustan, S. 2013. Effects of Organic and Nitrogen Fertilizers on Water Use Efficiency, Yield and the Growth Characteristics of Wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Alvand). Water and Soil Science 23: 177-194. (In Persian with English Summary)
Asadi, G.A., Momen, A., Nurzadeh Namaghi, M., and Khorramdel, S. 2014. Effects of organic and chemical fertilizer rates on nitrogen efficiency indices of isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk.). Journal of Agroecology 5: 373-382. (In Persian with English Summary)
Cerrato, M.E., and Blackmer, A.M. 1990. Relationship between grain nitrogen concentration and the nitrogen status of corn. Agronomy Journal 82: 744-749.
Emam, Y., Salimi Koochi, S., and Shekoofa, A. 2009. Effect of nitrogen levels on grain yield and yield components of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under irrigation and rainfed conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 7: 321-332. (In Persian with English Summary)
Ehdaie, B., and Waines, J.G. 2001. Sowing date and nitrogen rate effects on dry matter and nitrogen partitioning in bread and durum wheat. Field Crop Research 73: 47-61.
FAOSTAT (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistical Database). 2014. FAOSTAT Production Statistics of Crops. Available: http://faostat3.fao.org/download/Q/QC/E.
Garrido-Lestache, E., Lopez-Bellido, R.J., and Lopez-Bellido, L. 2005. Durum wheat quality under Mediterranean conditions as affected by N rate, timing and splitting, N form and S fertilization. European Journal of Agronomy 23: 265-278.
Guarda, G., Padovan, S., and Delogu, G. 2004. Grain yield, nitrogen-use efficiency and baking quality of old and modern Italian bread-wheat cultivars grown at different nitrogen levels. European Journal of Agronomy 21: 181-192.
Halvarson, A.D., Schweissing, F.C., and Reule, M.E. 2005. Corn response to nitrogen fertilization in a soil with high residual nitrogen. Agronomy Journal 97: 1222-1229.
Hosseini, R., Galeshi, S., Soltani, A., Kalateh, M., and Zahed, M. 2013. The effect of nitrogen rate on nitrogen use efficiency index in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 11: 300-306. (In Persian with English Summary)
Khdemi, Z., Malakoti, M.G., and Lotfolahi, M.A. 1999. Optimal management of nitrogen in the wheat field to enhance performance and improve product quality. Journal of Soil and Water, especially a wheat, Institute of Soil and Water Research 12: 1-6.
Khan, A., Khan, A., Li, J., Ahmad, M.I., Sher, A., Rashid, A., and Ali, W. 2017. Evaluation of wheat varietal performance under different nitrogen sources. American Journal of Plant Sciences 8: 561-573.
Koocheki, A., Nasiri Mahallati, M., Moradi, R., and Alizadeh, Y. 2015. Evaluation of yield and nitrogen use efficiency of maize and cotton intercropping under different nitrogen levels. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 13: 1-13. (In Persian with English Summary)
MJA. 2014. Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture of Iran. Iran annual agricultural statistics; www.maj.ir.
Moles, D.J., Rangai, S.S., Bourkeard, R.M., and Kasamani, C.T. 1984. Fertilizer responses of taro in Papua New Guinea In: S. Chandra (Ed), Edible Aroids Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 64-71.
Muurinen, S., Kleemola, J., and Peltonen-Sainio, P. 2007. Accumulation and translocation of nitrogen in spring cereal cultivars differing in nitrogen use efficiency. Agronomy Journal 99: 441-447.
Jafariani, M., Beheshti, A.R., and Taheri, G. 2010. Evaluation of nitrogen efficiency on grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) genotypes. Journal of Agroecology 2: 502-511. (In Persian with English Summary)
Ting, L.Z., Yang, J.Y., Drury, C.F., and Hoogenboom, G. 2015. Evaluation of the DSSAT-CSM for simulating yield and soil organic C and N of a long-term maize and wheat rotation experiment in the Loess Plateau of Northwestern China. Agricultural Systems 135: 90-104.
Sepehr, E., Malakouti, M.J., Kholdebarin, A., and Karimian, N. 2009. Genotypic variation in P efficiency of selected Iranian cereals in greenhouse experiment. International Journal of Plant Production 3: 17-28.
Sardana, V., and Sheoran, P. 2011. Production potential of canola oilseed rape (Brassica napus) cultivars in response to nitrogen and Sulphur nutrition. Indian Journal of Agricultural Science 81: 280-282.
Sheoran, P., Sardana, V., Singh, Sh., Kumar, A., Mann, A., and Sharma, P. 2016. Agronomic and physiological assessment of nitrogen use, uptake and acquisition in sunflower. International Journal of Plant Production 10: 110-121.
Timsina, T., Singh, U., Badaruddin, M., Meisner, C., and Amin, M.R. 2001. Cultivar, nitrogen, and water effects on productivity, and nitrogen-use efficiency and balance for rice–wheat sequences of Bangladesh. Field Crop Research 72: 143-161.
Zebarth, B.J., and Shcard, R.W. 1992. Influence of rate and timing of nitrogen fertilization application on yield and quality of hard red winter wheat. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72: 13-19.
CAPTCHA Image