تأثیر مدیریت تغذیه‌ای روی عملکرد، کارایی نیتروژن، کربن آلی و نیتروژن خاک در تناوب کلزا (Brassica napus L.)-گندم (Triticum aestivum L.)

اکبری, حامد; مدرس ثانوی, سید علی محمد

doi:10.22067/jag.v10i4.63624

تأثیر مدیریت تغذیه‌ای روی عملکرد، کارایی نیتروژن، کربن آلی و نیتروژن خاک در تناوب کلزا (Brassica napus L.)-گندم (Triticum aestivum L.)

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشگاه تربیت مدرس تهران

10.22067/jag.v10i4.63624

چکیده

بهمنظور بررسی اثرات مدیریت تغذیه گیاهان بر عملکرد دانه، کارایی نیتروژن و خصوصیات خاک، آزمایشی بهصورت کرتهای خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوکهای کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار، در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس در طی سالهای 1393-1389 انجام گرفت. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل تناوب در دو سطح (کلزا (Brassica napus L.)-سویا (Glycine max L.)-گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) و کلزا-گندم) و تیمارهای کوددهی در نه سطح (1F: اوره؛ 2F: اوره + زئولیت؛ 3F: کمپوست دامی؛ 4F: کمپوست دامی + زئولیت؛ 5F: اوره + کمپوست دامی؛ 6F: اوره + کمپوست دامی + زئولیت؛ 7F: اوره + آزوکمپوست؛ 8F: اوره + آزوکمپوست + زئولیت و 9F: شاهد) بهترتیب بهعنوان کرتهای اصلی و فرعی بودند. بیشترین عملکرد کلزا و گندم از تیمار تلفیقی 6F در سال دوم آزمایش به مقدار 3571 و 4001 کیلوگرم در هکتار بهترتیب حاصل شد. بیشترین میزان جذب نیتروژن از تیمار 6F (115 و 120 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و کمترین مقدار از تیمار 9F (30 و 28 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بهترتیب برای کلزا و گندم حاصل شد. بیشترین میزان افزایش در کربن آلی خاک از تیمار 4F به میزان 9 درصد و بیشترین کاهش از تیمار 1F به میزان 14 و 17 درصد بهترتیب برای کلزا و گندم بهدست آمد. نتایج نشان داد استفاده از کود دامی و زئولیت روشی مناسب برای کاهش کاربرد کودهای شیمیایی، افزایش عملکرد و بهبود پایداری در سیستمهای کشاورزی میباشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

20.1001.1.20087713.1397.10.4.20.4

عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of Nutritional Management on Yield, Nitrogen Use Efficiency, Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen in Canola-Wheat Crop Rotation

نویسندگان [English]

Hamed Akbari
Seyed Ali Mohammad Modarres-Sanavy

Tarbiat Modares

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Environmental concerns are raising due to nutrient leaching resulting from agricultural activities. There are new researches activities focusing on the practical management options for lowering nutrient runoff and leaching to the ground water. Alternative farming strategies such as organic and integrated fertilizer management, are being promoted recently because these managements minimize the environmental devastation.
Materials and Methods
This research was carried out at the Experimental Farm of Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (35°41ʹN, 51°19ʹE, 1215 m above sea level), during 2010-2013 growing seasons. Research farm was subjected to shallow plowing in Sep 2010 following by disk to be fully prepared for cultivation practice. Weed control was done chemically by application of Trifluralin (PubChem: 5569, 3.5 lit ha-1) afterward weed biomass using a disk incorporated into the soil. Total area for each experimental unit was 12m2 (4m×3m), the distance between each adjacent plot was one meter. There were 2m gaps between the blocks and 1m alley was also established between each plot to prevent any interferences. The experiment was conducted with a split-plot layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Crop rotation (Canola-Soybean-Wheat (C1) and Canola-Wheat (C2)) provided the whole-plot treatments with nine fertilization management (F1: urea, F2: urea + zeolite, F3: composted manure, F4: composted manure + zeolite, F5: urea + composted manure, F6: urea+ composted manure + zeolite, F7: urea+ azocompost, F8: urea+ azocompost + zeolite and F9: Control) providing the sub-plots.
Results and Discussion
The variance analysis showed that fertilizer treatment main effect and interaction effects of year × fertilizer treatments, significantly affected all parameters including dry matter yield (DMY), seed yield (SY), amount of nitrogen absorbed (TNU), soil nitrogen (SN), soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen crop efficiency (AE) in both crops (Canola and Wheat) (Table 3). As shown in Table 4, the F6 fertilizer treatment in 2012 had the highest DMY (6885 kg.ha-1) and SY (3571 kg.ha-1) for canola, also F6 for wheat produced the highest DMY (7365 kg.ha-1) and SY (4001 kg.ha-1) in 2013. The maximum TNU was found in the F6 treatment, whereas the minimum TNU was obtained in F9 for canola and wheat (Table 4). The maximum SOC (1.22 and 1.26) was observed in the second year by the F6 fertilizer treatments while the lowest soil organic carbon (0.1294 and 0.1201) were observed in F9 in canola and wheat, respectively (Table 4). In the F6 fertilizer treatment, 16.6 and 21.0kg for canola, and 19.9 and 26.3kg for wheat of seed yield were obtained per 1kg of applied N during 2010-2012 and 2011-2013, respectively.
Conclusions
The results of this study showed that the application of organic matter resulted in increased yield of rapeseed and wheat during the four-year period of the experiment. The highest grain yield was obtained from integrative treatments with combining zeolite. Application of zeolite in all fertilizer treatments resulted in increased both crops yield, nitrogen efficiency, absorbed nitrogen content, organic carbon content and soil nitrogen. Organic matter alone or in combination with mineral fertilizers resulted in an increase in the organic carbon content and nitrogen content of the soil and eventually increased yield in both crops. There is a positive and significant relationship between soil properties and grain yield indicating that organic fertilizers improve the growth of the plant and ultimately the grain yield, by improving these indices. The results showed that using manure and zeolite is a suitable method for reducing the application of chemical fertilizers and improving stability in agricultural systems. Our results demonstrated that organic amendments and zeolite in combination of chemical fertilizer could be useful methods to achieve sustainable agricultural systems.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

Azocompost
Combined fertilization
Sandy soil
Sustainable agriculture
Zeolite

مراجع

Adediran, J.A., Taiwo, L.B., Akande, M.O., Sobulo, R.A., and Idowu, O.J. 2005. Application of organic and inorganic fertilizer for sustainable maize and cowpea yields in Nigeria. Journal of Plant Nutrition 27(7): 1163–1181.

Agegnehu, G., Bass, A.M., Nelson, P.N., and Bird, M.I. 2016. Benefits of biochar, compost and biochar–compost for soil quality, maize yield and greenhouse gas emissions in a tropical agricultural soil. Science of the Total Environment 543: 295–306.

Baligar, V.C., and Fageria, N.K. 2015. Nutrient use efficiency in plants: An overview. in Nutrient use efficiency: From Basics to Advances: 1–14.

Bandyopadhyay, K.K., Misra, A.K., Ghosh, P.K., and Hati, K.M. 2010. Effect of integrated use of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizers on soil physical properties and productivity of soybean. Soil and Tillage Research 110(1): 115–125.

Bhattacharyya, R., Kundu, S., Prakash, V., and Gupta, H.S. 2008. Sustainability under combined application of mineral and organic fertilizers in a rainfed soybean–wheat system of the Indian Himalayas. European Journal of Agronomy 28(1): 33–46.

Bigelow, C.A., Bowman, D.C., and Cassel, D.K. 2004. Physical properties of three sand size classes amended with inorganic materials or sphagnum peat moss for putting green rootzones. Crop Science 44(3): 900–907.

Carter, M.R., Sanderson, J.B., Ivany, J.A., and White, R.P. 2002. Influence of rotation and tillage on forage maize productivity, weed species, and soil quality of a fine sandy loam in the cool-humid climate of Atlantic Canada. Soil and Tillage Research 67(1): 85–98.

Conacher, J., and Conacher, A. 1998. Organic farming and the environment, with particular reference to Australia: a review. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture 16(2): 145–171.

De Vita, P., Di Paolo, E., Fecondo, G., Di Fonzo, N., and Pisante, M. 2007. No-tillage and conventional tillage effects on durum wheat yield, grain quality and soil moisture content in southern Italy. Soil and Tillage Research 92(1): 69–78.

Edmeades, D.C. 2003. The long-term effects of manures and fertilisers on soil productivity and quality: a Review. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 66(2): 165–180.

Eghball, B. 2002. Soil properties as influenced by phosphorus-and nitrogen-based manure and compost applications. Agronomy Journal 94(1): 128–135.

Eghball, B., and Power, J.F. 1999. Phosphorus- and Nitrogen-based maure and compost applications: Corn production and soil phosphorus. Soil Science Society of America Journal 63: 895–901.

Gao, H.Y., Guo, S.L., Liu, W.Z., and CHE, S. 2009. Effects of fertilization on wheat yield and soil organic carbon accumulation in rainfed loessial tablelands. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science 15(6): 1333–1338.

Gholamhoseini, M., Aghaalikhani, M., Khodaei-Joghan, A., Zakikhani, H., and Dolatabadian, A. 2012. How zeolite controls nitrate leaching and modifies canola grain yield and quality. Agricultural Research and Reviews 1(4): 113–126.

Gholamhoseini, M., Ghalavand, A., Khodaei-Joghan, A., Dolatabadian, A., Zakikhani, H., and Farmanbar, E. 2013. Zeolite-amended cattle manure effects on sunflower yield, seed quality, water use efficiency and nutrient leaching. Soil and Tillage Research 126: 193–202.

Gong, W., Yan, X., and Wang, J. 2012. The effect of chemical fertilizer on soil organic carbon renewal and CO2 emission—a pot experiment with maize. Plant and Soil 353(1–2): 85–94.

Harland, J., Lane, S., and Price, D. 1999. Further experiences with recycled zeolite as a substrate for the sweet pepper crop. Acta Hort 481: 187–194.

Huang, Z.T., and Petrovic, A.M. 1994. Clinoptilolite zeolite influence on nitrate leaching and nitrogen use efficiency in simulated sand based golf greens. Journal of Environmental Quality 23(6): 1190–1194.

Leggo, P.J., Ledesert, B., and Christie, G. 2006. The role of clinoptilolite in organo-zeolitic-soil systems used for phytoremediation. Science of the Total Environment 363(1): 1–10.

Liang, B., Yang, X.Y., He, X.H., and Zhou, J.B. 2011. Effects of 17 years fertilization on soil microbial biomass C and N and soluble organic C and N in loessial soil during maize growth. Biology and Fertility of Soils: 121–128.

Martiniello, P. 2011. Cereal–forage rotations effect on biochemical characteristics of topsoil and productivity of the crops in Mediterranean environment. European Journal of Agronomy 35(4): 193–204.

Mumpton, F.A. 1999. La roca magica: uses of natural zeolites in agriculture and industry. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96(7): 3463–3470.

Page, A.L. 1982. Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. American Society of Agronomy.

Pan, G., Xu, X., Smith, P., Pan, W., and Lal, R. 2010. An increase in topsoil SOC stock of China’s croplands between 1985 and 2006 revealed by soil monitoring. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 136(1): 133–138.

Pan, G., Zhou, P., Li, Z., Smith, P., Li, L., Qiu, D., Zhang, X., Xu, X., Shen, S., and Chen, X. 2009. Combined inorganic/organic fertilization enhances N efficiency and increases rice productivity through organic carbon accumulation in a rice paddy from the Tai Lake region, China. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 131(3–4): 274–280.

Peacock, A., Mullen, M.D., Ringelberg, D.B., Tyler, D.D., Hedrick, D.B., Gale, P.M., and White, D.C. 2001. Soil microbial community responses to dairy manure or ammonium nitrate applications. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 33(7): 1011–1019.

Prakash, V., Bhattacharyya, R., Selvakumar, G., Kundu, S., and Gupta, H.S. 2007. Long‐term effects of fertilization on some soil properties under rainfed soybean‐wheat cropping in the Indian Himalayas. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 170(2): 224–233.

Reeuwijk, L.P. 1993. Procedures for soil analysis. International Soil Reference and Information Centre.

Reganold, J.P. 1995. Soil quality and profitability of biodynamic and conventional farming systems: A review. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 10(1): 36–45.

Rehakova, M., Čuvanova, S., Dzivak, M., Rimar, J., and Gaval’Ova, Z. 2004. Agricultural and agrochemical uses of natural zeolite of the clinoptilolite type. Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 8(6): 397–404.

Solaiman, Z.M., Murphy, D.V., and Abbott, L.K. 2012. Biochars influence seed germination and early growth of seedlings. Plant and Soil 353(1–2): 273–287.

Srinivasarao, C., Venkateswarlu, B., Lal, R., Singh, a.K., Kundu, S., Vittal, K. P.R., Patel, J.J., and Patel, M.M. 2014. Long-term manuring and fertilizer effects on depletion of soil organic carbon stocks under pearl millet-cluster bean-castor rotation in Western India. Land Degradation and Development 25(2): 173–183.

Vats, M., Sehgal, D., and Mehta, D. 2001. Integrated effect of organic and inorganic manuring on yield sustainability in long-term fertilizer experiments. Indian Journal of Agriculture Research 35: 19–24.

Walinga, I., Van Vark, W., Houba, V.J.G., and Van der Lee, J.J. 1989. Soil and plant analysis, a series of syllabi, part 7: Plant analysis procedures. Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, Netherlands.

Wang, J., Liu, H., Wang, S., and Han, X. 2003. Law of nutrient equilibrium, gain and loss in black soil farmland. Acta Pedol Sinica 40: 246–251.

Wang, Q., Zhang, L., Li, L., Bai, Y., Cao, J., and Han, X. 2009. Changes in carbon and nitrogen of Chernozem soil along a cultivation chronosequence in a semi‐arid grassland. European Journal of Soil Science 60(6): 916–923.

Yang, S.M., Malhi, S.S., Song, J.R., Xiong, Y.C., Yue, W.Y., Lu, L.L., Wang, J.G., and Guo, T.W. 2006. Crop yield, nitrogen uptake and nitrate-nitrogen accumulation in soil as affected by 23 annual applications of fertilizer and manure in the rainfed region of Northwestern China. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 76(1): 81–94.

Yousefzadeh, S., Modarres-Sanavy, S.A.M., Sefidkon, F., Asgarzadeh, A., Ghalavand, A., and Sadat-Asilan, K. 2013. Effects of Azocompost and urea on the herbage yield and contents and compositions of essential oils from two genotypes of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) in two regions of Iran. Food Chemistry. 138: 1407–1413.

Zhao, C., Hu, C., Huang, W., Sun, X., Tan, Q., and Di, H. 2010. A lysimeter study of nitrate leaching and optimum nitrogen application rates for intensively irrigated vegetable production systems in Central China. Journal of Soils and Sediments 10(1): 9–17.

Zhengchao, Z., Zhuoting, G., Zhouping, S., and Fuping, Z. 2013. Effects of long-term repeated mineral and organic fertilizer applications on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in a semi-arid cropland. European Journal of Agronomy: 20–26.