مطالعه رویشگاهی اکوتیپ های مختلف گل اروانه بزقی (Rech.f. Hymenocrater platystegius) در استان خراسان رضوی : روش تجزیه به مؤلفه اصلی

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

جنس گل اروانه (Hymenocrater) با بیش از 24 گونه پایا و بوته‌ا‌ی در دنیا از خانواده نعناعیان Lamiaceae می‌باشد. از بین 10 گونه مختلف این جنس در رویشگاه‌های مختلف ایران، گونه گل اروانه بزقی Hymenocrater platystegius Rech. F. منحصر به استان خراسان است. به دلیل کاهش میزان بارندگی سالیانه در استان خراسان و تغییر کاربری اراضی طبیعی به کشاورزی، رویشگاه‌های طبیعی این گیاه در حال نابودی است و با توجه به خواص دارویی ارزنده این گونه اقدام به مطالعه و ثبت مهمترین متغیرهای رویشگاهی مؤثر بر خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی گونه گل اروانه بزقی، در شش رویشگاه اصلی استان خراسان رضوی (بزد، بزق، بزنگان، زشک، کلات و گلمکان)، طی سال‌های 89-1387 شد. جهت ثبت صفات رویشی و زایشی گیاه، ویژگی‌های توپوگرافی و اقلیمی مناطق مورد از توده‌های طبیعی این گونه نمونه‌برداری شده، تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها با روش تجزیه به مؤلفه‌های اصلی (آنالیز PCA) و آنالیز خوشه‌ای (PC) انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که رویشگاه‌های مورد مطالعه تشابه زیادی در خصوصیات طبیعی داشتند. همچنین مقایسه خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی گونه در مناطق مختلف مورد بررسی، بیانگر وجود چهار اکوتیپ متفاوت بود. از میان 15 متغیر گیاهی اندازه‌گیری شده، وزن خشک برگ، تعداد ساقه در بوته، تعداد گره و تعداد گره گلدار بیش از 97 درصد واریانس محیطی را به خود اختصاص دادند. از میان صفات مورفولوژیکی گونه، وزن خشک برگ و در بین خصوصیات توپوگرافی و اقلیمی رویشگاه‌ها، اقلیم با بار مثبت 55/0، بیشترین تأثیر را بر مؤلفه اصلی اول داشتند. بر اساس نتایج حاصله از آنالیز خوشه‌ای، خصوصیات توپوگرافی و اقلیمی، رویشگاه‌های مورد مطالعه (با معیار تشابه 70 درصد)، به پنج دسته متمایز تفکیک شد که بر این اساس، رویشگاه‌های گلمکان و کلات در یک خوشه قرار گرفت. بر این اساس می‌توان تأثیر خصوصیات اکولوژیکی بر تمایز افراد یک گونه در اکوتیپ‌های مختلف را یادآور شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Studding Arvane-Bezghi (Hymenocrater platystegius Rech.f.) Different Ecotypes at Natural Habitat in Khorasan Razavi Province: Principal Component Analysis

نویسندگان [English]

  • M Sabet Teimouri
  • Alireza Kocheki
  • M Nasueu mahallati
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Hymenocrater from lamiaceae family is a perennial bush with 24 species in the world and 10 different species in natural habitats of Iran (Satil et al., 2007). Hymenocrater platystegius Rech. is exclusive to Khorasan province in the North east of Iran (Mozaffarian, 1996). According to available information, %5 of plant species of Iran are becoming extinct, which is 550 times higher than the forecast of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Hymenocrater is an important genius of Lamiaceae family.
Hymenocrater belongs to Stachyioideae subfamily and have numerous varieties which are expanded from Iran to Iraq, Pakistan and Afghanistan. This genius has aromatic essential oil and antimicrobial effects. Some researchers has shown different characteristics of its oil components are related to the differences in geographical conditions and habitats of the collecting regions. Moreover, proper management and optimal utilization of natural ecosystems requires sufficient scientific knowledge and understanding. Therefore, domestication and cultivating domestic plant cultivation can reduce harvest pressure on natural areas for rare, slow grower and critically endangered species (Vogel, 2004). In recent years, lower precipitation and land use changes threatened this species seriously. The purpose of this study was to evaluate ecological characteristics of this species, their natural habitat and to evaluate possibilities for domestication in field condition. The aim of this study was to select the best habitats of Hymenocrater platystegius Rech. based on ecological and morphological characteristics of species in the natural habitats.

Materials and methods
This experiment was performed during 3 years (2008-2010). For this purpose, 6 habitants (Bezd, Bezgh, Bazangan, Golmakan, Kalat and Zoshk) in Khorasan province of Iran were chosen and all plant criteria, including morphological characteristics (plant height, crown diameter, stem, flower, leaf dry weight to shoot dry weight, number of seeds, plant density, fresh weight and dry weight) and environmental requirements in the natural habitats (annual precipitation average, annual temperature average, relative humidity, climate condition, topographical features (altitude and slope) were investigated. Golmakan area was determined as the base station data for evaluating and recording the phenological stages, because it had a higher plant density and diversity of topographic features. Then, collected data was analyzed using PCA and CA methods.

Results and discussion
In this study, the effects of environmental conditions on morphological and ecological characteristics of Hymenocerater platystegius Rech. were observed. Results showed that the natural habitats in the area were highly similar and 4 ecotypes were recognized there. Among 15 plant criteria investigated the leaf dry matter, number of stem per plant, number of nod per stems and the nodes bearing flower contributed to 97% of the variance. Topography and climate analyses showed that climate was the most important factor with +0.55 loading which had the highest impact on the main component. In general, 5 habitats were recognized with 70% similarity in topography and climatic conditions.

Conclusion
Finally, both Golmakan and Kalat were in one group (had closed similarity in environmental conditions including topography, precipitation, soil texture, elevation, aspects and other habitats were in 5 separate places. These results showed that the environmental factors had more effect on morphological characteristics of this species. Therefore, considering the destruction of natural habitats and extinction conditions for this species, it should have a period proportional to the regeneration period, such as grazing for conservation. As climate change has huge effects on endemic species then domestication could be the best way for their protection and conservation.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • CA
  • Ecotype
  • Medicinal plant
  • Morphological characteristics
  • Topography
1- Akramian, M., Nejad Ebrahimi, S., and Joharchi, M.R. 2007. Essential oil composition of Hymenocrater platystegius Rech.f. from Iran. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 11(2): 199-202.
2- Anonymus. 2010. Available at Web site http://arctos.database.museum/name/ (verified 10 November 2010).
3- Barazandeh, M.M. 2006. Volatile constituents of the essential oil of Hymenocrater elegans Bunge. Journal of Aromatic Medicinal Plants Research 13: 1-9.
4- Chatterjee, S.K. 2002. Cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants in India- a commercial approach. Proceeding of an International Conference on MAP. Acta Horticulture (ISHS) 576: 191-202.
5- Daryaiee, M. 2007. Miracles Treatment Plants in Iranian Medicine. Publication, Safir-e- Ardehal, Tehran, Iran 416 pp. (In Persian)
6- Delate, K. 2000. Heenah Mahyah Student Farm Herb Trial, Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture Annual Reports, Iowa State University, Amesterdam, IA.
7- Firouznia, A., Rustaiyan, A., Nadimi, M., Masoudi, S., and Bigdeli, M. 2005. Composition of the essential oil of (Hymenocrater calycinus Bioss.) Benth. From Iran. Journal of Essential Oil Research 17: 527-529.
8- Griffe, P., Metha, S., and Shankar, D. 2003. Organic Production of Medicinal, Aromatic and Dye-Yielding Plants (MADPs): Forward, Preface and Introduction. FAO.
9- Hassanzadeh Navroodi, I., Nomiranian, M., and Zahedi Amiri, G. 2004. Investigation of relationship between quantitative and qualitative characteristics of natural Rush forest habitat factors (Asaalem region). Journal of Natural Resources 2: 235-249.
10- Jalili, A., and Jamzad, Z. 1999. Red Data Book of Iran. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, Iran p. 748. (In Persian)
11- Khademolhosseini, Z., Shokri, M., and Habibian, S.H. 2007. Effects of topographic and climatic factors on vegetation distribution in Arsanjan Shrublands (case study: Bonab watershed). Journal of Range 3: 221-236. (In Persian with English Summary)
12- Khalifehzadeh, R., and Sepehri, A. 2009. The comparing of species richness and floristic composition of key and critical areas in semi-arid rangeland of Kakouhestan, Qazvin. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources 16 (Special issue 1-b): 437-445.
13- Laird, S.A., and Pierce, A.R. 2002. Promoting sustainable and ethical botanicals. Strategies to improve commercial raw material sourcing. Results from the sustainable surveys, case studies and botanicals pilot project. Industry standards collection. New York, Rainforest Alliance.
14- Mozaffarian, V. 1996. A Dictionary of Iranian Plant Names. Publication, Farhang Moaser, Tehran, Iran p. 282-283. (In Persian)
15- Nair, C.T.S., and Merry, F.D. 1995. Status of research on non-wood forest products through agroforestry: issues and strategies. In report of the expert consultation on non-wood forest products, Yogyakarta, Indonezia, 17-27 January. Non-wood forest products 3. FAO, ROM.
16- Pabst, R.J., and Spies, T.A. 1998. Distribution of herb and shrubs in relation to landform and canopy cover in riparian forests of coastal Oregon. Canadian Journal of Botany 76: 298-315.
17- Pears, P. 2001. HDRA Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening. Dorling Kindersley, London.
18- Rechinger, K.H. 1987. Flora Iranica. Labiatae. 1th Eds. Akademische Druck and Verlagsanstalt, Graz, Austria 150: 239-250.
19- Satil, F., Unal, M., and Hopa, E. 2007. Comparative morphological and anatomical studies of Hymenocrater bitominosus Fish. and C.A. May. (Lamiaceae) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Botany 31: 269-275.
20- Schippmann, U., Leaman, D.J., and Cunningham, A.B. 2002. Impact of cultivation and gathering of medicinal plants on biodiversity: global trends and issues. FAO. Biodiversity and the Ecosystem Approach in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 12-13 October, Rome.
21- Tabrizi, L. 2008. Ecological characteristics of Khorasan Thyme (Thymus transcaspicus Kolkov.) in natural habitats and evaluation of possibility for domestication under low input cropping systems. PhD Thesis. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)
22- Vogel, H. 2004. Boldo (Peumus boldus Mol.)- Exploitation from the wild and domestication studies. Medicinal Plant Conservation 9(10): 21-24.
23- Zahedi-Pour, H., Panahpour, H., Ahmadloo, F., Aghakhani, S., and Yosefi, Y. 2010. Identification, collection, conservation and determination geographical distribution of trees and shrubs genetic resources in Markazi province. Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research 18(1): 102-114. (In Persian with English Summary)
24- Zarafshar, M., Akbarinia, M., Yosefzade, H., and Sattarian, A. 2009. The survey of diversity in leaf and fruit morphological characters of Celtis australis in various geographical conditions. Iranian Journal of Rangelands and Forests Plant Breeding and Genetic Research 17(1): 88-99. (In Persian with English Summary)
CAPTCHA Image