ارزیابی کارایی نیتروژن در طی روند تاریخی اصلاح ارقام مختلف غلات در ایران: 1-گندم (Triticum aestivum L.)

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

چکیده

استفاده کارا از نیتروژن در افزایش بهره‌وری و سودمندی نظام‌های زراعی نقش مهمی ایفا کرده است. بهبود کارآیی مصرف نیتروژن به‌عنوان یک راهکار کلیدی در افزایش عملکرد سیستم‌های کشاورزی پایدار از طریق به حداقل رساندن مصرف نهاده‌ها و هدر‌روی نیتروژن نقش دارد. به‌منظور بررسی ویژگی‌های عملکرد و شاخص‌های کارآیی نیتروژن شامل عملکردهای اقتصادی و بیولوژیک، شاخص برداشت، کارآیی‌های مصرف، جذب و استفاده از نیتروژن، بهره‌وری جزئی نیتروژن و شاخص برداشت نیتروژن در ارقام مختلف گندم (Triticum aestivum L.)، پژوهشی در سال زراعی 94-1393 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد به‌صورت کرت‍‍‌های خردشده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. در این مطالعه فاکتور اصلی مقادیر مختلف کود در 12 سطح (نیتروژن از منبع کود اوره 46 درصد: 0، 100، 200 و 300 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص در هکتار؛ کود دامی: 0، 10، 20 و 30 تن کود دامی در هکتار که به‌ترتیب معادل تقریباً صفر، 100، 200 و 300 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص می‌باشد، ترکیب دو نوع کود نیتروژن شیمیایی و دامی به ترتیب به‌نسبت‏های 0:0، 5:50، 10:100، 15:150 کیلوگرم در هکتار : تن در هکتار) و فاکتور فرعی شامل ارقام گندم در 6 سطح (ارقام خیلی قدیمی: روشن و طبسی؛ رقم قدیمی: فلات؛ ارقام جدید: پارسی، سیروان و سپاهان) بود. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که صفات مورد مطالعه به‌طور معنی‌دار تحت تأثیر تیمارهای آزمایش قرار گرفتند. درحالی‌که اثر برهمکنش نوع رقم با سطوح کودی بر هیچ یک از صفات معنی‌دار نبود. با کاربرد کودهای اوره، دامی و ترکیب آ‌ن‌ها، عملکرد دانه، کاه و بیولوژیک به‌طور معنی‌دار در مقایسه با شاهد افزایش یافت. بیشترین و کمترین کارآیی مصرف نیتروژن در ارقام سپاهان و سیروان که هر دو از ارقام جدید بوده به ترتیب به میزان 84/20 کیلوگرم بر کیلوگرم و 63/14 کیلوگرم بر کیلوگرم به‌دست آمد. بدون در نظر گرفتن نوع منبع کود بکار رفته، با افزایش میزان نیتروژن مصرفی، شاخص‌های کارآیی نیتروژن به‌طور معنی‌دار کاهش یافت. اگرچه بین ارقام مختلف ازنظر کارایی استفاده از نیتروژن، شاخص برداشت نیتروژن، عملکرد کاه و بیولوژیک تفاوت معنی‌دار وجود داشت اما بین ارقام قدیم و جدید روندی مشاهده نگردید.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of Nitrogen Efficiency for Cereal Crop Cultivars in Iran Based on the Historical Course of their Release: 1- Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

نویسندگان [English]

  • leila jafari
  • alireza koocheki
  • mehdi Nassiri-Mahallati
Ferdowsi
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Yield increase in the second half of the last century was attributed to breeding new high yielding cultivars and use of chemical inputs, particularly nitrogenous fertilizer, where contribution of fertilizers in yield improvement has been reported in the range of 30 to 50 percent. In fact, genetic potential of high yielding cultivars is achieved  using sufficient nitrogen supply because canopy development, radiation capture photosynthesis and radiant use efficiency is associated with the amount of nitrogen uptake. In recent years, enhancement of inputs efficiency and in particular chemical fertilizers have been the concern of many scientists, though nitrogen use efficiency has not been the goal of plant breeder in a broader sense. Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE), Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency (NUpE) and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency (NUtE) are the main indices normally used to investigate the nitrogen efficiency of plants. However, Nitrogen Harvest Index (NHI), Nitrogen Partial Factor Productivity are also evaluated for this purpose. The aim of the present study was to evaluate all these indices for wheat cultivars released in Iran during the last 60 years to find the trend of changes during the course of their release.
Materials and Methods
In order to evaluate the trend of changes of nitrogen efficiency for wheat cultivars during the course of their release, an experiment was conducted in the growth season of 2014- 2015 in the experiment farm of faculty of agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. The experiment was based on split plot with complete randomized Block design. In this study, treatments included 12 different levels of nitrogen (nitrogen applied from urea 46% N: 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N ha-1, animal manure: 0, 10, 20 and 30 ton animal manure ha-1 which respectively equal with 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N ha-1, and the combination of both chemical and manure fertilizer with 0:0, 50:5, 100:10 and 150:15 kg ha-1: ton ha-1 ratios, respectively). These were allocated to the main plots and six wheat cultivars of wheat, Roshan and Tabasi released as very old cultivars, Falat as an old cultivars and Parsi, Sirvan and Sepahan as new ones were allocated to sub plots. Sub plots were 1.5×2 m with three replications.
Results and discussion
Results showed that there was no difference between cultivars in terms of economic yield, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen partial factor productivity except for those of Sirvan which were lower than the others. However, there was difference between cultivars in terms of nitrogen utilization efficiency, nitrogen harvest index, straw yield and biological yield; though no particular then between old and new cultivars in this report. Without considering the type of fertilizers, by increasing nitrogen level from 100 to 300 kg N ha-1 nitrogen efficiency indices decreased significantly, so that almost maximum nitrogen efficiency indices obtained with 100 kg N ha-1. In agreement with these results, indicated that nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen harvest index differ between new and old and also between new wheat cultivars, significantly. In contrast with these results, showed that although the new cultivars have significantly higher nitrogen use efficiency than old wheat cultivars, but no significant differences in nitrogen utilization and uptake efficiencies and nitrogen harvest index were observed between under study cultivars. In  this study, in all nitrogen levels, and cultivars, nitrogen utilization and uptake efficiencies contribute 37 and 79% in nitrogen use efficiency changes, respectively.
Conclusion
With an increase in fertilizer levels (chemical, manure and combination of both), efficiency indices were reduced, but these reductions were lower when chemical and manure fertilizers were combined and hence more efficient fertilizer use. Results of this study indicated that in recent decades, breeding of wheat cultivar, could not improve nitrogen efficiency indices and subsequently efficient use of fertilizers in Iran.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Nitrogen use efficiency
  • Nitrogen uptake efficiency
  • Nitrogen utilization efficiency
  • New and old wheat cultivars
Arregui, L.M., and Quemada, M. 2008. Strategies to improve nitrogen use efficiency in winter cereal crops under rain fed conditions. Agronomy Journal 100: 277–284.
Abeledo, L.G., Calderini, D.F., and Slafer, G.A. 2008. Nitrogen economy in old and modemmalting barleys. Field Crop Research 106, 171–178.
Austin, R.B., Bingham, J., Blackwell, R.D., Evans, L.T., Ford, M.A., Morgan, C.L., and Taylor, M. 1980. Genetic improvements in winter wheat yield since 1900 and associated physiological changes. Journal of Agricultural Science 94: 675-689.
Austin, R.B. 1999. Yield of wheat in the United Kingdom: recent advances and prospects. Crop Science 39: 1604–1610.
Barraclough, P.B., Howarth, J.R., Jones, J., Lopez-Bellido, R., Parmar, S., Shepherd, C.E., and Hawkesford, M.J. 2010. Nitrogen efficiency of wheat: genotypic and environmental variation and prospects for improvement. European Journal of Agronomy 33: 1-11.
Brancourt-Hulmel, M., Doussinault, G., Lecomte, C., Berard, P., Le Buanec, B., and Trottet, M. 2003. Genetic improvement of agronomic traits of winter wheat cultivars released in France from 1946 to 1992 Crop Science 43:37-45
Bulman, P., Mather, D.E., Smith, D.L. 1993. Genetic-improvement of spring barleycultivars grown in eastern Canada from 1910 to 1988. Euphytica 71 (1-2): 35–48.
Cox, T.S., Shroyer, J.P., Ben-Hui, L., Sears, R.G., and Martin, T.J. 1988. Genetic improvement in agronomic traits of hard red winter wheat cultivars from 1919 to 1987. Crop Science 28: 756–760.
Dhugga, K.S., and Waines, J.G. 1989. Analysis of nitrogen accumulation and use in bread and durum wheat. Crop Science 29: 1232–1239.
Dobermann, D.I., and Cassman, K.G. 2004. Plant nutrient management for enhanced productivity in intensive grain production of United States and Asia. Plant and Soil, 247: 153-175.
Eickhout, B., Bouwman, A.F., and Van Zeijts, H. 2006. The role of nitrogen in world food production and environmental sustainability Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 116: 4–14.
Fisher, R.A., and Wall, P.C. 1976. Wheat breeding in Mexico and yield increases. Science Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural 42: 139-148.
Ghandi, A., Afyoni, D., Najafian, G., Vahabzade, M., Akbari, A., Torabi, M., Yazdan Sepas, A., Ghodsi, M., Pirayeshfar, B., Nazeri, M., Amin, H., and Malvordi, G. 2009. Sepahan, a new bread wheat cultivar. Research Achievements for Field and Horticulture Crops. 2 (25): 372-369
Giller, K.E., Chalk, P., Dobermann, A., Hammond, L., Heffer, P., Ladha, J.K., Nyamudeza, P., Maene, L., Ssali, H., and Freney, J. 2004. Emerging technologies to increase the efficiency of use of fertilizer nitrogen. In: Mosier, A.R., Syers, J.K., Freney, J.R. (Eds.), Agriculture and the Nitrogen Cycle. Island Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 35–51.
Gaju, O., Allard, V., Martre, P., Snape, J.W., Heumez, E., LeGouis, J., Moreau, D., Bogard, Griffiths, M.S., Orford, S., Hubbart, S., and Foulkes, M.J. 2011. Identification of traits to improve the nitrogen-use efficiency of wheat genotypes. Field Crops Research 123: 139–152
Good, A.G., Shrawat, A.K., and Muench, D.G. 2004. Can less yield more? Is reducing nutrient input into the environment compatible with maintaining crop production? Trends in Plant Science 9: 597–605.
Hirel, B., Le Gouis, J., Ney, B., and Gallais, A. 2007. The challenge of improving nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants: toward a more central role for genetic variability and quantitative genetics within integrated approaches. Journal Express of Botany 58 (9): 2369- 2387.
Koocheki, A., Mansori, A., and Khazaei, H.R. 1996. Sustainable Agriculture Systems. Iranian academic center for education culture and research Mashhad, Iran. Pp. 188. (In Persian).
Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., Mansory, A., and Moradi, R. 2012. Investigation of flow and nitrogen use efficiency in wheat production and consumption cycles (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) in Iran. Journal of Agroecology 4 (3): 192-200. (In Persian with English Summary)
Koocheki, A., Nassiri, M., and Kiani, M. 2015. Estimating long-term fertilizer demand in Iran griculture. Journal of Agroecology (In Press). (In Persian with English Summary)
Koocheki, A., Nassiri, M., Bakhshaie, S., and Davodi, A. 2015. A Meta-analysis on nitrogen fertilizer experiments on cereal crops in Iran. Journal of Agroecology. (In Press). (In Persian with English Summary)
Le Gouis, J., Beghin, D., Heumez, E., and Pluchard, P. 2000. Genetic differencesfornitrogen uptake and nitrogen utilisation efficiencies in winter wheat. European Journal of Agronomy 12: 163–173.
Lopez-Bellido, L., Lopez-Bellido, R.J., and Redondo, R. 2005. Nitrogen efficiency in wheat under rainfed Mediterranean conditions as affected by split nitrogen application. Field Crops Research 94: 86–97.
Montemuro, F., Maiorana, M., Ferri, D., and Convertini, G. 2006. Nitrogen indicators, uptake and utilization efficiency in a maize and barley rotation cropped at different levels and source of N fertilization. Field Crop Research 99: 114-.421
Moll, R.H., Kamprath, E.J., and Jackson, W.A. 1982. Analysis and interpretation of factors which contribute to efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Agronomy Journal 74: 562-564.
Muurinen, S., Slafer, G.A., and Peltonen-Sainio, P. 2006. Breeding effects on nitrogen use efficiency of spring cereals under northern conditions. Crop Science 46: 561–568.
Najafian, G., Nikooseresht, R. Khodarahmi, M. Kafashi, A.K. Amini, A. Afshari, F. Malihipour, A. Ahmadi, G.H. Nikooseresht, R. Kafashi, A.K. Amin, H. Zakari, A. Nikzad, A.R. Jafarnezhad, A. Afuni, D. Hassanpour, J. Mohammadi, A.R. Atahossaini, S.M. Nazeri, A. Mirzaie, A. Shourabi, A.A. Shad Mehri, A. Badri, A.R. Momen, A. and Sadeghi, N. 2012. Sirvan, new bread wheat cultivar, tolerant to terminal drought with good bread making quality adapted to irrigate conditions of temperate regions of Iran. Research Achievements for Field and Horticulture Crops. 1(1): 1-10.
Nassiri Mahallati, M., and Koocheki, A., 2015. Trend Analysis of Nitrogen Use and Productivity in Cereal Production Systems of Iran. Journal of Agroecology. (In Press). (In Persian with English Summary)
Ortiz–Monasterio, J.I., Sayre, K.D., Rajaram, S., and McMahon, M., 1997. Genetic progress in wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency under four nitrogen rates. Crop Science 37: 898–904
Rahimizadeh, M., Kashani, A., Zare Faizabadi, A., Koocheki, A., and Nassiri Mahallati M. 2010. Investigation of nitrogen use efficiency in wheat-based double croppingsystems under different rate of nitrogen and return of crop residue. Gorgan University of Agricultural Science and Natural Research 3 (3): 125 – 142
Sadras, V.O., and Lawson, C. 2013. Nitrogen and water-use efficiency of Australian wheat varieties released between 1958 and 2007. European Journal of Agronomy 46: 34- 41.
Salvagiotti, F., Castellari, J.M., Miralles, D.J., and Pedro., H.M. 2009. Sulfur fertilization improves nitrogen use efficiency in wheat by increasing nitrogen uptake. Field Crops Research 113: 170–177.
Singh, U. 2005. Integrated nitrogen fertilization for intensive and sustainable agriculture. Journal of Crop Improvement 15: 259-287.
Slafer, G.A., and Andrade, F.H. 1991. Changes In physiological attributes of the dry matter economy of bread wheat (Trtiticum Aestivum) through genetic improvement of grain yield potential at different regions of the world. Euphytica 58: 37-49.
Smil, V. 1999. Nitrogen in crop production: An account of global flows. Global Biogeochemical Cycle 13: 647–662.
Sofizadeh, C., Zand, A., Rahimian-e-Mashhadi, H., and Deihimfard, R. 2006. The comparison yield, nitrogen use efficiency and the protein of the seed in modern and old Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Science 1: 13-20.
Sylvester-Bradley, R., and Kindred, D.R. 2009. Analysing nitrogen responses of cereals to prioritize routes to the improvement of nitrogen use efficiency. Journal of Experimental Botany 60: 1939–1951.
Van Sanford, D.A., and MacKown, C.T., 1986. Variation in nitrogen use efficiency among soft red winter wheat genotypes. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 72: 158–163.
CAPTCHA Image