تأثیر تاریخ کاشت و تراکم بوته بر خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی و عملکرد گیاه دارویی وسمه (Indigofera tinctoria L.)

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

2 گروه کشاورزی، واحد بم، دانشگاه آزاداسلامی، بم، ایران

چکیده

به‌منظور مطالعه ویژگی‌های مورفولوژیکی و عملکرد اندام هوایی گیاه دارویی وسمه (Indigofera tinctoria L.) در واکنش به تاریخ­های مختلف کاشت و تراکم بوته، آزمایشی به صورت اسپلیت پلات بر پایه طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در منطقه بم در سال زراعی 92-1391 اجرا شد. چهار تاریخ کاشت (15 فروردین، 30 فروردین، 14 اردیبهشت و 29 اردیبهشت ماه) به‌عنوان فاکتور اصلی و چهار تراکم کاشت (15، 25، 35 و 45 بوته در متر مربع) به‌عنوان فاکتور فرعی در نظر گرفته شدند. صفات مورد مطالعه شامل ارتفاع بوته، قطر کانوپی، تعداد شاخه جانبی، وزن خشک برگ، وزن خشک ساقه و وزن خشک کل اندام هوایی وسمه در دو چین بودند. نتایج نشان داد که تاریخ کاشت و تراکم بوته تأثیر معنی­داری (01/0p≤) بر روی صفات مورد اندازه­گیری در هر دو چین داشتند. بیشترین تولید برای تاریخ کاشت اوایل فروردین مشاهده شد، بطوری­که بالاترین وزن خشک برگ و ساقه در چین اول و دوم به ترتیب برای تاریخ کاشت 15 فروردین با 79/464، 54/463 و 75/399، 04/404 گرم در متر مربع بدست آمد. با تأخیر در کاشت از اوایل فروردین به اواخر اردیبهشت، وزن خشک کل اندام هوایی در چین اول 76/32 درصد و در چین دوم 58/78 درصد کاهش یافت. به طور کلی، تاریخ کاشت زود هنگام برای وسمه به دلیل طولانی­تر بودن دوره رشد، بالا بودن رطوبت نسبی محیط و خنکی هوا بر کشت دیرهنگام ارجحیت دارد. همچنین تراکم 45 بوته در متر مربع به‌عنوان تراکم مطلوب انتخاب گردید.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Effects of Planting Date and Plant Density on Morphology and Yield of Indigo (Indigofera tinctoria L.) as a Medicinal Plant

نویسندگان [English]

  • Nader Modafe Behzadi 1 2
  • Parviz Rezvani Moghaddam 1
  • Mohsen Jahan 1
1 Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.|Department of Agriculture, Bam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bam, Iran
2 Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.|Department of Agriculture, Bam Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bam, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Medicinal plants are valuable sources in Iranian natural resources whose understanding and scientific cultivation can play an important role in people’s health, job creation and preventing genetic erosion of invaluable medicinal herbs due to their improper harvest from natural habitats and non-oil exports. Indigo (Indigofera tinctoria L.) belongs to the Fabaceae family which popularly known as Neeli in Tamil and found throughout India. The roots, stems, and leaves of indigo are bitter, thermogenic, laxative, tchronic bronchitis, asthma, ulcers, skin diseases, diuretic and are useful for promoting the growth of hair. It has been reported that appropriate planting date and plant density will improve crop yield and secondary metabolite component. Yield loss due to undesirable planting date and plant density has been reported in many plants. Amin Ghafouri (2014) reported that delaying in planting date (from October to March) caused a significant reduction in plant height, canopy diameter, inflorescence number per branch, dry weight of shoots, and seed yield of Ziziphora and as density increased from 6 to 10 plants.m-2 plant height, canopy diameter, inflorescence No. per branch, dry weight of shoots, and seed yield were enhanced. In another study, was examined planting date in Achillea millefolium L. yield was reported, higher plant height, total dry matter production, Biomass yield, were observed during January planting. Ghorbani et al. (2010) evaluated the effect of planting date on yield of Cuminum cyminum reported that earlier sowing date was followed by higher seed yield. They also reported that 1000-seed weight and harvest index were not affected by planting date. Koocheki et al. (2004) showed that plant density had a significant effect on plant height and dry weight of shoots of Thymus )Zataria multiflora L.  (and Hyssop) Hyssopus officinalis L.  (Nadjafi and Rezvani Moghadam (2002) and Rahimi et al. (2009) reported the increase in P. ovata seed yield with the increase in plant density. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the quantitative yield of affected by planting date and plant density.
Materials and Methods
An experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the Bam, Iran, during growing seasons of 2012-2013. Four sowing dates (4 April, 19 April, 4 May, and 19 May) and four plant densities (15, 25, 35 and 45 plants.m-2) were allocated to main and subplots, respectively. Plant height, canopy diameter, number of branches, dry weight of leaf, dry weight of shoots and total dry yield of above ground matter of indigo at the first and the second cuttings were measured and calculated accordingly. For statistical analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the least significant test (LSD) at 0.05 level, were performed using SAS ver 9.1.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the simple effects of sowing date and plant density were significant (p≤0.05) on plant height, canopy diameter, number of branches, dry weight of leaf, dry weight of shoots and fresh weight of flower of indigo at the first and second cuts. The highest dry weight of leaf and dry weight of shoots was observed at the first and second cuts in the 4 April (with 464.79 g.m-2, 463.54 g.m-2, and399.75 g.m-2 and 404.04 g.m-2, respectively). However, the dry yield of above ground matter at the first and the second cuts were decreased up to 32.76 and 78.57%, respectively with the delay in sowing date from 4 April to 19 May. Generally, early sowing date because of providing a longer growing period, optimum relative humidity and also cooler weather is suitable for indigo leaf production.
Conclusion
Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that the planting date has a meaningful effect on vegetative and reproductive characteristics of indigo. Overall, Because of the benefits of longer growing season and more soil moisture content, early planting (early spring) and highest plant density (45 plants.m-2) were the best date and density for indigo production in the climatic conditions of Bam region

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Canopy diameter
  • Dry weight of leaf
  • Dry weight of shoots and Dry yield of above ground weight
Abbaszadeh, B., Farahza Kazemi, S., Sharifi Ashourabadi, E., Teymoori, M., and Mafakheri, S. 2013. Improving Thymus daenensis growth and essential oil through integrated nutrient managemen. International Journal of Biosciences 3(8): 31-39.
Adebisi, M.A., Ajala, M.O., Ojo, D.K., and Salau, A.W. 2005. Influence of population density and season on seed yield and its components in Nigerian sesame genotypes. Journal of Tropical Agriculture 43: 13-18.
Akbarinia, A., Daneshian, J., and Mohammad Beygi, F. 2005. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and density on seed yield and essential oil of coriander plant. Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Qazvin, Iran. (In Persian)
Al-Ramamneh, E.D. 2009. Plant growth strategies of Thymus vulgaris L. in response to population density. Industrial Crops and Products 30: 389–394.
Amin Ghafouri, A. 2014. Evaluation of seed production potential of perennial (Ziziphora Clinopodioides Lam) in low input cropping system. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)
Anis, R., Wells, R., and Thomas, G. 2001. Reproductive allocation of Virginia-type peanut cultivars bred for yield in North Carolina. Crop Science 41: 72-77.
Annie Felicia, F., and Muthulingam, M. 2012. Phytochemical and HPTLC studies of methanolic extract of Indigofera tinctoria (fabaceae). International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences 3(5): 1670-1674.
Askari, F., and Sharifi Ashorabadi, E. 2010. Effects of habitat and planting date on seed yield of Pimpinella affinis Ledeb. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 26: 41-50. (In Persian with English Summary)
Ateia, E.M., Osman, Y.A.H., and Meawad, A.E.A.H. 2009. Effect of organic fertilization on yield and active constituents of Thymus vulgaris L. under North Sinai conditions. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 5(4): 555-565.
Ayeen, A. 2006. Study of drought stress on yield and some physiological traits of indigo (Indigofera tinctoria) as a medicinal and industrial plant. Final Report of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute. (In Persian)
Bahrani, M.J., and Babaei, Gh.H. 2007. Effect of different levels of plant density and nitrogen fertilizer on grain and its yeild components and some quality traits in two sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivars. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences 9: 237-245. (In Persian with English Summary)
Balandari, A., and Rezvani Moghaddam, P. 2011. Effects of planting date and density on developmental of stages and shoot dry matter production of dwarf chicory (Cichorium pumilum Jacq.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 9(3): 438-446. (In Persian with English Summary)
Bianco, V.V., Damato, G., and Fanizza, G. 2002. Plant density and seed production of two cultivars of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). Acta Horticulturae 362: 91-98.
Delavega, J., and Hall, A.J. 2002. Effects of planting date, genotype, and their interactions on sunflower yield. Crop Science 42:1191-1201
Ghobadi, M.E., and Ghobadi, M. 2010. The effects of sowing dates and densities on yield and yield components of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 70: 81-84.
Ghorbani, R., Koocheki, A., Hosseini, A., Jahani, M., Asadi, G.A., Aghel, H., Mohammad Abadi, A.A. 2010. Effects of planting date, time and methods of weed control on weed density and biomass in cumin fields. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 8(1): 120-127. (In Persian with English Summary)
Hadj-Seyed-Hady, S.M.R., Khodabande, N., Yasa, N., and Darzi, M.T. 2002. Effects of sowing date and plant density on essential oil and chamazolene content of chamomile. Abstract Articles of First National Congress of Medicinal Plants, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Iran 119 pp. (In Persian)
Heydaryzadeh, P., and Khajehpour, M. 2008. The response of safflower genotypes, local variety kouseh to planting date. JWSS Isfahan University of Technology 11(42): 69-79. (In Persian with English Summary)
Kheirkhah, M. 2011. Ecological characteristics of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. In natural habitats and evaluation of possibility for domestication under low input cropping systems. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)
Khorshidi, J., Fakhr Tabatabaei, M., Omidbaigi, R., and Sefidkon, F. 2009. Effect of densities of planting on yield and essential oil components of (Pimpinella affinis). Journal of Agricultural Science 1(1): 152- 157.
Koocheki, A.R., Nassiri Mahallati, M., and Azizi, G. 2004. The effects of water stress and defoliation on some quantitative traits of Zataria moltiflora, Ziziphora clinopodioides, Thymus vulgaris and Teucrium polium. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 1(2): 89-105.
Koocheki, A.R., Tabrizi, L., and Ghorbani, R. 2008. Effect of biofertilizers on agronomic and quality criteria of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 6(1): 127-137. (In Persian with English Summary)
Mohammadi Mirik, A.A., Sayeedi, G.A., and Rezayee, A.M. 2009. Interaction effect between planting date and seed rate on agronomic traits of Linum usitatissimum genotypes. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 7(1): 219-228. (In Persian with English Summary)
Mohammadpour, M., Ghasemnejad, A., Lebaschy, M.H., Abbaszadeh, B., and Azadbakht, M. 2013. Effects of sowing date and plant density on morphological characteristics and yield of Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 29(3): 621-634. (In Persian with English Summary)
Morris, E.C. 1996. Effect of localized placement of nutrients on root competition in self-thinning populations. Annals of Botany 78: 353-364.
Naderi-Boroujerdi, G.H.R., and Bigdeli, M. 2002. The detection of the best cultivation time, plant concentration, irrigation period for growth of aerial parts and effective substances derived from medical plant of Hyssopus officinalis L. in Tehran province. Abstract Articles of First National Congress of Medicinal Plants, Research Institute of forests and Rangelands, Iran 12-14 February 2002, 271 pp. (In Persian)
Pramod, K.T., Vishnu, K.R., Ashish, S., Sambath K., Yogendra S., Manoj S., and Manoj, G. 2010. Preliminary phytochemical screening and evaluation of anti –inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of leaves of Indigofera tinctoria Linn. Journal of current Pharmaceutical Research 3(1): 47-50.
Rahimi, A., Jahansoz, M.R., Rahimian Mashhadiz, H.R., Pouryosef, M., and Roosta, H.R. 2009. Effect of drought and plant density on yield and phonological stages of Isabgol and French psyllium with using growth degree days. Electronic Journal of Crop Production 2(1): 57-74. (In Persian with English Summary)
Rezvani Moghaddam, P., and Ahmadzadeh Motlagh, M. 2006. Effect of sowing date and plant density on yield and yield components of black cumin (Nigella sativa) in Islamabad, Ghayein. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi (76): 63-68. (In Persian with English Summary)
Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Bromand Rezazadeh, Z., Mohamad Abadi, A.A., and Sharif, A. 2008. Effects of sowing dates and different fertilizers on yield, yield components, and oil percent age of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 6(2): 303-313. (In Persian with English Summary)
Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Norozpoor, G. Nabati, J., and Mohammad Abadi, A.A. 2005. Effects of different irrigation intervals and plant density on morphological characteristics, grain and oil yields of sesame (Sesamum indicum). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 3: 57-68 (In Persian with English Summary)
Sabagh Nekonam, M., and Razmjoo, K.H. 2007. Effect of plant density on yield, yield components and effective medicine ingredients of blond psyllium (Plantago ovata Forsk.) Accessions. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 9(4): 06–609.
Sabet Teimouri, M., Koocheki, A., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2012. Comparison of essential oil percent of Gol-e-Arvaneh Bezghi (Hymenocrater platistegius Rech. F.) in six habitats of Khorasan province, Iran. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 12: 643-646.
Saurabh Jain, S., and Prajakta, J. 2010. Photochemical study and physical avalution of Indigofera tinctoria leaves. International Journal of Comprehensive Pharmacy 4(06).
Seghatoleslami, M.J., and Moosavi, S.G. 2008. Effect of sowing date and plant density on grain and flower yield of Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 6(2): 249-257. (In Persian with English Summary)
Shabahang, J., Khorramdel, S., Siahmargue, A., Gheshm, R., and Jafari, L. 2014. Evaluation of integrated management of organic manure application and mycorrhiza inoculation on growth criteria, qualitative and essential oil yield of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) under Mashhad climatic conditions. Journal of Agroecology 4(2): 353-363. (In Persian with English Summary)
Shalaby, A.S., and Razin, A.M. 2009. Dense cultivation and fertilization for higher yield of thyme (Thymus vulgaris). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science 168: 243–248.
Tbaileh, A.N.M., Haddad, N.I., Hattar, B.I., and Kharallah, K. 2007. Effect of some agricultural practices on cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) productivity under rainfed conditions of Jordan. Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3(2): 103-116.
CAPTCHA Image