بررسی تنوع جوامع علف های هرز موجود در مزارع تحت کشت گیاهان علوفه ای در استان های مختلف کشور

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زراعت، دانشگاه پیام نور، ایران

2 گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد مشهد، مشهد، ایران

3 گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

چکیده

به منظور ارزیابی تنوع جوامع علف های هرز مزارع گیاهان علوفه ای شامل یونجه (Medicago sativa L.)، شبدر (Trifolium sp.) و اسپرس (Onobrychis spp.) استان های مختلف کشور، مطالعه‌ای با استفاده از اطلاعات منتشر شده سازمان حفظ نباتات وزارت جهاد کشاورزی در سال 1387 انجام شد. پس از بررسی گونه های علف هرز و تعیین خانواده ها در مزارع موجود، این گونه ها بر اساس تنوع کارکردی در چهارگروه چرخه رویشی، شکل رویشی، مسیر فتوسنتزی و درجه سماجت طبقه بندی شدند. نتایج نشان داد که تعداد گونه علف های هرز موجود در مزارع یونجه استان های کشور 37 گونه بود که این گونه ها متعلق به 18 خانواده متفاوت بودند. دو خانوادة گندمیان (Poaceae) و کاسنی (Asteraceae) به ترتیب متنوع ترین خانواده علف های هرز تک لپه و دولپه در مزارع یونجه بودند. همچنین نه گونه علف هرز از پنج خانواده مختلف، در مزارع تحت کشت اسپرس مشاهده شد که در بین این خانواده های علف های هرز، بیشترین تنوع گونه ای مربوط به خانواده گندمیان بود. در مزارع شبدر استان-های مختلف کشور نیز 20 گونه علف‌هرز مربوط به 11 خانواده گیاهی مشاهده شد که خانواده گندمیان با شش گونه و خانواده شب بوئیان (Brassicaceae) با چهارگونه، دارای بیشترین تنوع گونه ای علف های هرز بودند. بالاترین میزان شاخص تشابه از نظر علف های هرز مزارع یونجه (100 درصد) بین استان های آذربایجان غربی- اردبیل، آذربایجان غربی- زنجان، اردبیل- زنجان، آذربایجان غربی- کردستان، اردبیل- کردستان، زنجان- کردستان، زنجان- گیلان، کردستان- گیلان، آذربایجان غربی- گیلان و اردبیل- گیلان، مشاهده شد. بالاترین شاخص تشابه از نظر علف-های هرز مزارع اسپرس (60/0) بین استان های آذربایجان غربی- آذربایجان شرقی و آذربایجان غربی- فارس به دست آمد. بالاترین شاخص تشابه علف های هرز مزارع شبدر نیز بین استان های فارس و اصفهان به مقدار 50/0 به دست آمد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation of weed community diversity in forage crop fields in different provinces of Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Elham Azizi 1
  • Leyla Alimoradi 2
  • Reza Ghorbani 3
1 Department of Agronomy, Payame Noor University, Iran
2 Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, Iran
3 Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
چکیده [English]

In order to evaluate the weed diversity in forage crop fields such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), clover (Trifolium sp.) and sainfoin (Onobrychis spp.) in different provinces of Iran, a study was conducted by using data from reports of plant Protection Organization, Ministry of Agriculture during 2008. After evaluation of weed species and definition of weed family, these species classified based on functional diversity in four groups such as life cycle, growth type, photosynthetic pathway and persistence degree. The results indicated that the number of weed species and plant families were 37 and 18, respectively, in alfalfa fields. Most diverse families of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds were Poaceae and Asteraceae, respectively. Nine species of five different families were observed in sainfoin fields that among these weed families, the highest species diversity was in Poaceae family. In addition, in clover fields of different provinces, 20 species of 11 plant families were observed. The highest species diversity obtained in Poaceae family with six species and Brassicaceae family with four species. The highest similarity index for alfalfa fields (100%) was observed between West Azerbaijan- Ardabil, West Azerbaijan- Zanjan, West Azerbaijan- Kordestan, Ardabil- Kordestan, Zanjan- Kordestan, Zanjan-Gilan, Kordestan - Gilan, West Azerbaijan- Gilan and Ardabil- Gilan. The highest similarity for sainfoin fields (0.60) was between East Azerbaijan- West Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan- Fars. Also, in clover fields, the highest similarity index was obtained between Fars and Isfahan provinces.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Aalfalfa
  • Clover
  • Sainfoin
  • Similarity index
  • Species diversity
1- Adair, R.J., and Groves, R.H. 1998. Impact of environmental weeds on biodiversity: a review and development of a methodology. National Weeds Program, Environment Australia 55 pp.
2- Adair, R.J., and Groves, R.H. 1998. Impact of environmental weeds on biodiversity: a review and development of a methodology. Environment Australia 51 pp.
3- Ahmadvand, G., Hosseini, S.A., and Ahmadi, A. 2005. Species composition and weed diversity of orchards in Abbasabad of Hamadan. The First Weed Conference, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
4- Albrecht, H. 2003. Suitability of arable weeds as indicator organisms to evaluate species conservation effects of management in agricultural ecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 98: 201-211.
5- Altieri, M.A. 1999. The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74: 19-31.
6- Armengot, L., Sans, F.X., Fischer, C., Flohre, A., Jose-Maria, L., Tscharntke, T., and Thies, C. 2012. The β-diversity of arable weed communities on organic and conventional cereal farms in two contrasting regions. Applied Vegetation Science (In Press). Available in: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1654-109X/earlyview.
7- Faghih, A., and Asadi, P. 1987. Final report for weed investigation and chemical control in onion fields of East Azerbaijan. Research Institute of Plant Pests and Diseases, Tabriz, Iran. (In Persian)
8- Franke, A.C., Lotzlap, Van Der Burg, W.J., and Van Overbeek, L. 2009. The role of arable weed seeds for agroecosystem functioning. Weed Research 49: 131-141.
9- Gliessman S.R. 1995. Sustainable agriculture: an agroecological perspective. Advances in Plant Pathology 11: 45-57.
10- Grice, A.C., and Martin, T.G. 2005. The management of weeds and their impact on biodiversity in the rangelands. The CRC for Australian Weed Management. Townsville.
11- Hakansson, S. 2003. Weeds and Weed Management on Arable Land: an Ecological Approach. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 274 pp.
12- Hossain, Z., Gurr, G.M., Wrattan, S.D., and Raman, A. 2002. Habitat manipulation in Lucerne, Medicago sativa: arthropod population dynamics in harvested and ‘refuge’ crop strips. Journal of Applied Ecology 39: 445-454.
13- Hyvonen, T., and Salonen, J. 2002. Weed species diversity and community composition in cropping practices at two intensity levels - a six-year experiment. Plant Ecology 159: 73-81.
14- Izquierdo, J., Blanco-Moreno, J.M., Chamorro, L., Gonzalez-Andújar, J.L., and Sans, F.X. 2009. Spatial distribution of weed diversity within a cereal field. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 29: 491-496.
15- Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., Tabrizi, L., Azizi, G., and Jahan, M. 2006. Assessing species and functional diversity and community structure for weeds in wheat and sugar beet in Iran. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 4: 105-129. (In Persian with English Summary)
16- Koocheki, A., Kamkar, B., Jami Al-Ahmadi, M., and Mahdavi Damghani, A. 2003. The Role of Structure and Function in Agroecosytems Design and Management. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Publication, Mashhad, Iran 515 pp. (In Persian)
17- Koocheki, A., Zarif Ketabi, H., and Nakh Foroush, A. 2001. Ecological Approaches for Weed Managements. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Publication, Mashhad, Iran 458 pp. (In Persian)
18- Krauss, J., Gallenberger, I., and Steffan-Dewenter, I. 2011. Decreased functional diversity and biological pest control in conventional compared to organic crop fields. Organic versus Conventional Farming 6: 1-9.
19- Long, J., Cromwell, E., and Gold, K. 2000. On-farm management of crop diversity: an introductory bibliography. The Schumacher Centre for Technology and Development. Available at web site: www.oneworld.org/odi/
20- Nassiri Mahallati, M., Koocheki A, Rezvani Moghaddam P., and Beheshti A. 2001. Agroecology. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Publication, Mashhad, Iran 460 pp. (In Persian)
21- Norris, R.F., and Kogan, M. 2005. Ecology of interactions between weeds and arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology 50: 479-503.
22- Poggio, S.L., Satorre, E.H., and De la Fuente, E.B. 2004. Structure of weed communities occurring in pea and wheat crops in the Rolling Pampa (Argentina). Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 103: 225-235.
23- Potts, G.R., Ewald, J.A., and Aebischer, N.J. 2010. Long-term changes in the flora of the cereal ecosystem on the Sussex Downs, England, focusing on the years 1968-2005. Journal of Applied Ecology 47: 215-226.
24- Radosevich, S.R., Holt, S.J., and Ghersa, C.M., 1997. Weed Ecology, Implications for Management. John Wiley, New York 589 pp.
25- Rathke, G.W., Behrens, T., and Diepenbrock, W. 2006. Integrated nitrogen management strategies to improve seed yield, oil content and nitrogen efficiency of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.): a review. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 117: 80-108.
26- Robinson, R.A., and William, J.S. 2002. Post-war changes in arable farming and biodiversity in Great Britain. Journal of Applied Ecology 39: 157-176.
27- Romero, A., Chamorro, L., and Sans, F.X. 2007. Weed diversity in crop edges and inner fields of organic and conventional dryland winter cereal crops in NE Spain. Journal of Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 124: 97-104.
28- Shimi, P., and Termeh, F. 1994. Weeds Collection of Iran. Agricultural Research Organization Publication, Tehran, Iran 112 pp. (In Persian)
29- Storkey, J., and Cussans, J.W. 2007. Reconciling the conservation of in-field biodiversity with crop production using a simulation model of weed growth and competition. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 122: 173–182.
30- Storkey, J. 2006. A functional group approach to the management of UK arable weeds to support biological diversity. Weed Research 46: 513-522.
31- Teresa Mas, M., Poggio, S.L., and Verdú, A.M.C. 2007. Weed community structure of mandarin orchards under conventional and integrated management in northern Spain. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 119: 305-310.
CAPTCHA Image