بررسی مدل مناسب تعیین نیاز آبی زعفران (Crocus sativus L.) و تعیین میزان تنش‌های آبی وارده

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه آبیاری و زهکشی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، ایران

2 گروه مهندسی آب، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، ایران

3 گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه بیرجند، ایران

چکیده

زعفران (Crocus sativus L.) گیاهی نیمه‌گرمسیری است که کشت آن در استان‌های خراسان جنوبی و رضوی از اهمیت بالایی برخوردار است. با توجه به اهمیت مقدار آب آبیاری در عملکرد زعفران، این تحقیق به منظور تعیین مناسب‌ترین معادله تبخیر- تعرق نسبت به مدل فائو پنمن مانتیث ( و ارائه یک مدل تک پارامتره) در دشت بیرجند انجام شد. بدین منظور از آماره‌های R2، MBE، RMSE و EF برای مقایسه‌ معادلات تبخیر- تعرق نسبت به معادله فائو- پنمن- مانتیث استفاده شد. همچنین مقدار آب آبیاری توسط کشاورزان در این دشت تعیین گردید و با نیاز آبی به دست آمده توسط معادله فائو- پنمن- مانتیث مقایسه شد. نتایج نشان داد که معادلات بلانی- کریدل، جنسن- هیز اصلاح شده و هارگریوز از دقت بهتری نسبت به سایر معادلات برخوردار بودند. همچنین نیاز آبی زعفران در دشت بیرجند با استفاده از روش فائو- پنمن- مانتیث 2350 مترمکعب در هکتار برای یک فصل زراعی برآورد شد و معادله‌ هارگریوز با اختلاف 23/161- مترمکعب در هکتار نسبت به این روش، به عنوان مدلی مناسب تعیین گردید. همچنین با ارائه مدل تک پارامتره مبتنی بر دما مشاهده شد که این معادله‌ تک پارامتره، برآورد دقیقی نسبت به سایر روش‌های تعیین تبخیر- تعرق داشت. اختلاف آب به کار برده شده توسط کشاورزان و نیاز آبی برآورد شده توسط معادله فائو- پنمن- مانتیث برابر 17/1184 مترمکعب در هکتار برای یک فصل زراعی تعیین گردید. با توجه به پراکندگی مزارع زعفران و عدم دسترسی به همه پارامترهای هواشناسی، استفاده از معادله هارگریوز و معادله تک پارامتره مبتنی بر میانگین دما، به منظور تعیین دقیق نیاز آبیاری، پیشنهاد می‌شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Comparison of Efficiency of Different Equations to Estimate the Water Requirement in Saffron (Crocus sativus L.( (Case Study: Birjand Plain, Iran)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mohsen Ahmadee 1
  • Abbas Khashei-Siuki 2
  • Mohammad Hasan Sayyari Zahan 3
1 Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran
2 Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Iran
3 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is a subtropical plant mostly cultivated in South Khorasan and Khorasan Razavi provinces, Iran. Total saffron production is about 200 ton all over the world, and since it is native to Iran, the country has an important role to produce saffron. In recent years, drought showed a significant effect on water resources in Birjand, South Khorasan. Due to lack of full equipped meteorological stations and sufficient lysimetery studies, over irrigation and deficit irrigation are mostly common among saffron farmers. The cause of saffron yield decline is mostly related to irrigation. In addition, farmers need the simple equation/formula to determine the water demand, so, it is necessary to present a single and simple equation. Regarding to this purpose, this study was conducted to achieve mentioned goals: 1) determination of the best evapotranspiration equation, 2) comparison of saffron water need based on 12 most relevant evapotranspiration equations, and 3) determination a single-parameter model to rapidly and accurately estimate saffron water need based on gamma test (due to lack of all FAO-Penman-Monteith parameters in all Birjand’s meteorological stations).
Materials and methods
This study was conducted using meteorological data collected from Birjand´s synoptic station during 1984-2014. This station is located at longitude 59˚ 21' E and latitude 32˚ 87' N and elevation 1491m. Twelve evapotranspiration equations (Blaney-Criddle, Hargreaves, Turc, Priestley-Taylor, Thornthwaite, Jensen-Haise, Makkink, Modified Jensen-Haise, Irmak (Rn), Irmak (Rs), Lowry-Johnson, Pan-Class A) were evaluate to determine the best accurate one. To compare the 12 evapotranspiration equations results with FAO-Penman-Monteith equation (FAO56-PM), four statistical criteria (R2, MBE, RMSE and EF) were used. In order to comprise saffron water demand to actual water used, amount of irrigation water for saffron cultivation in Birjand plain was measured during 2014. In addition, saffron yield was recorded during this growing season in this region. In order to propose a single parameter and accurate model based on easily accessible meteorological parameters, gamma test was also employed.
Results and discussion
Results of coefficient of determination (R2) were acceptable (>0.9) for all equations except Turk. The results showed that Blaney-Criddle, Modified Jensen-Haise and Hargreaves had better accuracy compared to other equations so that their root mean square errors (RMSE) were 0.572, 0.721 and 0.945 mm.d-1, respectively. In addition, saffron water requirement determined with FAO56-PM was equal to 2350 m3.ha-1.y-1. Hargreaves equation, with differences about -161.23 m3.ha-1.y-1 compared with FAO56-PM, was determined as a good equation. Measured irrigation water by saffron farmers was about 1184.17 m3.ha-1.y-1. According to the results it found that deficit irrigation was applied by saffron farmers. Saffron grow in arid regions, however, drought stress have a negative effect on its plant development and yield (Khorramdel et al., 2014; Khashei Siuki et al., 2015). Despite the lack of doing no test about the effect of deficit irrigation on saffron yield during 2014 in this region, it seems that deficit irrigation may be a reason of low saffron yield (SYASK, 2010) compared to average saffron yield in this region.
Results of gamma test revealed that temperature is a key parameter to develop a single model. In addition, results showed that the single parameter model based on temperature had better accuracy compared to above-twelve mentioned equation.
Conclusion
Hargreaves equation was only used the temperature (T) and extraterrestrial radiation (Ra) for estimating evapotranspiration. In addition, single parameter equation based on the mean temperature was only used one parameter (T) to estimate the evapotranspiration. Since both of the equations had an acceptable accuracy to use in this region, it is recommended to use them to determine saffron irrigation demand. It is due to lack of meteorological equipment for estimating all parameters in the plain.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewers whose valuable comments have helped us to clarify some parts of this paper.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • FAO56-PM equation
  • Single-Parameter equation
  • Water stress
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