بررسی تنوع زیستی محصولات زراعی و باغی استان اصفهان

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

گروه تولیدات گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی بردسیر، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، ایران

چکیده

شاخص‏های تنوع زیستی ابزاری نیرومند برای ارزیابی پایداری نظام های کشاورزی محسوب می شوند. در این تحقیق که به منظور ارزیابی تنوع زیستی محصولات زراعی و باغی شهرستان های استان اصفهان و همچنین بررسی روابط موجود بین تنوع زیستی و عوامل اقلیمی ‏این استان صورت گرفت، سطح زیر کشت، غنای گونه ای، یکنواختی، تنوع گونه ای و تنوع آلفا و بتای محصولات زراعی و باغی محاسبه شده و مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. بدین منظور، اطلاعات مربوط به سطح زیر کشت گیاهان زراعی و باغی شهرستان‏های مختلف استان اصفهان در سال زراعی 92-1391 از طریق اطلاعات سازمان جهاد کشاورزی استان و همچنین پرسشنامه‏هایی جمع‏آوری گردید. محصولات زراعی به هشت گروه غلات، حبوبات، جالیزی، سبزیجات، علوفه ای، صنعتی و دارویی و محصولات باغی به دو گروه درختان میوه معتدله و گرمسیری طبقه بندی شدند. تنوع آلفا و بتا نیز با استفاده از رابطه غنای گونه‏ای مساحت برای اقلیم‏های مختلف استان محاسبه شد. نتایج نشان داد که در گروه محصولات باغی، درختان میوه معتدله (2/76 درصد) بیشترین و در گروه محصولات زراعی غلات (36/59 درصد) و گیاهان دارویی (09/1 درصد) به ترتیب بیشترین و کمترین سطح زیر کشت را دارا هستند. شهرستان های سمیرم و برخوار و میمه به ترتیب بیشترین و کمترین سطح زیر کشت محصولات باغی را به خود اختصاص دادند. بیشترین سطح زیر کشت محصولات زراعی در شهرستان اصفهان و کمترین آن در شهرستان خوروبیابانک مشاهده شد. شهرستان-های کاشان، لنجان، و نطنز با 17 گونه گیاهی، بیشترین و آران و بیدگل با سه گونه گیاهی کمترین غنای گونه ای محصولات باغی استان را در برداشتند. بیشترین و کمترین شاخص یکنواختی محصولات باغی به ترتیب مربوط به شهرستان های اصفهان (83/0) و سمیرم (192/0) بود. شهرستان های فلاورجان، خمینی شهر، کاشان، نایین و نجف آباد دارای بیشترین شاخص یکنواختی در محصولات زراعی و شهرستان اصفهان کمترین میزان این شاخص را نشان داد. به طور میانگین بیشترین و کمترین شاخص تنوع زیستی شانون- وینر در محصولات زراعی به ترتیب مربوط به گیاهان علوفه ای (929/0) و جالیزی (442/0) بود. این شاخص برای درختان معتدله بیش از دو برابر درختان گرمسیری گزارش شد. بیشترین و کمترین میزان تنوع آلفا به ترتیب در شهرستان‏های واقع در اقلیم‏های معتدل و بیابانی گرم مشاهده شد. اقلیم بیابانی معتدل نیز بالاترین میزان تنوع بتا را شامل شد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Assessing Biodiversity of Agronomical and Horticultural Productions of Isfahan Province

نویسندگان [English]

  • Nasibe Pourghasemian
  • Rooholla Moradi
Department of Plant Productions, Agricultural Faculty of Bardsir, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Agricultural biodiversity has spatial, temporal and scale dimensions especially at agro-ecosystem levels. These agro-ecosystems that are used for agriculture are determined by three sets of factors: the genetic resources (biodiversity), the physical environment and the human management practices. Most agricultural areas can be returned to their natural landscape after subsequent generations. Studies on spatial patterns of species diversity are fundamental to biological conservation. Agricultural biodiversity is essential to satisfy basic human needs for food and livelihood security and it is active lymanaged by farmers and many components need human interference (Maguran, 1996).
FAO estimates that 75% of crop varieties have been lost during the last 100 years. One third of the 6.500 domestic livestock races are endangered. The genetic erosion of crops and livestocks threatens food security.
Plant diversity of usually evaluated by many indexes of which Shannon index is the most important ones. This index in agroecosystem rarely exists. Koocheki et al. (2004) and Nassiri Mahallati et al. (2005) in comprehensive surveys evaluated agrobiodiversity of agricultural systems at species variety and cropping systems for Iran and they found that the diversity at all levels have been declining due to introduction of new agricultural technology. In consideration to the lack of studies, this study was conducted in order to evaluate the biodiversity of agronomical and horticultural productions in Isfahan province and to assess relation of biodiversity and climate.
Materials and methods
This study was performed for Isfahan province in 2014. For this purpose, 24 regions of the province were selected. Planting area, species richness, species evenness and alpha and beta diversity of different agronomical and horticultural productions were determined. The information about agronomical and horticultural planting area for different regions of Isfahan was gathered. Agronomical crops were classified to seven groups; cereal, pulses, vegetable, forage, industrial crops and medicinal plants and horticultural plant classified into 2 groups; temperate and tropical fruits. The Shannon index was calculated based on the cultivated area as equation 1. For determination of distribution condition of the crops we used from evenness index. Alpha and beta diversity was calculated by spices richness- area equation for different climate of province.
Results and discussion
The result showed that tropical fruits (76.2%) and cereal (59.36%) showed the highest planting area and medicinal plants (1.09%) were included the lowest planting area in Isfahan province. Semirom and Borkharomeymeh regions had the highest and lowest horticultural planting area, respectively. The highest planting area of agronomical products was observed in Isfahan and the lowest amount of the trait was gained in Khorobiabanak. The highest species richness in horticultural plants was in Kashan, Lenjan and Natanz (17 species) regions and the lowest was obtained in Aranobidgol (with three species) regions, respectively. This condition was in line with climate of the regions. Ardestan and Isfahan regions were contained the highest (29 species) and Khorobiabanak had the lowest (11 species) species richness of agronomical plants. The highest and lowest species evenness of horticultural productions was gained in Isfahan (0.83) and Semirom (0.192), respectively. Felavarjan, Khomeinishahr, Kashan, Nain and Najafabad regions had the highest and Isfahan region was contained the lowest species evenness of agronomical productions. Many study demonstrated that there is a positive and high correlation between species evenness and diversity. This condition was true for our study. The forage and vine crop showed the highest (0.929) and lowest (0.442) Shannon indices, respectively. The lowest and highest alpha diversity were observed in moderate and desert-hot climates, respectively. It because that the planted crop in moderate climate was higher than desert-hot climate. Desert-moderate climate was obtained the highest beta diversity.
Conclusion
The results showed that tropical fruits and cereal were content the main planting area and medicinal plants were included the lowest planting area of Isfahan. The highest species richness in horticultural plants was in Kashan, Lenjan and Natanz regions. Ardestan and Isfahan regions were contained the highest and Khorobiabanak had the lowest species richness of agronomical plants. The highest and lowest species evenness of horticultural productions was gained in Isfahan and Semirom, respectively. The lowest and highest alpha diversity was observed in moderate and desert-hot climates, respectively. Desert-moderate climate was obtained the highest beta diversity.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Alpha diversity
  • Beta diversity
  • Evenness index
  • Richness index
  • Shannon index
Alizade, A., Kamali, G.A., Moosavi, F., and Mosavi, M. 2002. Weather and Climatology. In: Astan, Q.R. (Eds.), Publications. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
Almekinders, C., Fresco, L., and Struik, P. 1995. The need to study and manage variation in agro-ecosystems. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 43: 127-142.
Altieri, M.A. 1999. The ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 74: 19-31.
Anonymouse. 2013. Weather and Climatology Organization. http://www.irimo.ir/. [Accessed May 2014]. (In Persian)
Anonymous. 2014. http://ostan-es.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=303. [Accessed May 2014]. (In Persian)
Bajwa, M.A. 1995. Wheat research and production in Pakistan. In: Villarel, L. (Eds.) Wheats for more tropical environments. Proceedings of the International Symposium, CIMMYT, Mexico 68-72.
Benton, T.G., Vickery, J.A., and Wilson, J.D. 2003. Farmland biodiversity: is habitat heterogeneity the key. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18(4): 182-188.
Conway, G.R. 1987. The properties of agroecosystems. Agricultural Systems 24: 95-117.
Ejtehadi, H., Sepehry, A., and Akkafi, H.R. 2008. Methods of Measuring Biodiversity. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press, Mashhad, Iran pp. 2014. (In Persian)
Isfahan Ministry of Agriculture. 2014. http://agri-es.ir. [Accessed Jun 2014]. (In Persian)
Gliessman, S. 1992. Agroecology in the tropics: Achieving a balance between land use and preservation. Environmental Management 16: 681-689.
Gliessman, S.R. 1995. Sustainable agriculture: An agroecological perspective. Advances in Plant Pathology 11: 45-57.
Gosselin, F. 2006. An assessment of the dependence of evenness indices on species richness. Journal of Theoretical Biology 242: 591-597.
Hilton-Taylor, C. 2000. 2000 IUCN Red list of threatened species, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., and Nadjafi, F. 2004a. The agrobiodiversity of medicinal and aromatic plants in Iran. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 2: 215-208. (In Persian with English Summary)
Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., Asgharipoor, M.R., and Khodashenas, A. 2004b. Biodiversity of fruits and vegetable in Iran. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 2: 79-89. (In Persian with English Summary)
Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., Jahanbin, G.H., and Zarea, A. 2004c. Diversity of crop cultivars in Iran. Desert Journal 9: 49-67. (In Persian with English Summary)
Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., Moradi, R., and Alizadeh, Y. 2011. Meta analysis of agrobiodiversity in Iran. Journal of Agroecology 2: 1-16. (In Persian with English Summary)
Maguran, A.E. 1996. Ecological Diversity and its Measurement. Chapman and Hall pp. 184.
MAJ (Ministry of Agriculture of the IR of Iran). Planning and Economics Department, Statistics Bank of Iranian Agriculture; http://www.maj.ir; 2014. [Accessed May 2014]
Meng, E.C., Smale, M., Rozelle, S., Ruifa, H., and Huang, J. 1999. The cost of wheat diversity in China. American Agricultural Economic Association Annual Metting, August 8-11, Nashville, Tennesse.
Nassiri Mahallati, M., Koocheki, A., and Mazaheri, D. 2005. Diversity of crop species in Iran. Desert 10: 33-50. (In Persian with English Summary)
Oldfield, M.L., and Alcorn, J.B. 1987. Conservation of traditional agroecosystems. Bioscience 37: 199 -208.
Picasso, V.D., Brummer, E.C., Liebman, M., Dixon, P.M., and Wilsey, B.J. 2008. Crop species diversity affects productivity and weed suppression in perennial polycultures under two management strategies. Crop Science 48: 331-342.
Preston, F.W. 1962. The canonical distribution of commonness and rarity: Part I. Ecology 43: 185-215. Shannon, C.E., and Weaver, W. 1949. The mathematical theory of communication. University of Illinois, Urbana p. 149.
Young-Mathews, A., Cullman, S.W., Sanchez-Moreno, S., Ogeen, A.T., Ferris, H., Hollander, A.D., and Jackson, L.E. 2010. Plant-soil biodiversity relationships and nutrient retention in agricultural riparian zones of the Sacramento Valley, California. Agroforestry Systems 80: 41-60.
Yunlong, C., and Smit, B. 1994. Sustainability in agriculture: A general review. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 49: 299 -307.
CAPTCHA Image