ارزیابی نقش مدیریت تلفیقی کودهای آلی، شیمیایی و بیولوژیک بر عملکرد گیاه دارویی ختمی (Althea officinalis L.)

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه اگروتکنولوژی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران.

2 گروه تولیدات گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تربت حیدریه، ایران

چکیده

این آزمایش با هدف ارزیابی نقش مدیریت تلفیقی کودهای آلی، شیمیایی و بیولوژیک بر خصوصیات رشد، عملکرد گل و بذر و اجزای عملکرد گیاه دارویی ختمی (Althea officinalis L.)، به­صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با دو فاکتور انواع کود و تلقیح با باکتری تیوباسیلوس با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال زراعی 92-1391 به اجرا درآمد. فاکتور کود در چهار سطح شامل کود دامی (40 تن در هکتار)، کمپوست (40 تن در هکتار)، کود شیمیایی متداول NPK (114، 18 و 220 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و عدم کاربرد کود (شاهد) و فاکتور تلقیح با باکتری تیوباسیلوس همراه با مصرف گوگرد در چهار سطح شامل تلقیح با باکتری تیوباسیلوس، 200 کیلوگرم گوگرد در هکتار+ تلقیح با باکتری تیوباسیلوس، 200 کیلوگرم گوگرد و شاهد بودند. صفات مورد مطالعه شامل ارتفاع بوته، شاخص سطح برگ حداکثر، وزن خشک برگ، وزن خشک ساقه، وزن خشک کل، اجزای عملکرد شامل تعداد شاخه جانبی، تعداد کپسول، تعداد دانه و وزن هزار دانه و عملکرد گل، بذر و بیولوژیکی ختمی بودند. نتایج نشان داد که اثر کودهای آلی، شیمیایی و بیولوژیک بر ارتفاع بوته، شاخص سطح برگ حداکثر، وزن خشک برگ، وزن خشک ساقه، وزن خشک کل، اجزای عملکرد و عملکرد گل، بذر و بیولوژیکی ختمی معنی­دار (01/0p≤) بود. بالاترین شاخص سطح برگ حداکثر در پایان فصل رشد برای تیمار  تلفیقی کود شیمیایی و تیوباسیلوس+گوگرد با 3/12 و پایین­ترین شاخص سطح برگ حداکثر برای شاهد با 3/1 به­دست آمد. بالاترین عملکرد گل و بذر برای تیمار تلفیقی کود شیمیایی و تیوباسیلوس+ گوگرد به­ترتیب برابر با 33/175 و 91/99 گرم بر متر­مربع و کمترین میزان برای شاهد به­ترتیب برابر با 33/32 و 31/9 گرم بر متر­مربع به­دست آمد. در شرایط کاربرد کودهای شیمیایی، دامی و کمپوست در سطوح جداگانه تیوباسیلوس و گوگرد و عدم کاربرد، عملکرد گل بیش از 100 درصد نسبت به شاهد بهبود یافت، در حالی­که مصرف کودهای شیمیایی، دامی و کمپوست به همراه کاربرد تیوباسیلوس+گوگرد به­ترتیب توانستند منجر به بهبود 106، 89 و 72 درصدی عملکرد گل در مقایسه با شاهد شوند. با توجه به بالا بودن اسیدیته خاک در اکثر خاک­های زراعی ایران می­توان مصرف تلفیقی گوگرد همراه با تلقیح با تیوباسیلوس را به­عنوان راهکاری مؤثر برای بهبود جذب عناصر غذایی خاک مدنظر قرار داد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Evaluation of the Integrated Effect of Organic, Chemical and Biological Fertilizers on Yield of Marshmallow (Althea officinalis L.) as a Medicinal Plant

نویسندگان [English]

  • Surur Khorramdel 1
  • Parviz Rezvani Moghaddam 1
  • Homa Azizi 1
  • Javad Shabahang 1
  • Mohammad Seyedi 2 1
1 Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
2 Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Torbat Heydarieh, Iran|Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Medicinal plants have an important role in different industries. So, increasing production of their yields is necessary. Medicinal plants contain phytochemical compounds which have demonstrated bioactive properties. The active principles of the plants are generally secondary metabolites. The use of ecological farming methods, may improve yield and quality. In the last decade, agricultural production, which is mainly based on the use of chemical material, is causing environmental problems. One of the pathways to mitigate this environmental impacts, is to apply the long-term approaches based on the principles of ecological agriculture. Soil microorganisms are the primary metabolites production in the soil can affect the results in the release of phosphorus. Compost can be used as an organic matter in controlling different types of debris and the reduction in fertilizer consumption in agricultural products and mineral absorption elements improve low consumption by plants. Present study aims to investigate the possibility of improving the growth, flower yield, shoot yield, seed yield and yield components of marshmallow as a medicinal plant affected as integrated management of organic, chemical and biological fertilizers.
 
Materials and Methods
A field experiment was performed as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran,                during growing season of 2012-2013. The experimental treatments were all combination of organic and chemical fertilizers in four levels (cow manure (40 ton.ha-1), urban compost (40 ton.ha-1), NPK as chemical fertilizer (114, 18 and 220, 40 kg.ha-1) and control) and inoculation with Thiobacillus and sulphur application in four levels (including inoculation with Thiobacillus, 200 kg.ha-1 sulphur + inoculation with Thiobacillus, 200 kg.ha-1 sulphur and control). plant height, leaf areal indexmax (LAImax), leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, total dry weight, flower, seed yield and yield components such as branch number, capsule number, number seed per capsule and 1000-seed weight and flower, seed and biological yield of marshmallow.
To analyze the variance of the experimental data and drawing of diagrams, MSTAT-C 8 and Excel software was used. All the averages were compared according to Duncan’s multiple range test (p≤0.05)
 
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the effect of organic, chemical and biological fertilizers were significant (p≤0.01) on plant height, LAImax, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, total dry weight, flower and seed yield, yield components and biological yield of marshmallow. At the end of the growing season, the highest and the lowest LAImax were observed in chemical fertilizer with Thiobacillus +sulphur (12.3) and control (1.3). The maximum flower and seed yields were recorded in chemical fertilizer with Thiobacillus +sulphur (175.33 and 99.91 g.m-2, respectively) and the minimum were obtained in control treatments (32.33 and 9.31 g.m-2, respectively). Flower yield enhanced up to 100% under chemical, cow manure and compost fertilizers without Thiobacillus +sulphur, Thiobacillus, sulphur compared to control treatment. Flower yield improved up to 106, 89 and 72% for chemical fertilizer, cow manure and compost application with Thiobacillus +sulphur, respectively.
 
Conclusion
According to the results obtained in the present study, organic, chemical and biological fertilizers had significant effects on growth, shoot yield, flower yield, seed yield, biological yield and yield components of marshmallow. Therefore, due to the high pH of soils in agroecosystems, integrated application of sulphur with Thiobacillus inoculation could be considered as an effective approach for soil fertility improvement. organic matter increase soil water holding capacity, improving plant hormone-like activity, increase nutrient uptake by plants, and generally improve the growth and yield of medicinal plant.
 Acknowledgement
This research was funded by Vice Chancellor for Research of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, which is

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Rizosphere pH
  • Soil fertility
  • Sustainable agriculture
  • Thobacillus
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