پراکنش گیاه هرز علف پشمکی (Bromus tectorum L.) و سایر گیاهان هرز مهم هم خانواده آن در مزارع گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) غرب و شمال شرق ایران

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه زراعت، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران

2 گروه زراعت و اصلاح نباتات، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ایلام، ایران.

چکیده

علف‌پشمکی (Bromus tectorum L.) یکی از مهمترین گیاهان هرز مشکل ساز به ویژه در مزارع گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) و جو (Hordeum vulgare L.) زمستانه به شمار می‌رود. از این‌رو، وضعیت پراکنش این گیاه هرز به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی در 40 مزرعه از مزارع گندم آبی شهرستان خرم‌آباد، 27 مزرعه در مشهد و 28 مزرعه در نیشابور در سال 1391 مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. فاکتورهای مربوط به فراوانی نسبی، غنای گونه‌ای، تراکم و یکنواختی نسبی و نیز شاخص‌های تنوع و غالبیت اندازه‌گیری شد. همچنین با استفاده از تکنیک GIS، نقشه پراکنش علف پشمکی در این مناطق رسم شد. علاوه بر علف پشمکی 16 گونه علف‌هرز دیگر از خانواده گندمیان مشاهده شد. فراوانی نسبی علف پشمکی اکوتیپ hirsotum در خرم‌آباد با 76/8 درصد بیشتر از اکوتیپ tectorum با فراوانی 76/4 درصد بود. یولاف وحشی زمستانه(Avena ludoviciana L.) با 56/19 و پس از آن جو دره (Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch) با 52/13 درصد فراوانی نسبی از میانگین پنج نمونه‌گیری در هر مزرعه بیشترین فراوانی را به خود اختصاص دادند. در مزارع مشهد فراوانی نسبی علف‌پشمکی اکوتیپ tectorum با44/12 درصد بیشتر از اکوتیپ hirsotum با فراوانی نسبی 25/7 درصد بود. یولاف بهاره با 99/13 درصد فراوانی و پس از آن جو دره با 95/12 درصد دارای بیشترین فراوانی نسبی بودند. در مزارع گندم نیشابور فراوانی نسبی دو اکوتیپ علف پشمکی مشابه (75/10) بود. یولاف وحشی بهاره (Avena fatua L.) با 52/14 درصد فراوانی و چاودار (Secale cereale L.) با 29/11 درصد فراوانی بیشترین فراوانی را داشتند. در این بین، قیاق (Sorghum halepense L.) و پنجه‌مرغی (Cynodon dactylon L.) چندساله بوده و مابقی یک‌ساله بودند. علاوه بر آن بر اساس مشاهدات اینگونه استنباط می‌شود که ارتفاع از سطح دریا تأثیر چندانی در تراکم اکوتیپ‌های علف‌پشمکی و سایر گیاهان هرز گرامینه نداشته است. مقدار شاخص تنوع شانون-وِینر در خرم‌آباد به میزان 24/2، در مشهد 16/2 و در نیشابور 29/2، شاخص تنوع سیمپسون خرم‌آباد 04/1، در مشهد 31/1 و در نیشابور 16/1 و شاخص غالبیت سیمپسون مزارع گندم خرم‌آباد 960/0، مشهد 764/0 و در نیشابور 862/0محاسبه شد. تفاوت در شاخص‌های تنوع گونه‌ای و غالبیت احتمالاً با میزان و نوع عملیات مدیریتی در مزارع مورد پایش ارتباط دارد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Distribution of Cheat Grass (Bromus tectorum L.) and Other Poaceae Weeds in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Farms in West and Northeast of Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ehsan Zeidali 1 2
  • Reza Ghorbani 1
  • Mahdi Parsa 1
  • Ghorbanali Asadi 1
1 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad,Iran|Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
2 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad,Iran|Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Undoubtedly, planning and providing appropriate management strategies for weed management requires accurate understanding of plant growth. In fact, by identifying plant growth flora and determining the abundance and distribution of weed species, we can obtain important background information for designing weed management plans. Usually the composition and density of weed flora reflect the system of production and agronomic operations. In fact, by identifying the weed flora and determining the abundance and distribution of weed species, we can provide important background information for designing weed management plans. In this case, Cheat grass is problematic weed in winter crops like wheat and barley.
Material and Methods
The distribution of this weed as random sampling method in 2012 was surveyed in 40 irrigated wheat farms in Khorramabad, 27 farms in Mashhad and 28 farms in Neyshaboor. Factors related to relative abundance, species richness, density and relative uniformity as well as variability and dominance indices were measured. Sampling in each farm was a W pattern. At almost all fields monitored, sampling was done in the post-stemming phase of the wheat before filling the seeds. Also, using the GIS technique, the distribution map of grass plots was drawn in these areas.
Results and Discussion
Results showed that sixteen weed species from poaceae family other than cheat grass were observed. Relative frequency of hirsotum ecotype of cheat grass (with 8.76%) was higher than tectorum ecotypes (with 4.76%) in Khorramabad. The Animated animated oat with 19.65% and then Wild barley with 13.52% in mean of 5 samples had the highest relative frequency. In Mashhad relative frequency of tectorum ecotype with 12.44% was higher than of hirsotum ecotype with 7.25%. Common wild oat with 13.99 and then Wild barley with 12.95% had the highest frequency. In wheat farms of Neyshaboor, two ecotypes had similar relative frequency with 10.75%. Common wild oat with 14.52 and then Secale with 12.29% had the highest frequency. In this case only Johnson grass and Bermuda grass were perennial and other weed species were annual. The properties of annual plants are capable of retrieval and rapid reproduction after the destruction occurring in the environment. Therefore, the abundance of more than one year in agricultural lands that are associated with continuous degradation is not unexpected. Additionally, most of the crops are annual, and it is normal that annual crop rotations that have the same growing needs as a crop are more abundant than perennial weeds Similar results were also obtained in thi sstudy. Furthermore, it was shown that the latitude had no large effect on density of grasses and cheat grass ecotypes. Shannon-Weiner diversity index in Khorramabad 2.24, in Mashhad 2.16, in Neyshaboor 2.29, Simpson's diversity index 1.04, in Mashhad 1.31 and in Neyshabour 1.16 and Simpson dominance index in khorramabad 0.960, in Mashhad 0.764 and in neyshaboor 0.862 was calculated. Also using GIS techniques distribution map of cheat grass were drawn in these areas.
Conclusion
The characteristics of annual plants such as grasshopper can be recovered and are capable of rapid replication after the destruction occurring in the environment. Therefore, the abundance of more than one year in agricultural lands that are associated with continuous degradation is not unexpected. In addition to theaccording to the findings of this research, the difference in the indices of species diversity and dominance were associated with the level and type of management practices on farms.
In general, farms with a higher diversity can be said to be managed with weaker management practices that minimize the use of agricultural machinery and the inadequacy of chemical inputs such as pesticides and fertilizers.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Diversity
  • Distribution map
  • Grasses
  • Uniformity
  • Weed
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