تأثیر کودهای دامی، بیولوژیک و شیمیایی بر شاخص‌های رشد گیاه آلوئه‌ورا (Aloe barbadensis Miller.) در استان بوشهر

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد

2 فردوسی مشهد

3 مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی استان بوشهر

چکیده

آلوئه‌ورا (Aloe barbadensis Miller. ) جزء گیاهان با فتوسنتز متابولیسم اسید کراسولاسه می‌باشد. با توجه به اهمیت آلوئه‌ورا به عنوان یک گیاه دارویی سازگار با اقلیم ایران و به‌خصوص استان بوشهر و عدم وجود اطلاعات کافی در خصوص واکنش‌های رشدی و عملکردی این گیاه به کودهای غیرشیمیایی، این مطالعه با هدف ارزیابی اثر کودهای دامی، بیولوژیک و شیمیایی بر خصوصیات رشدی آلوئه‌ورا انجام شد. آزمایش به‌صورت کرت‏های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی مرکز تحقیقات کشاورزی استان بوشهر در سال زراعی 92-1391 به اجرا درآمد. عامل اصلی شامل کاربرد و عدم کاربرد کود گوسفندی (20 تن در هکتار) و عامل فرعی شامل کودهای بیولوژیک و شیمیایی در پنج سطح (1- کود شیمیایی (80 کیلوگرم در هکتار سوپرفسفات تریپل و 200 کیلوگرم در هکتار اوره)، 2- کود بیولوژیک میکوریزا (خاک حاوی قارچ‌هایی از گونه موسه‌آ)، 3- کود بیولوژیک نیتراژین شامل باکتری‌های ازتوباکتر، سدوموناس و آزسپیریلیوم.، 4- ترکیب دو کود بیولوژیک میکوریزا و نیتراژین و 5- شاهد (بدون مصرف کود)) بودند. شاخص سطح برگ، حداکثر ماده خشک، سرعت رشد محصول، سرعت رشد نسبی، سرعت آسیمیلاسیون خالص و نسبت سطح برگ اندازه‌گیری و محاسبه شدند. نتایج نشان داد برهمکنش بین کود دامی و کودهای بیولوژیک و شیمیایی بر شاخص سطح برگ و حداکثر ماده خشک آلوئه‌ورا معنی‌دار بود. کاربرد کود دامی در مقایسه با عدم کاربرد آن باعث بهبود شاخص‏های رشد گردید. تلفیق کود دامی با کود شیمیایی بیشترین تأثیر را بر رشد آلوئه‌ورا داشت. به‌طوری که تیمار تلفیقی کود دامی با کود شیمیایی دارای بیشترین شاخص سطح برگ (1/6)، سرعت رشد محصول (79/0 گرم در مترمربع در روز) و حداکثر ماده خشک (57/111 گرم در متر‌مربع) بود. در نهایت نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که برای تولید عملکرد بالا و با کیفیت آلوئه‌ورا می‏توان از تلفیق کودهای دامی و بیولوژیک به جای کودهای شیمیایی سود برد.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Manure, Chemical and Biological Fertilizers on Aloe vera Growth in Boushehr Province

نویسندگان [English]

  • Esmaeil Farrokhi 1
  • Alireza Koocheki 2
  • Mehdi Nasiri Mahallati 2
  • Rahim Khademi 3
1 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
2 Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
3 Natural Resources Research Center of Bushehr province
چکیده [English]

Introduction
Food production to meet the demand for the world's growing population will be more difficult in the second half of the century than the first half. The increase in world population will result to greater pressure on agricultural lands in order to produce more crops. Therefore, the idea of increasing production per unit of area is inevitable by the applying chemical fertilizers which consecutively leads to serious environmental consequences. The same is true for production of cosmetics and pharmaceutical species including Aloe vera gel which is attracting excessive interest during the recent years. Scientific investigations of A. vera show that when it is prepared as a gel, it is more effective in treating stomach ailments, gastrointestinal problems, skin diseases, constipation and radiation injury. In most of the experiments conducted on Aloe vera, only the morphological characteristics were considered and the physiological aspects as well as the growth indices have been overlooked. On the other hands there is a limited number of published scientific resources regarding the application of manure and biological fertilizers on Aloe vera. The aim of this study was to evaluate different nutritional management methods in production of Aloe vera as a medicinal plant under the climatic conditions of Bushehr province so as to replace the chemical fertilizers by the manure and biological ones. Introducing such ecological methods could take a step forward towards the sustainable production of this valuable medicinal species.
Materials and Methods
The experiment was arranged as split plots based on randomized complete block design with three replications on a land area of 500 m2. The main plot factor included the application of manure (0 and 20 tons per ha) and the sub plot factor was the application of biological and chemical fertilizers in five levels: 1- Chemical fertilizer (80 kg triple superphosphate per ha and 200 kg urea per ha), 2- biological fertilizer Mycorrhiza, 3- bio-fertilizer Nitragin which contained three genus of Azotobacterspp., Pseudomonas spp. and Azospirillum spp. 4- the combination of two biological fertilizers (Mycorrhiza+Nitragin), and 5- the unfertilized control. Leaf area index (LAI) and total dry matter (TDM) were measured 150 days after planting in monthly intervals. The measured values of LAI and TDM were subjected to functional growth analysis and growth indices including crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and leaf area ratio (LAR) were calculated.
Result and Discussion
The results showed that the interaction between manure and either of chemical or biological fertilizers on leaf area index and maximum dry matter production of Aloe vera was significant. Application of manure improved nearly all growth indices in comparison with plants did not receive manure. Manure combined with chemical fertilizer had the greatest impact on the growth of Aloe vera. So that integration of manure with chemical fertilizer was led to the highest values of LAI (6.1), CGR (0.79 g m-2 d-1) and TDM (111.57 g m-2). Finally, the results showed that chemical fertilizers can be replaced with combination of manure and biological fertilizers for higher and more quality of Aloe vera yield.

Conclusion
The results achieved in this study showed that Aloe vera had responded positively to different methods of nutrient management. Chemical fertilizer had a greater impact on the growth indices of Aloe vera than other fertilizers, furthermore when it used in combination with manure, growth was more pronounced in comparison with individual application. Although biological fertilizers used in this experiment were less effective than chemical fertilizer, all of them were improved Aloe vera properties compared to the control. Likewise, this improving properties was different in combination of biological treatments with or without manure. When manure was used, combination of biological treatments wiht manure was better than their separate application. When manure was not used, separate application was better than their integrated.
Acknowledgment
We are grateful to Ebrahim Farrokhi and Kohzad Sartavi for their help with the field experiments, collecting field data and providing necessary advices to carry out this work.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Crop Growth Rate
  • Leaf Area Index
  • Mycorrhizal
  • Nitragin
  • Relative growth rate
Adams, S.P., Leitch, I.J., Bennett, M.D., Chase, M.W., and Leitch, A.R. 2000. Ribosomal DNA evolution and phylogeny in Aloe (Asphodelaceae). American Journal of Botany 87(11): 1578-1583.
Aeini, M., Yousefi Rad, M., and Ehteshami, S.M. 2012. The effects of growth stimulant bacteria on qualitative and quantitative yield of Aloe vera. Annals of Biological Research 3(12): 5669-5673.
Akbari, G., Ghorchiani, M., Alikhani, H.A., Allahdadi, I., and Zarei, M. 2012. Effect of biological and chemical phosphate fertilizers on growth indices and grain yield of maize under deficit irrigation conditions in Karaj region. Journal science of Soil and Water 22(4): 51-67. (In Persian with English Summary)
Al-Mario Casimir, J., and Morales-Payan, P. 2003. Growth and yield of cilantro fertilized with cow and sheep manures. 1th International Hourticultural Congress: The Future for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Metro Toronto Convention Center pp. 91.
Araji, A.A., Abdol, Z.O., and Joyce, P. 2001. Efficient use of animal manure on cropland-economic analysis. Bioresource Technology 79: 179-191.
Balak, D.G.R. 1993. A growth analysis comparison of corn growth in conventional and equidistant plant spacing. Crop Science 24: 1184-1191.
Brussard, L., and Ferrera-Cenato, R. 1997. Soil Ecology in Sustainable Agriculture Systems. NewYork: Lewis Publishers, U.S.A. 168 pages.
Deng, S.P., Parham, J.A., Hattey, J.A. and Babu, D. 2006. Animal manure and anhydrous ammonia amendment alter microbial carbon use efficiency, microbial biomass and activities of dehydrogenase and amidohydrolases in semi arid agro ecosystems. Applied Soil Ecology 33: 258-268.
Eddowes, M. 1962. Physiological studies of competition in Zea mays L. I. Vegetative growth and ear development in maize. Journal of Agricultural Science 72: 85-193.
Farrokhi, E., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2013. Situation of Aloe vera production in Bushehr province. 8th Congress of Iranian Horticultural Science 2982-1987. (In Persian)
Fisher, K.S. and Wilson, G.L. 1975. Effect of fertilizer on growth and yield in sorghum bicolor. Australian Journal of Agricultural Reserarch 26: 31-41.
Gliessman, S.R. 1998. Agroecology: Ecological Processes in Sustainable Agriculture. CRC Press. ISBN: 1-57504-043-3, U.S.A 357 pp.
Hamman, J. 2008. Composition and applications of Aloe vera leaf gel. Molecules 13(8): 1599-1616.
Harshavardhan, P.G., Vasundhara, M., Raviraja Shetty, G., Nataraja, A., Sreeramu, B.S., Chandre Gowda, M., and Sreenivasappa, K.N. 2007. Influence of spacing and integrated nutrient management on yield and quality of essential oil in lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L). Biomed 2(3): 288.
Hazrati Yadekori, S., and Tahmasebi Sarvestani, Z. 2012. Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer levels and hormone benzyl adenine (BA) on growth and ramet production of Aloe vera L. Iranian Journal of Medical and Aromatic Plants 28(2): 210-223. (In Persian with English Summary)
Hernandez-Cruz, L.R., Rodriguez-Garcia, R., Rodriguez, D.J. and Angulo-Sanchez, J.L. 2002. Aloe vera Response to Plastic Mulch and Nitrogen: 570-574. In: Janick, J. and Whipkey, A., (Eds.). Trends in New Crops and New Uses. ASHS Press 599 p.
Jahan, M., and Nassiri Mahallati, M. 2012. Soil Fertility and Biofertilizers (An Agroecological Approach). Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Press. Publication No. 603, Mashhad, Iran 250 pp. (In Persian)
Kathuli, P., Nguluu, S.N., Musyoki, R., Omari, F., Matimbii S.M., and Mutunga, R. 2010. Effects of fertilizer and manure application on growth and adaptability of three common aloe species in semi-arid eastern Kenya. Proceedings of 12th KARI Biennial Conference held at KARI Hqts, 8-12 Nov. 1043-1048, Nairobi, Kenya.
Khavazi, K., Asadi Rahmani, H., and Malakouti, M.J. 2005. Production of bio-fertilizers in Iran. Ministry of Agriculture. (In Persian)
Koocheki, A., and Khajeh Hosseini, M. 2008. Modern Agronomy. Jahad Mashhad University Press, Iran 740 pp. (In Persian)
Koocheki, A., Rashed Mohassel, M.H., Nassiri Mahallati, M., and Sadr Abadi, R. 1988. Physiological basis of crop growth and development. Razavi Cultural Foundation. (In Persian)
Krishna Moorthy, S., and Malliga, P. 2012. Plant characteristics, growth and leaf gel yield of Aloe barbadensis miller as affected by cyanopith biofertilizer in pot culture. International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering. 2(3): 884-892.
Mali, A.L., and Patidar, M. 2004. Effect of farmyard manure, fertility levels and bio-fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of sorghum (Sorghom bicolor). Indian Journal of Agronomy 4(2): 117-120.
Manjunatha, H.M., Sreeramu, B.S., Raviraja Shetty, G., Vasundhara, M., and Chandre Gowda, M. 2007. Influence of irrigation regimes and fertility levels on growth of long pepper (Piper longum L.). Biomed 2(3): 272.
Mirza, H., Kamal Uddin, A., Khalequzzaman, K.M., Shamsuzzaman, A.M.M., and Kamrun, N. 2008. Plant characteristics, growth and leaf yield of Aloe vera as affected by organic manure in pot culture. Australian Journal of Crop Science 2(3): 158-163.
Morton, J.F. 1961. Folk uses and commercial exploitation of Aloe leaf pulp. Economic Botony 15: 311- 319.
Mossedaq, F., and Smith, D.H. 1994. Timing nitrogen application to enhance spring-wheat yields in a mediteranian climate. Agronomy Journal 86: 221-226.
Mota-Fernandez, S., Álvarez-Solis J.D., Abud-Archila, M., Dendooven, L., and Gutierrez-Miceli, F.A. 2011. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and phosphorus concentration on plant growth and phenols in micropropagated Aloe vera L. plantlets. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5(27): 6260-6266.
Omidbaigi, R. 2010. Production and Processing of Medicinal Plants. Astan Quds Razavi Publications (Behnaashr Co.), Volume four, Mashahd, Iran 423 pp. (In Persian)
Pouryousef, M., Mazaheri, D., Chaiechi, M.R., Rahimi, A. and Tavakoli, A. 2010. Effect of different soil fertilizing treatments on some of agro morphological traits and mucilage of Isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk). Electronic Journal of Crop Production 3(2): 193-213. (In Persian with English Summary)
Ramachandra, C.T., and Srinivasa, P. 2008. Processing of Aloe Vera gel: a review. American Journal Agricultural and Biological Science 3(2): 502-510.
Rodriguez-Garcia, R., Jasso de Rodriguez, D., Gil-Marin, J.A., Angulo-Sanchez, J.L., and Lira-Saldivar, R.H. 2007. Growth, stomatal resistance, and transpiration of Aloe vera under different soil water potential. Industrial Crops and Products 25: 123-128.
Russel, M.P., Wilhelm, W.W., Olson, R.A. and Power, J.F. 1984. Growth analysis based on degree days. Crop Science 24: 28-32.
Sabahi, H., Takafooyan, J., Mahdavi Damghani, A.M., and Liyaghati, H. 2010. Effects of integrated application of farmyard manure, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and chemical fertilizers on production of canola (Brassica napus L.) in saline soil of Qum. Journal of Agroecology 2(2): 287-291. (In Persian with English Summary)
Sarmadnyia, G., and Koocheki, A. 1989. Crop Physiology. Jahad Mashhad University Press, Mashhad, Iran 400 pp.
Sarmadnyia, G., and Koocheki, A. 1992. Physiological Aspects of Dryland Farming. Jahad Mashhad University Press, Mashhad, Iran 424 pp. (In Persian)
Srtavi, K. And Gholamian, F. 2004. Medicinal plants of Bushehr Province. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research 20(2): 213-227. (In Persian with English Summary)
Thierfelder, C., Amezquita, E., and Stahar, K. 2004. Effects of intensifying organic manuring and tillage practices on penetration resistance and infiltration rate. Soil and Tillage Research, 292 pages. www. elsevier.com/locate/still.
Wallace, J. 2001. Organic field Crop Handbook. Canadian Organic Growers. Ottana, Ontario 292 pp.
Williams, W.A. 1965. Vegetative growth of corn as affected by population density on yield and component yield of growth, net assimilation rate and leaf area index. Crop Science 5: 215-219.
Wu, S.C., Cao, Z.H., Li, Z.G., Cheung, K.C., and Wong, M.H. 2005. Effects of biofertilizer containing N-fixer, P and K solubilizers and AM fungi on maize growth: a greenhouse trail. Geoderma 125: 155-166.
Yazdani, D., Rezaei, M.B, Kyanbakht, S., and Khosravani, S. 2006. Overview of various aspects of medicinal Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Journal of Medicinal Plants 5(19): 1-8.
Ziaee, A.A., Mesgarpur, B., and Shabestary, A. 2005. Medicinal Plants: Evidence-based: Contraindications and Drug Interactions. Publications Tymurzadh, Iran 456 pp. (In Persian)
CAPTCHA Image