Ferdowsi University of MashhadJournal Of Agroecology2008-77136420141222The study of nutritional management of mother plant and seed priming by biofertilizers on improve salinity tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Sayonz at germination period.The study of nutritional management of mother plant and seed priming by biofertilizers on improve salinity tolerance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Sayonz at germination period.6897003418710.22067/jag.v6i4.45979FAH.R FallahiDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran0000-0002-3827-3878Parviz Rezvani MoghaddamDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran0000-0002-3827-3878Mohamad Behzad AmiriFaculty of Agriculture, University of Gonabad, Mashhad, Gonabad, Iran0009-0004-4225-8074Mahsa Aghhavani ShajariDepartment of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran0000-0000-0000-0000Rostam Yazdani BioukiDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran0000-0002-3827-3878Journal Article20150419Salinity is one of the important factors that reduce the growth and yield of crops in Iran; however, determining appropriate methods for reducing its negative effects is important. In order to study the effects of nutritional condition of mother plant and bacterial biofertilizers seed priming on germination indices of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), in salinity condition, an experiment was conducted during 2009 at Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. This experiment was conducted as factorial layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Studied factors consisted of: four levels of nitrogen fertilizer applied on mother plant in field (0, 55, 110 and165 Nitrogen kg.ha-1), seed priming by three types of biofertilizers (Nitrajin, Biophosphouros and distillated water) and four levels of salinity stress (0, -0.4, -0.8 and -1.2 MPa). Results indicated that the seed priming with biofertilizers had a positive effect on germination indices of wheat. The maximum radicle number per seedling (2.39), radical length (5.34 cm) and plumule length (3.56 cm) were observed in seed primed by Nitrajin biofertilizer and the minimum of those characteristics were shown in control. In addition, the lowest and highest mean germination time were obtained in seed priming by Biophosphouros (2.89 day) and control (3.42 day), respectively. The highest germination indices were obtained at 55 and 110 kg.ha-1 Nitrogen. The maximum germination rate (2.59.day-1), number of radicle per seedling (2.34), radical length (5.75 cm) and mean weight of radical (0.0022 g) were obtained in seeds that were treated by 55 kg.ha-1 nitrogen on mother plant. So, all factors related to germination and growth seedling were decreased by increasing salinity stress. Over all, results indicated that use of 55-110 kg.ha-1 nitrogen with bacterial biofertilizers seed priming can improve germination indices under salinity stress conditions.Salinity is one of the important factors that reduce the growth and yield of crops in Iran; however, determining appropriate methods for reducing its negative effects is important. In order to study the effects of nutritional condition of mother plant and bacterial biofertilizers seed priming on germination indices of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), in salinity condition, an experiment was conducted during 2009 at Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. This experiment was conducted as factorial layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Studied factors consisted of: four levels of nitrogen fertilizer applied on mother plant in field (0, 55, 110 and165 Nitrogen kg.ha-1), seed priming by three types of biofertilizers (Nitrajin, Biophosphouros and distillated water) and four levels of salinity stress (0, -0.4, -0.8 and -1.2 MPa). Results indicated that the seed priming with biofertilizers had a positive effect on germination indices of wheat. The maximum radicle number per seedling (2.39), radical length (5.34 cm) and plumule length (3.56 cm) were observed in seed primed by Nitrajin biofertilizer and the minimum of those characteristics were shown in control. In addition, the lowest and highest mean germination time were obtained in seed priming by Biophosphouros (2.89 day) and control (3.42 day), respectively. The highest germination indices were obtained at 55 and 110 kg.ha-1 Nitrogen. The maximum germination rate (2.59.day-1), number of radicle per seedling (2.34), radical length (5.75 cm) and mean weight of radical (0.0022 g) were obtained in seeds that were treated by 55 kg.ha-1 nitrogen on mother plant. So, all factors related to germination and growth seedling were decreased by increasing salinity stress. Over all, results indicated that use of 55-110 kg.ha-1 nitrogen with bacterial biofertilizers seed priming can improve germination indices under salinity stress conditions.https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_34187_b584c8a5912311144cbd004af19241ba.pdfFerdowsi University of MashhadJournal Of Agroecology2008-77136420141222Investigation of weed community diversity in forage crop fields in different provinces of IranInvestigation of weed community diversity in forage crop fields in different provinces of Iran7017183420310.22067/jag.v6i4.45980FAElham AziziDepartment of Agronomy, Payame Noor University, IranLeyla AlimoradiDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad, IranReza GhorbaniDepartment of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranJournal Article20150419In order to evaluate the weed diversity in forage crop fields such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), clover (Trifolium sp.) and sainfoin (Onobrychis spp.) in different provinces of Iran, a study was conducted by using data from reports of plant Protection Organization, Ministry of Agriculture during 2008. After evaluation of weed species and definition of weed family, these species classified based on functional diversity in four groups such as life cycle, growth type, photosynthetic pathway and persistence degree. The results indicated that the number of weed species and plant families were 37 and 18, respectively, in alfalfa fields. Most diverse families of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds were Poaceae and Asteraceae, respectively. Nine species of five different families were observed in sainfoin fields that among these weed families, the highest species diversity was in Poaceae family. In addition, in clover fields of different provinces, 20 species of 11 plant families were observed. The highest species diversity obtained in Poaceae family with six species and Brassicaceae family with four species. The highest similarity index for alfalfa fields (100%) was observed between West Azerbaijan- Ardabil, West Azerbaijan- Zanjan, West Azerbaijan- Kordestan, Ardabil- Kordestan, Zanjan- Kordestan, Zanjan-Gilan, Kordestan - Gilan, West Azerbaijan- Gilan and Ardabil- Gilan. The highest similarity for sainfoin fields (0.60) was between East Azerbaijan- West Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan- Fars. Also, in clover fields, the highest similarity index was obtained between Fars and Isfahan provinces.In order to evaluate the weed diversity in forage crop fields such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), clover (Trifolium sp.) and sainfoin (Onobrychis spp.) in different provinces of Iran, a study was conducted by using data from reports of plant Protection Organization, Ministry of Agriculture during 2008. After evaluation of weed species and definition of weed family, these species classified based on functional diversity in four groups such as life cycle, growth type, photosynthetic pathway and persistence degree. The results indicated that the number of weed species and plant families were 37 and 18, respectively, in alfalfa fields. Most diverse families of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous weeds were Poaceae and Asteraceae, respectively. Nine species of five different families were observed in sainfoin fields that among these weed families, the highest species diversity was in Poaceae family. In addition, in clover fields of different provinces, 20 species of 11 plant families were observed. The highest species diversity obtained in Poaceae family with six species and Brassicaceae family with four species. The highest similarity index for alfalfa fields (100%) was observed between West Azerbaijan- Ardabil, West Azerbaijan- Zanjan, West Azerbaijan- Kordestan, Ardabil- Kordestan, Zanjan- Kordestan, Zanjan-Gilan, Kordestan - Gilan, West Azerbaijan- Gilan and Ardabil- Gilan. The highest similarity for sainfoin fields (0.60) was between East Azerbaijan- West Azerbaijan and West Azerbaijan- Fars. Also, in clover fields, the highest similarity index was obtained between Fars and Isfahan provinces.https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_34203_52db0fbb4baad01a8fa48e6ae767e7ed.pdfFerdowsi University of MashhadJournal Of Agroecology2008-77136420141222Effects of corm planting density and manure rates on flower and corm yields of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in the first year after plantingEffects of corm planting density and manure rates on flower and corm yields of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in the first year after planting7197293422810.22067/jag.v6i4.45981FAAlireza KoochekiDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran0000-0002-4820-8906Parviz Rezvani MoghaddamDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran0000-0002-3827-3878Abdollah MollafilabiDepartment of Food Biotechnology, Research Institute of Food Science and Technology, Mashhad, Iran0000-0002-4820-8906Seyed Mohammad SeyyediDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran0000-0000-0000-0000Journal Article20150419In order to investigate the effects of high corm planting density and applying manure on flower and corm yields of saffron (Crocus sativus L.), a field experiment was conducted at Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, during growing season of 2010-2011. A completely randomized block design with three replications and 20 treatments was used. The experimental treatments were all combination of different planting densities of corm (100, 200, 300 and 400 corms.m-2) and different levels of manure application (0, 40, 60, 80 and 100 t.ha-1). Results of variance analysis showed that corm planting density and manure application rates had significant effects on flower number, fresh and dried flower and stigma+ style yields of saffron. In addition, mentioned characteristics of saffron significantly affected by interaction effects of corm planting density × manure rate. Based on the results, fresh and dried flower yields of saffron significantly increased by increasing planting density up to 400 corms.m-2. In addition, on planting density equal to 400 corms.m-2, increasing manure up to 80 t.ha-1 had significant effects on fresh and dried flower yields of saffron. However, the responding saffron to manure was decreased by reducing corm planting density. Therefore, it seems that appropriate manure application rate depends to corm planting density.In order to investigate the effects of high corm planting density and applying manure on flower and corm yields of saffron (Crocus sativus L.), a field experiment was conducted at Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, during growing season of 2010-2011. A completely randomized block design with three replications and 20 treatments was used. The experimental treatments were all combination of different planting densities of corm (100, 200, 300 and 400 corms.m-2) and different levels of manure application (0, 40, 60, 80 and 100 t.ha-1). Results of variance analysis showed that corm planting density and manure application rates had significant effects on flower number, fresh and dried flower and stigma+ style yields of saffron. In addition, mentioned characteristics of saffron significantly affected by interaction effects of corm planting density × manure rate. Based on the results, fresh and dried flower yields of saffron significantly increased by increasing planting density up to 400 corms.m-2. In addition, on planting density equal to 400 corms.m-2, increasing manure up to 80 t.ha-1 had significant effects on fresh and dried flower yields of saffron. However, the responding saffron to manure was decreased by reducing corm planting density. Therefore, it seems that appropriate manure application rate depends to corm planting density.https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_34228_d3af59f1face15cef801a52e538cabb5.pdfFerdowsi University of MashhadJournal Of Agroecology2008-77136420141222The effect of organic fertilizers and different sowing dates on yield and yield components of flower and grain of Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)The effect of organic fertilizers and different sowing dates on yield and yield components of flower and grain of Pot Marigold (Calendula officinalis L.)7307403423910.22067/jag.v6i4.45983FAP Rezvani Moghaddam0000-0002-3827-3878M Akbar AbadiF Hassanzadeh AvalJournal Article20150419In order to find out suitable organic fertilizers for elimination of chemical fertilizers usage and the optimum sowing date in Pot Marigold cultivation, an experiment was conducted in the Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2007 growing season. For this purpose a split plot experiment based on completely randomized block design with three replications was used. The main factor consist of four different fertilizers (50 kg.ha-1 N, 40 t.ha-1 Cow manure, 20 t.ha-1 Compost fertilizer and 10 t.ha-1 Hen manure) beside control (without fertilizer) and three sowing dates (10th April, 1th May and 21th May) were allocated as sub factor. The results showed that the length time of emergence to budding, budding to flowering and flowering to ripening decreased by delay in sowing date, significantly. By delay in sowing date, plant height and dry matter also decreased because of reduction of vegetative growing duration. The various fertilizers had not significant effect on developmental stages and morphological characteristics of Pot Marigold. Nitrogen fertilizer and Hen manure in compare of other treatments had significantly (p≤0.05) higher level in number of inflorescences, yield of inflorescences, yield of petal and seed yield. Thus, Hen manure can be a suitable replacement of chemical fertilizers in Pot Marigold cultivation. The various sowing dates showed significant effect on the most measured characteristics of seed and inflorescences yield components of Pot Marigold. The highest of all studied characteristics were obtained in 10th April and 1th May than 21th May sowing dates.In order to find out suitable organic fertilizers for elimination of chemical fertilizers usage and the optimum sowing date in Pot Marigold cultivation, an experiment was conducted in the Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2007 growing season. For this purpose a split plot experiment based on completely randomized block design with three replications was used. The main factor consist of four different fertilizers (50 kg.ha-1 N, 40 t.ha-1 Cow manure, 20 t.ha-1 Compost fertilizer and 10 t.ha-1 Hen manure) beside control (without fertilizer) and three sowing dates (10th April, 1th May and 21th May) were allocated as sub factor. The results showed that the length time of emergence to budding, budding to flowering and flowering to ripening decreased by delay in sowing date, significantly. By delay in sowing date, plant height and dry matter also decreased because of reduction of vegetative growing duration. The various fertilizers had not significant effect on developmental stages and morphological characteristics of Pot Marigold. Nitrogen fertilizer and Hen manure in compare of other treatments had significantly (p≤0.05) higher level in number of inflorescences, yield of inflorescences, yield of petal and seed yield. Thus, Hen manure can be a suitable replacement of chemical fertilizers in Pot Marigold cultivation. The various sowing dates showed significant effect on the most measured characteristics of seed and inflorescences yield components of Pot Marigold. The highest of all studied characteristics were obtained in 10th April and 1th May than 21th May sowing dates.https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_34239_303420f8db79f3da16263afeb21f130c.pdfFerdowsi University of MashhadJournal Of Agroecology2008-77136420141222Long term estimation of carbon dynamic and sequestration for Iranian agro-ecosystem: I- Net primary productivity and annual carbon input for common agricultural cropsLong term estimation of carbon dynamic and sequestration for Iranian agro-ecosystem: I- Net primary productivity and annual carbon input for common agricultural crops7417523425810.22067/jag.v6i4.45984FAMahdi Nasiri MahalatiDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran0000-0003-0357-1733Alireza KoochekiDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran0000-0002-4820-8906Hamed MansooriDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, IranRoohollah MoradiDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranDepartment of Agronomy, Agricultural Faculty of Bardsir, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran0000-0001-8754-8025Journal Article20150419Evaluation of carbon input is one of the most important factors for estimating soil carbon changes and potential for carbon sequestration. To evaluate the net primary productivity (NPP) and soil carbon input in agricultural eco-systems of Iran, data for yield, cultivated area, harvest index (HI) and shoot /root ratio in different crops including: wheat, barley, maize, cotton, rice, alfalfa and chickpea were obtained for different provinces. Then, allocated carbon to different organs of plant were calculated based on carbon allocation coefficients and finally, the net primary productivity based on carbon (NPPc) was calculated. The ratio of NPPc that was annually returned to soil was considered as carbon annual input. The results showed that the maximum amount of NPPc for wheat, barely and alfalfa were obtained in Khazari climate for rice, chickpea and cotton was achieved in warm-wet climate and for maize was gained in warm-dry climate. In all regions of Iran, chickpea had the lowest effect on NPPc and consequently on carbon sequestration. The highest amount of carbon input per unit area among studied crops and different regions were observed in Khazari region for alfalfa whereas, the lowest carbon input per unit area was relation to chickpea in cold region. The lowest gap between actual and potential of carbon sequestration was observed in alfalfa whereas wheat, rice and cotton showed the most gap by 0.4, 0.38 and 0.37, respectively.Evaluation of carbon input is one of the most important factors for estimating soil carbon changes and potential for carbon sequestration. To evaluate the net primary productivity (NPP) and soil carbon input in agricultural eco-systems of Iran, data for yield, cultivated area, harvest index (HI) and shoot /root ratio in different crops including: wheat, barley, maize, cotton, rice, alfalfa and chickpea were obtained for different provinces. Then, allocated carbon to different organs of plant were calculated based on carbon allocation coefficients and finally, the net primary productivity based on carbon (NPPc) was calculated. The ratio of NPPc that was annually returned to soil was considered as carbon annual input. The results showed that the maximum amount of NPPc for wheat, barely and alfalfa were obtained in Khazari climate for rice, chickpea and cotton was achieved in warm-wet climate and for maize was gained in warm-dry climate. In all regions of Iran, chickpea had the lowest effect on NPPc and consequently on carbon sequestration. The highest amount of carbon input per unit area among studied crops and different regions were observed in Khazari region for alfalfa whereas, the lowest carbon input per unit area was relation to chickpea in cold region. The lowest gap between actual and potential of carbon sequestration was observed in alfalfa whereas wheat, rice and cotton showed the most gap by 0.4, 0.38 and 0.37, respectively.https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_34258_5be96361a0fbd8739f7a464e64468964.pdfFerdowsi University of MashhadJournal Of Agroecology2008-77136420141222The effects of super absorbent polymer application into soil and humic acid foliar application on some agrophysiological criteria and quantitative and qualitative yield of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under Mashhad conditionsThe effects of super absorbent polymer application into soil and humic acid foliar application on some agrophysiological criteria and quantitative and qualitative yield of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under Mashhad conditions7537663426910.22067/jag.v6i4.45985FAMohsen JahanDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran0000-0003-2259-5124Mehdi Nassiri MahallatiDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran0000-0003-0357-1733Fatemeh RanjbarDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, IranMasoomeh AryaeeFaculty of Environment, University of Tehran,Tehran, IranNafiseh KamayestaniDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, IranJournal Article20150419Drought stress is the most limiting factor of agricultural production through the world. To evaluate the effect of super absorbent and humic acid to reduce drought stress in sugar beet production, a strip split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at Research Field of Faculty Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran during growing season of 2010-2011. The main plot factor was application and no application of super absorbent polymer and the sub plot factor was foliar application and no application of humic acid. Two irrigation intervals (7 and 10 days) assigned to strip plots. The results showed that super absorbent application comparing to no super absorbent affected leaf area index (LAI), sugar gross yield (SGY) and SPAD readings significantly, as the highest amount for this traits were 3.4, 4.7 t ha-1 and 46.2, respectively. Humic acid foliar application resulted to the highest LAI (3.4) and SPAD reading (45.1) which significantly were different with other treatments. Irrigation interval of 7 days resulted to the highest LAI (3.8) and root yield (24.9 t ha-1). The highest SPAD reading (49.9) resulted from super absorbent and humic acid application with 7 days interval irrigation interaction. Dry matter yield (DM) and leaf number per plant showed a positive and significant correlation (p≤0.01) with tuber yield (TY), SGY and SPAD readings. The strongest correlation coefficients were obtained for DM and LAI, and between DM and SGY. This positive and significant correlation emphasis that any factor increasing LAI will increase DM and thereby, SGY. The positive and significant correlations were observed between DM and SPAD readings, and between SPAD readings and TY. SGY estimation model predicted that SGY was determined by some variables such as TY, SP and SPAD reading. In general, these results indicate super absorbent application could increase soil water holding capacity and consequently stabilize production under dry stress conditions. In addition, humic acid application could increase economic sugar beet production, moreover maintaining environmental health issuesDrought stress is the most limiting factor of agricultural production through the world. To evaluate the effect of super absorbent and humic acid to reduce drought stress in sugar beet production, a strip split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted at Research Field of Faculty Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran during growing season of 2010-2011. The main plot factor was application and no application of super absorbent polymer and the sub plot factor was foliar application and no application of humic acid. Two irrigation intervals (7 and 10 days) assigned to strip plots. The results showed that super absorbent application comparing to no super absorbent affected leaf area index (LAI), sugar gross yield (SGY) and SPAD readings significantly, as the highest amount for this traits were 3.4, 4.7 t ha-1 and 46.2, respectively. Humic acid foliar application resulted to the highest LAI (3.4) and SPAD reading (45.1) which significantly were different with other treatments. Irrigation interval of 7 days resulted to the highest LAI (3.8) and root yield (24.9 t ha-1). The highest SPAD reading (49.9) resulted from super absorbent and humic acid application with 7 days interval irrigation interaction. Dry matter yield (DM) and leaf number per plant showed a positive and significant correlation (p≤0.01) with tuber yield (TY), SGY and SPAD readings. The strongest correlation coefficients were obtained for DM and LAI, and between DM and SGY. This positive and significant correlation emphasis that any factor increasing LAI will increase DM and thereby, SGY. The positive and significant correlations were observed between DM and SPAD readings, and between SPAD readings and TY. SGY estimation model predicted that SGY was determined by some variables such as TY, SP and SPAD reading. In general, these results indicate super absorbent application could increase soil water holding capacity and consequently stabilize production under dry stress conditions. In addition, humic acid application could increase economic sugar beet production, moreover maintaining environmental health issueshttps://agry.um.ac.ir/article_34269_84a5faaeecf5d51b65fd560d88b478e5.pdfFerdowsi University of MashhadJournal Of Agroecology2008-77136420141222Evaluation the effects of relay intercropping of Styrian pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) with irrigated and rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietimum L.) on yield and yield components as affected by chickpea residue mulchEvaluation the effects of relay intercropping of Styrian pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) with irrigated and rainfed chickpea (Cicer arietimum L.) on yield and yield components as affected by chickpea residue mulch7677783428810.22067/jag.v6i4.45986FAAli MomenDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranReza GhorbaniDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranMahdi Nassiri MahallatiDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran0000-0003-0357-1733Ghorbanali AsadiDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran0000-0001-7946-6687Mehdi ParsaDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranJournal Article20150419In order to study the effects of cropping systems and mulch application in relay intercropped Styrian pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) with chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), a field experiment was conducted as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, during growing season of 2010-2011. Treatments were five levels of cropping systems (monoculture of irrigated chickpea, monoculture of rainfed chickpea, monoculture of Styrian pumpkin, relay intercropping of irrigated chickpea/Styrian pumpkin, relay intercropping of rainfed chickpea/Styrian pumpkin) and two levels of chickpea residue mulches (with and without mulch). The results showed that plant height, number of pods per plant, biological yield, seed yield and 1000-seed weight chickpea were affected by different cropping systems (p≤0.05). Relay intercropping of rainfed chickpea/Styrian pumpkin increased number of pod per plant and seed yield of chickpea up to 37 and 23% compared to monoculture of rainfed chickpea, respectively. In additrion, results showed that the interaction effects between cropping systems and mulch application were significant (p≤0.05) on number of fruit, fruit yield, number of seed per fruit, 1000-seed weight and seed yield of Styrian pumpkin. The highest Styrian pumpkin seed yield (398 kg.ha-1) was shown in relay intercropping of irrigated chickpea/Styrian pumpkin. Styrian pumpkin seed oil percent was not affected by treatments (p≥0.05). However, application of chickpea residue mulch reduced the oil percent. Assessment of land equivalent ratio showed that the total systems of relay intercropping was superior compared to monocultures and the highest land equivalent ratio (2.37) was observed in relay intercropping of rainfed chickpea/Styrian pumpkin without mulch system. In general, the positive effect of intercropping on yield and yield components of chickpea, especially in the dry conditions and improved quantitative characterization of Styrian pumpkin herb, it can be inferred that the relay intercropping could be a suggested strategy for using resources to achieve optimal performance in order to achieve sustainable agricultural principles.In order to study the effects of cropping systems and mulch application in relay intercropped Styrian pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) with chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), a field experiment was conducted as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, during growing season of 2010-2011. Treatments were five levels of cropping systems (monoculture of irrigated chickpea, monoculture of rainfed chickpea, monoculture of Styrian pumpkin, relay intercropping of irrigated chickpea/Styrian pumpkin, relay intercropping of rainfed chickpea/Styrian pumpkin) and two levels of chickpea residue mulches (with and without mulch). The results showed that plant height, number of pods per plant, biological yield, seed yield and 1000-seed weight chickpea were affected by different cropping systems (p≤0.05). Relay intercropping of rainfed chickpea/Styrian pumpkin increased number of pod per plant and seed yield of chickpea up to 37 and 23% compared to monoculture of rainfed chickpea, respectively. In additrion, results showed that the interaction effects between cropping systems and mulch application were significant (p≤0.05) on number of fruit, fruit yield, number of seed per fruit, 1000-seed weight and seed yield of Styrian pumpkin. The highest Styrian pumpkin seed yield (398 kg.ha-1) was shown in relay intercropping of irrigated chickpea/Styrian pumpkin. Styrian pumpkin seed oil percent was not affected by treatments (p≥0.05). However, application of chickpea residue mulch reduced the oil percent. Assessment of land equivalent ratio showed that the total systems of relay intercropping was superior compared to monocultures and the highest land equivalent ratio (2.37) was observed in relay intercropping of rainfed chickpea/Styrian pumpkin without mulch system. In general, the positive effect of intercropping on yield and yield components of chickpea, especially in the dry conditions and improved quantitative characterization of Styrian pumpkin herb, it can be inferred that the relay intercropping could be a suggested strategy for using resources to achieve optimal performance in order to achieve sustainable agricultural principles.https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_34288_4fc4712e6e6b1ebdcf060b6b413c9ddb.pdfFerdowsi University of MashhadJournal Of Agroecology2008-77136420141222Consideration of possibility improving root growth of lentil with use symbiosis Mycorrhiza and Azospirillum under Rainfed ConditionConsideration of possibility improving root growth of lentil with use symbiosis Mycorrhiza and Azospirillum under Rainfed Condition7797873429810.22067/jag.v6i4.25917FASadegh MalekiAgronomy Department, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, IranFayaz AghayariAgronomy Department, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, IranMohammad Reza ArdakaniAgronomy Department, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, IranFarhad RejaliAgronomy Department, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Karaj, IranJournal Article20130917This study in order to evaluate the possibility of improving the root growth of lentil with use Mycorrhiza symbiosis with cooperation Azospirillum bacteria under rainfed conditions was conducted. A tri-factorial experiment was organized on the basis of Randomized Complete Block Design with four replicates, in which factor M was the Mycorrhizal inoculums in three levels including (not use, use Mycorrhiza Glomus intraradices and use Mycorrhiza Glomus mosseae), Factor A was Azospirillum in 2 levels including (not use and use Azospirillum brasilense) and factor L as the lentil cultivar with two levels consists of Mashhadi coarse grain cultivar and Naz fine seed cultivar.The results showed that the apply factor of Mycorrhiza, traits of root dry weight, percentage of root colonization and Mycorrhizal root dry weight at 1% level were significant. Also with apply Azospirillum Factor, percentage of root colonization trait at 1% level was Significant. The results survey the interaction between Azospirillum and Lentil cultivars showed that percentage of root colonization at the 5% level was significant. The results showed that the interaction Mycorrhiza and lentil cultivars on the percentage of root colonization at 1% level were significant. Also, three-way interaction Azospirillum, Mycorrhiza and lentil cultivars showed the percentage of root colonization trait at the 5% level was significant. Highest value for percentage of root colonization was recorded in treatment of use Azospirillum brasilense, use Mycorrhiza Glomus mosseae and Naz cultivar (46.19%).This study in order to evaluate the possibility of improving the root growth of lentil with use Mycorrhiza symbiosis with cooperation Azospirillum bacteria under rainfed conditions was conducted. A tri-factorial experiment was organized on the basis of Randomized Complete Block Design with four replicates, in which factor M was the Mycorrhizal inoculums in three levels including (not use, use Mycorrhiza Glomus intraradices and use Mycorrhiza Glomus mosseae), Factor A was Azospirillum in 2 levels including (not use and use Azospirillum brasilense) and factor L as the lentil cultivar with two levels consists of Mashhadi coarse grain cultivar and Naz fine seed cultivar.The results showed that the apply factor of Mycorrhiza, traits of root dry weight, percentage of root colonization and Mycorrhizal root dry weight at 1% level were significant. Also with apply Azospirillum Factor, percentage of root colonization trait at 1% level was Significant. The results survey the interaction between Azospirillum and Lentil cultivars showed that percentage of root colonization at the 5% level was significant. The results showed that the interaction Mycorrhiza and lentil cultivars on the percentage of root colonization at 1% level were significant. Also, three-way interaction Azospirillum, Mycorrhiza and lentil cultivars showed the percentage of root colonization trait at the 5% level was significant. Highest value for percentage of root colonization was recorded in treatment of use Azospirillum brasilense, use Mycorrhiza Glomus mosseae and Naz cultivar (46.19%).https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_34298_9df4c25b7b50f1eeb35af2b109d7e852.pdfFerdowsi University of MashhadJournal Of Agroecology2008-77136420141222Leaf appearance rate and seed yield of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) as affected by interfering effects of lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.)Leaf appearance rate and seed yield of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) as affected by interfering effects of lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.)7887973432410.22067/jag.v6i4.25970FABahram MirshekariJournal Article20130918In order to evaluation of seed production index in lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), leaf appearance and yield of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) under inter-specific competition a factorial experiment was conducted in Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Iran, during 2011-2012. Treatments were weed densities of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 plants per meter row and its relative emergence times of simultaneously, 10, 20 and 30 days after crop based on randomized complete blocks design in 3 replications. Dormancy in lambsquarters seeds was broken using gibberlic acid. Results indicated that 8th leaf in fennel appeared after 35.4 days. Time to appearance of 12th leaf in 0-4 weed plants per meter row was 50 days, while, in higher weed densities delayed averaged 11.5 days. With decreasing weed density and delaying it,s emergence time fennel seed yield increased. Essential oil yield of fennel reduced 25 mL ha-2, per weed plant. When lambsquarters density decreased and emerged after fennel, it,s seed production index reduced under competition with fennel. In those treatments which lambsquarters plants emerged along with the crop, seeds production weight was 9.8% of total plant weight, while, in other levels of lambsquarters emergence time were 5.8%, 3.6% and 3.8%, respectively. In this study, treatments with higher biomass production in lambsquarters had greater weed seed production per square meter and lower seed yield in fennel, that it could be used for lambsquarters management in fennel fields.In order to evaluation of seed production index in lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), leaf appearance and yield of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) under inter-specific competition a factorial experiment was conducted in Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch, Iran, during 2011-2012. Treatments were weed densities of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 plants per meter row and its relative emergence times of simultaneously, 10, 20 and 30 days after crop based on randomized complete blocks design in 3 replications. Dormancy in lambsquarters seeds was broken using gibberlic acid. Results indicated that 8th leaf in fennel appeared after 35.4 days. Time to appearance of 12th leaf in 0-4 weed plants per meter row was 50 days, while, in higher weed densities delayed averaged 11.5 days. With decreasing weed density and delaying it,s emergence time fennel seed yield increased. Essential oil yield of fennel reduced 25 mL ha-2, per weed plant. When lambsquarters density decreased and emerged after fennel, it,s seed production index reduced under competition with fennel. In those treatments which lambsquarters plants emerged along with the crop, seeds production weight was 9.8% of total plant weight, while, in other levels of lambsquarters emergence time were 5.8%, 3.6% and 3.8%, respectively. In this study, treatments with higher biomass production in lambsquarters had greater weed seed production per square meter and lower seed yield in fennel, that it could be used for lambsquarters management in fennel fields.https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_34324_8ae19b5207dbfe641e2a05b692378983.pdfFerdowsi University of MashhadJournal Of Agroecology2008-77136420141222Investigating some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of marjoram (Origanum vulgare virid) as affected by different levels of Azocompost and ureaInvestigating some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of marjoram (Origanum vulgare virid) as affected by different levels of Azocompost and urea7988113434110.22067/jag.v6i4.26720FARostam YazdaniBioukiDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran0000-0002-3827-3878Mohammad Bannayan AvalDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran0000-0001-6076-619Hamid Reza KhazaieDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, IranHamid SodaeeizadehDepartment of Natural Resources and Desertology, Faculty of Natural Resources, Yazd University, Yazd , IranJournal Article20131007In order to investigate the effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on growth characteristics of marjoram, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during 2012-2013 growing season. Treatments were comprised of four urea levels (0, 21.7, 108.7 and 195.7 kg.ha-1) and four Azocompost levels (0, 2.2, 11.1 and 20 ton.ha-1). The ratings from each fertilizer were adjusted separately based on 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N.ha-1. In the present study, several traits such as plant height, canopy area, number of lateral branches/plant, number of flowers/plant, dry weight of leaves and flowers, total dry weight, leaf area index, economic yield, harvest index, essential oil content and yield were measured. The results showed that main effects of chemical and Azocompost fertilizers on all characteristics of marjoram except for harvest index and essential oil content were significant. In addition, two-way interaction between experimental factors was significant for all traits except for essential oil content. Plants treated with 40 kg chemical fertilizer.ha-1 and 80 kg Azocompost.ha-1 had the highest values in all traits except for canopy area, total dry weight, essential oil content and yield. At the highest when compared with the lowest N level, a significant increase of 577.68 and 441.7 kg.ha-1 in economic yield occurred by applying Azocompost and urea, respectively. It seems that the application of Azocompost had better results than nitrogen fertilizer alone. The highest correlations (r=0.99**) occurred for number of branches/plant vs. plant height, for number of flowers/plant vs. plant height and for dry weight of leaves and flowers vs. economic yield. The number of lateral branches/plant (r=0.98**), leaf area (r=0.97**) and plant height (r=0.96**) had the highest positive correlation with economic yield, indicating the importance of these traits in contributing to final yield.In order to investigate the effect of organic and chemical fertilizers on growth characteristics of marjoram, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during 2012-2013 growing season. Treatments were comprised of four urea levels (0, 21.7, 108.7 and 195.7 kg.ha-1) and four Azocompost levels (0, 2.2, 11.1 and 20 ton.ha-1). The ratings from each fertilizer were adjusted separately based on 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N.ha-1. In the present study, several traits such as plant height, canopy area, number of lateral branches/plant, number of flowers/plant, dry weight of leaves and flowers, total dry weight, leaf area index, economic yield, harvest index, essential oil content and yield were measured. The results showed that main effects of chemical and Azocompost fertilizers on all characteristics of marjoram except for harvest index and essential oil content were significant. In addition, two-way interaction between experimental factors was significant for all traits except for essential oil content. Plants treated with 40 kg chemical fertilizer.ha-1 and 80 kg Azocompost.ha-1 had the highest values in all traits except for canopy area, total dry weight, essential oil content and yield. At the highest when compared with the lowest N level, a significant increase of 577.68 and 441.7 kg.ha-1 in economic yield occurred by applying Azocompost and urea, respectively. It seems that the application of Azocompost had better results than nitrogen fertilizer alone. The highest correlations (r=0.99**) occurred for number of branches/plant vs. plant height, for number of flowers/plant vs. plant height and for dry weight of leaves and flowers vs. economic yield. The number of lateral branches/plant (r=0.98**), leaf area (r=0.97**) and plant height (r=0.96**) had the highest positive correlation with economic yield, indicating the importance of these traits in contributing to final yield.https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_34341_481689597cfdcbd60663de5ad1159b2a.pdfFerdowsi University of MashhadJournal Of Agroecology2008-77136420141222Evaluation Diversity of agricultural plants and Effectiveness of management factors in Non-hunting of GharavizEvaluation Diversity of agricultural plants and Effectiveness of management factors in Non-hunting of Gharaviz8128223435510.22067/jag.v6i4.27212FAAshkan AsgariDepartment of Agroecology, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Iran0000-0002-4666-1520Kouros KhoshbakhtDepartment of Agroecology, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, IranSaeid SoufizadehDepartment of Agroecology, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, IranJafar KambouziaDepartment of Agroecology, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, IranJournal Article20131020Evaluation Diversity of agricultural plants and Effectiveness of management factors in Non-hunting of Gharaviz
Abstract
Biodiversity is the basis of agriculture. sustainable agriculture both promotes and is enhanced by biodiversity. During present study, agrobiodiversity and management factors were investigated in three villages of Gharaviz area and four villages in surroundings area, in Sarpole-Zahab County. Interested data were collected via farms reconnaissance and visitation and special questionnaires. Species richness index, Shannon - Wiener and Simpson's dominance is calculated. Results suggested Species existed in study area are belonged to seven families among them poacea, fabaceae and solanaceae have the highest contribution. Species of wheat and corn are cultivated in all of rural area. Correlation between farm type to species richness indices (0.429**), Shannon-Weiner (0.449**) and dominance Simpson index (-0.315**) was significant, in other words, dry farming or irrigated farm have been affected afore mentioned indices. Correlation between fertilizer application way with species richness indices (-0.413**), Shannon-wiener (-0.377**), and dominants index of Simpson (0.296**) also was significant. The more tendency and application of chemical fertilizers, the less crops biodiversity will be. Correlation between organic fertilizers application to species richness indices (0.452**), Shannon-Weiner (0.419**), and dominants index of Simpson (-0.338**) was significant that as organic fertilizer increases, crop biodiversity also increases. Also effect of chemical fertilizers application, fallowing, using cultivations instruments and machines, using selected seeds, chemical herbicides and biological input on biodiversity indices have been insignificant.
Keywords: biodiversity index, farm type, fertilizer application, organic fertilizersEvaluation Diversity of agricultural plants and Effectiveness of management factors in Non-hunting of Gharaviz
Abstract
Biodiversity is the basis of agriculture. sustainable agriculture both promotes and is enhanced by biodiversity. During present study, agrobiodiversity and management factors were investigated in three villages of Gharaviz area and four villages in surroundings area, in Sarpole-Zahab County. Interested data were collected via farms reconnaissance and visitation and special questionnaires. Species richness index, Shannon - Wiener and Simpson's dominance is calculated. Results suggested Species existed in study area are belonged to seven families among them poacea, fabaceae and solanaceae have the highest contribution. Species of wheat and corn are cultivated in all of rural area. Correlation between farm type to species richness indices (0.429**), Shannon-Weiner (0.449**) and dominance Simpson index (-0.315**) was significant, in other words, dry farming or irrigated farm have been affected afore mentioned indices. Correlation between fertilizer application way with species richness indices (-0.413**), Shannon-wiener (-0.377**), and dominants index of Simpson (0.296**) also was significant. The more tendency and application of chemical fertilizers, the less crops biodiversity will be. Correlation between organic fertilizers application to species richness indices (0.452**), Shannon-Weiner (0.419**), and dominants index of Simpson (-0.338**) was significant that as organic fertilizer increases, crop biodiversity also increases. Also effect of chemical fertilizers application, fallowing, using cultivations instruments and machines, using selected seeds, chemical herbicides and biological input on biodiversity indices have been insignificant.
Keywords: biodiversity index, farm type, fertilizer application, organic fertilizershttps://agry.um.ac.ir/article_34355_dcdea1ee685b8a98db557d22c7a1c8de.pdfFerdowsi University of MashhadJournal Of Agroecology2008-77136420141222CO2 emission and global warming potential (GWP) of energy consumption in paddy field production systemsCO2 emission and global warming potential (GWP) of energy consumption in paddy field production systems8238353436710.22067/jag.v6i4.27517FASalman DastanDepartment of Agricultural Sciences, Payame Noor University, IranAfshin SoltaniDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran0000-0002-6941-4047Ghorban NoormohamadiIslamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran, IranHamid MadaniDepartment of Agronomy, Shahre-Quds Branch, Islamic Azad University, IranJournal Article20131027The objectives of this study was to estimation of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and global warming in rice production and identify measures to reducing fossil energy use and greenhouse gases emissions. Three rice production systems included SRI, improved and conventional were studied. All activities, field operation and data in production methods and differents inputs rates were monitored and recorded in 2011e2012. Results showed that averages of total energy input in production systems was 22793.02 MJ ha-1 that the least energy input equal 16102.98 MJ ha-1 was observed in SRI. Electricity had the most contribution of energy input in production systems that the greatest global warming and GHGs accounted. Nitrogen fertilizer and fuel were ranked in second and third in GHGs. Average across rice production, GWP were estimated equal to 2307.33 kg CO2-eq ha-1. The maximum and minimum GWP equal to 1640 and 2554 kg CO2-eq ha-1 equivalent to 255.8 and 479.3 kg eq-CO2 GJ-1 were obtained in SRI and conventional systems, respectively. The minimum and maximum GWP per unit energy input was the minimum were in SRI and was the maximum in conventional system. SRI had the least GWP per unit energy output and improved system was ranked in seconed. Therefore, it was concluded that GWP had the positive correlation with field management methods and inputs use.The objectives of this study was to estimation of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and global warming in rice production and identify measures to reducing fossil energy use and greenhouse gases emissions. Three rice production systems included SRI, improved and conventional were studied. All activities, field operation and data in production methods and differents inputs rates were monitored and recorded in 2011e2012. Results showed that averages of total energy input in production systems was 22793.02 MJ ha-1 that the least energy input equal 16102.98 MJ ha-1 was observed in SRI. Electricity had the most contribution of energy input in production systems that the greatest global warming and GHGs accounted. Nitrogen fertilizer and fuel were ranked in second and third in GHGs. Average across rice production, GWP were estimated equal to 2307.33 kg CO2-eq ha-1. The maximum and minimum GWP equal to 1640 and 2554 kg CO2-eq ha-1 equivalent to 255.8 and 479.3 kg eq-CO2 GJ-1 were obtained in SRI and conventional systems, respectively. The minimum and maximum GWP per unit energy input was the minimum were in SRI and was the maximum in conventional system. SRI had the least GWP per unit energy output and improved system was ranked in seconed. Therefore, it was concluded that GWP had the positive correlation with field management methods and inputs use.https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_34367_7e77d055b0b869f4ccde8d7ec9cdf8bd.pdfFerdowsi University of MashhadJournal Of Agroecology2008-77136420141222Investigation of thermal requirement, growth and yield characteristics of two species of Persian shallot (Allium altissimum and A. hertifulium ) in different density, bulb weight and flowering stem removingInvestigation of thermal requirement, growth and yield characteristics of two species of Persian shallot (Allium altissimum and A. hertifulium ) in different density, bulb weight and flowering stem removing8368473438210.22067/jag.v6i4.27938FASamira SabzevariDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranMohammad KafiDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranMohamad Bannayan AvalDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran0000-0001-6076-619Hamid Reza KhazaieDepartment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, IranJournal Article20131108Persian shallot is one of the important medicinal and industrial plants in Iran which is under very dense utilization. Study of morphological characteristics in this plant in agronomical systems is very important for expanding agronomic production of this plant. In order to evaluate some physiological, yield characteristics and thermal requirement of two species of shallot, a field experiment was conducted in 2012-2013at Research Field of Fersowsi University of Mashhad. In this study Allium altissimum from Khorasan and A. hertifulim) from Lorestan, two groups of bulb weight (10-20 and 20-30 g), with three plant densities (10, 20 and 30 plantsm2). A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted. The results showed that in all phonological and yield charactristics, A.hertifulium was significantly weaker than A.altissimum. Leaf area and shoot dry weight in different plant densities and bulb weight in A.hertifulium was significantly lower than A.altissimum. The results also indicated that thermal requirement of A. hertifulium was more less than the other species. Growth duration in A.hertifulium was 239 days with 1664 growing degree days (GDD) whereas A.altissimum needed 252 days with 2000 GDD. Plant density of 30 plant/m2 caused a significant reduction in yield and bulb weight of A.altissimum but the number of bulb per m2 was increased significantly. Same results were shown in A.hertifulium up to 20 plant/m2. Removing flowering stem treatment had significant effect on yield charactristics in both species. Removing flowering stem caused accumulation of more dry and fresh weight, diameter and volume in harvested bulbs compared to control.Persian shallot is one of the important medicinal and industrial plants in Iran which is under very dense utilization. Study of morphological characteristics in this plant in agronomical systems is very important for expanding agronomic production of this plant. In order to evaluate some physiological, yield characteristics and thermal requirement of two species of shallot, a field experiment was conducted in 2012-2013at Research Field of Fersowsi University of Mashhad. In this study Allium altissimum from Khorasan and A. hertifulim) from Lorestan, two groups of bulb weight (10-20 and 20-30 g), with three plant densities (10, 20 and 30 plantsm2). A factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted. The results showed that in all phonological and yield charactristics, A.hertifulium was significantly weaker than A.altissimum. Leaf area and shoot dry weight in different plant densities and bulb weight in A.hertifulium was significantly lower than A.altissimum. The results also indicated that thermal requirement of A. hertifulium was more less than the other species. Growth duration in A.hertifulium was 239 days with 1664 growing degree days (GDD) whereas A.altissimum needed 252 days with 2000 GDD. Plant density of 30 plant/m2 caused a significant reduction in yield and bulb weight of A.altissimum but the number of bulb per m2 was increased significantly. Same results were shown in A.hertifulium up to 20 plant/m2. Removing flowering stem treatment had significant effect on yield charactristics in both species. Removing flowering stem caused accumulation of more dry and fresh weight, diameter and volume in harvested bulbs compared to control.https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_34382_2959c7fcef2522e3be258b03f67494bb.pdfFerdowsi University of MashhadJournal Of Agroecology2008-77136420141222Effect of row spacing and plant density on yield quality and quantity of soybean under weed competitionEffect of row spacing and plant density on yield quality and quantity of soybean under weed competition8488573439310.22067/jag.v6i4.28797FAZahra JozarianDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, IranAlireza YadaviDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, IranMohsen Movahedi DehnaviDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, IranEisa MaghsodiDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, IranJournal Article20131127In order to study the effect of row spacing and plant density on quantity and quality yield of soybean in weed competitive condition, a field experiment was carried out at research farm of Yasuj Agricultural College in summer of 2011. Experiment arrangement was split factorial base on randomized complete block design with three replication. The main factor included weed ( in two levels of control and non control of natural weed flora) and sub plots involved factorial of soybean row spacing ( whit three levels 30, 45 and 60 cm) and plant density (with three levels 40, 50 and 60 plants per square meter). Results showed increased density and reduced row spacing increased soybean yield so that the maximum grain yield was obtained in 60 plants per square meter (2405 kg.ha-1) and 30 cm row spacing (2368 kg.ha-1). Weed competition reduced by 37 percent soybean grain yield. Increasing density and decreasing row space increased oil yield, whereas weed competition reduced by 38 percent oil yield. Also with increased density and reduced soybean row spacing, weed dry weight was reduced, so that the minimum weight was obtained of row spacing of 30 cm (531/3g) and plant density of 60 plants m (523/2 g). The results indicating the effectiveness of the increase density and reducing row spacing of soybean for weed control.In order to study the effect of row spacing and plant density on quantity and quality yield of soybean in weed competitive condition, a field experiment was carried out at research farm of Yasuj Agricultural College in summer of 2011. Experiment arrangement was split factorial base on randomized complete block design with three replication. The main factor included weed ( in two levels of control and non control of natural weed flora) and sub plots involved factorial of soybean row spacing ( whit three levels 30, 45 and 60 cm) and plant density (with three levels 40, 50 and 60 plants per square meter). Results showed increased density and reduced row spacing increased soybean yield so that the maximum grain yield was obtained in 60 plants per square meter (2405 kg.ha-1) and 30 cm row spacing (2368 kg.ha-1). Weed competition reduced by 37 percent soybean grain yield. Increasing density and decreasing row space increased oil yield, whereas weed competition reduced by 38 percent oil yield. Also with increased density and reduced soybean row spacing, weed dry weight was reduced, so that the minimum weight was obtained of row spacing of 30 cm (531/3g) and plant density of 60 plants m (523/2 g). The results indicating the effectiveness of the increase density and reducing row spacing of soybean for weed control.https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_34393_fada9601970e195c6e95821561491d5b.pdfFerdowsi University of MashhadJournal Of Agroecology2008-77136420141222Effects of Deficit Irrigation on Yield and Yield Components of Maize and Determining of Water Productivity in Nekuabad Irrigation NetworkEffects of Deficit Irrigation on Yield and Yield Components of Maize and Determining of Water Productivity in Nekuabad Irrigation Network8588693441310.22067/jag.v6i4.29135FAHamid Reza SalemiAli Reza TavakoliNader HeydariJournal Article20131205To illustrate the impact of various levels of deficit irrigation on yield and yield components of maize cultivars, a study was conducted based on randomized complete blocks as a split plot design with 3 replicates and two treatments for three crop seasons. four levels of deficit irrigation including: conventional, 100, 80, and 60% of water level use were considered as main plots and two varieties (704 and 647) as subplots in a experimental site located in shahid fozveh research station. Significant differences (P≤0.05) were noticeable in grain yield, as well as depth and column of kernel among the irrigation treatments. In addition, the effects of cultivars on grain yield, 1000 kernel weight, number of kernel per ear row, number of kernel per column, and depth of kernels were non significant. Results showed that, a decrease of 36 percent water applied (60% irrigation level treatment) compared to full irrigation, yield declined 11.4% and a decrease of 20 percent water applied (80% irrigation level treatment) compared to full irrigation, yield declined only 2%. Based on the results and considering the quantitative characteristics of the crop, it was established that for the deficit irrigating of maize, the 80% irrigation level is the most advantageous treatment when water is not limited. However, when higher water productivity and the possibility of using the water saved are taken into consideration during severe drought conditions, 60% irrigation level treatment is recommended.To illustrate the impact of various levels of deficit irrigation on yield and yield components of maize cultivars, a study was conducted based on randomized complete blocks as a split plot design with 3 replicates and two treatments for three crop seasons. four levels of deficit irrigation including: conventional, 100, 80, and 60% of water level use were considered as main plots and two varieties (704 and 647) as subplots in a experimental site located in shahid fozveh research station. Significant differences (P≤0.05) were noticeable in grain yield, as well as depth and column of kernel among the irrigation treatments. In addition, the effects of cultivars on grain yield, 1000 kernel weight, number of kernel per ear row, number of kernel per column, and depth of kernels were non significant. Results showed that, a decrease of 36 percent water applied (60% irrigation level treatment) compared to full irrigation, yield declined 11.4% and a decrease of 20 percent water applied (80% irrigation level treatment) compared to full irrigation, yield declined only 2%. Based on the results and considering the quantitative characteristics of the crop, it was established that for the deficit irrigating of maize, the 80% irrigation level is the most advantageous treatment when water is not limited. However, when higher water productivity and the possibility of using the water saved are taken into consideration during severe drought conditions, 60% irrigation level treatment is recommended.https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_34413_1ecf69954c99fbb3e8b19e2430dba495.pdfFerdowsi University of MashhadJournal Of Agroecology2008-77136420141222Effects of biofertilizers on growth criteria, quantitative and qualitative yield of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.)Effects of biofertilizers on growth criteria, quantitative and qualitative yield of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.)8708793442410.22067/jag.v6i4.30571FAAzizah Faraji-MehmanyDepartment of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, IranBehrooz EsmaielpourDepartment of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran0000-0002-7080-0236Fatemeh SefidkonResearch Institute of Forests and Rangelands, IranBohlool AbbaszadehResearch Institute of Forests and Rangelands, IranKazem KhavaziSoil and Water Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, IranAliReza GhanbariDepartment of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, IranJournal Article20140105In order to investigate the effects of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPRs) inoculation on the growth, yield and quality of eesetial oils of Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L .) a pot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replication were conducted in field of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands at 2012. Bacterial treatments include suspension of three species of rhizobacteria namely Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Pseudomonas suspension in single and combination application of these bacteria include Azotobacter- Azospirillum, Azotobacter –Pseudomonas, Azospirillum-Pseudomonas, Azotobacter- Azosperillium-Pseudomonas and control (without inoculation of any bacteria), which applied as root inoculation on summer savory plants. Results revealed that inoculation of plants with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria had significant effect on all of assessed parameters such as vegetative growth criteria and essential oil yield and quality. The highest value for traits such as plant height (45.67 cm), canopy diameter (40.54 cm), dry weight of shoot( 33.82 g/p), aerial part yield(3578 kg/ha), leaf yield (451 kg/ha), inflorescence yield(1398 kg/ha), essential oil weight percentage(2.33 %) essential oil efficiency (2.43 %) and essential oil yield (76.8 %) were obtained by application of Azotobacter- Azosperillium-Pseudomonas combination and the lowest amount for all of mentioned traits were achieved in control treatment. The highest amount for α-terpinene( 53 mg/l) thymole (48.5 mg/l) were obtained by inoculation ith Azotobacter –Pseudomonas combination and Azotobacter respectively. Results of this experiment indicated that inoculation of summer savory plants with combination of three assessed plant growth promoting rhizobacteria leads to the highest indices for plant dry weight and essential oil yield. In general Inoculation of summer savory plants by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria enhancing root growth and development supplying favorable condition for plant growth with respect to supplying better condition for water and nutritional elements absorption from soils.In order to investigate the effects of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPRs) inoculation on the growth, yield and quality of eesetial oils of Summer savory (Satureja hortensis L .) a pot experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replication were conducted in field of Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands at 2012. Bacterial treatments include suspension of three species of rhizobacteria namely Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Pseudomonas suspension in single and combination application of these bacteria include Azotobacter- Azospirillum, Azotobacter –Pseudomonas, Azospirillum-Pseudomonas, Azotobacter- Azosperillium-Pseudomonas and control (without inoculation of any bacteria), which applied as root inoculation on summer savory plants. Results revealed that inoculation of plants with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria had significant effect on all of assessed parameters such as vegetative growth criteria and essential oil yield and quality. The highest value for traits such as plant height (45.67 cm), canopy diameter (40.54 cm), dry weight of shoot( 33.82 g/p), aerial part yield(3578 kg/ha), leaf yield (451 kg/ha), inflorescence yield(1398 kg/ha), essential oil weight percentage(2.33 %) essential oil efficiency (2.43 %) and essential oil yield (76.8 %) were obtained by application of Azotobacter- Azosperillium-Pseudomonas combination and the lowest amount for all of mentioned traits were achieved in control treatment. The highest amount for α-terpinene( 53 mg/l) thymole (48.5 mg/l) were obtained by inoculation ith Azotobacter –Pseudomonas combination and Azotobacter respectively. Results of this experiment indicated that inoculation of summer savory plants with combination of three assessed plant growth promoting rhizobacteria leads to the highest indices for plant dry weight and essential oil yield. In general Inoculation of summer savory plants by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria enhancing root growth and development supplying favorable condition for plant growth with respect to supplying better condition for water and nutritional elements absorption from soils.https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_34424_d72727a7f9deca949997a0f354c6b67a.pdfFerdowsi University of MashhadJournal Of Agroecology2008-77136420141222Assessing production systems and biodiversity of medicinal plants in agroecosystems of Qazvin provinceAssessing production systems and biodiversity of medicinal plants in agroecosystems of Qazvin province8808903444210.22067/jag.v6i4.45989FALeyla TabriziDepartment of Horticultural Sciences and Green Space Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Tehran University of Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, Karaj, IranParvin AminiDepartment of Horticultural Sciences and Green Space Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Tehran University of Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, Karaj, IranKouros KhoshbakhtDepartment of Agroecology, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, IranJournal Article20150419In order to investigate biodiversity and production of cultivated medicinal plants in agroecosystems of Qazvin province, a study was conducted during year of 2011. Interviews were carried out with farmers by using semi-structured questionnaire to obtain information regarding to biodiversity and medicinal plants production systems in main regions under cultivation of medicinal plants including four regions of Qazvin province (Takestan, Abyek, Qazvin and Alamut). Then agrobiodiversity criteria such as species richness, diversity indices and Sorenson similarity index of medicinal plants were calculated. The results indicated that 36 medicinal plants species were cultivated in Qazvin province in which the most medicinal plants species under cultivation were belonged to Lamiaceae, Asteraceae and Apiaceae families. In addition, around 70% of medicinal plants agroecosystems in studied area were managed based on low input cropping systems. In general, species richness, was 16, 1, 24 and 20 in Takestan, Abyek, Qazvin and Alamut, respectively and also Shannon-Wiener index and species evenness index were 0.47 and 0.28, respectively in Qazvin province. Based on Sorenson similarity index, the highest similarity (0.61) was observed between Takestan and Alamut regions whereas Abyek with Qazvin and also Abyek with Alamut showed the lowest amount of similarity index. In general, results of this study revealed that Qazvin region was superior in most studied criteria compared to other studied regions that could be due to existence of medicinal plant industry in addition to geographical parameters in this region.In order to investigate biodiversity and production of cultivated medicinal plants in agroecosystems of Qazvin province, a study was conducted during year of 2011. Interviews were carried out with farmers by using semi-structured questionnaire to obtain information regarding to biodiversity and medicinal plants production systems in main regions under cultivation of medicinal plants including four regions of Qazvin province (Takestan, Abyek, Qazvin and Alamut). Then agrobiodiversity criteria such as species richness, diversity indices and Sorenson similarity index of medicinal plants were calculated. The results indicated that 36 medicinal plants species were cultivated in Qazvin province in which the most medicinal plants species under cultivation were belonged to Lamiaceae, Asteraceae and Apiaceae families. In addition, around 70% of medicinal plants agroecosystems in studied area were managed based on low input cropping systems. In general, species richness, was 16, 1, 24 and 20 in Takestan, Abyek, Qazvin and Alamut, respectively and also Shannon-Wiener index and species evenness index were 0.47 and 0.28, respectively in Qazvin province. Based on Sorenson similarity index, the highest similarity (0.61) was observed between Takestan and Alamut regions whereas Abyek with Qazvin and also Abyek with Alamut showed the lowest amount of similarity index. In general, results of this study revealed that Qazvin region was superior in most studied criteria compared to other studied regions that could be due to existence of medicinal plant industry in addition to geographical parameters in this region.https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_34442_9f42817531e3ba74624eef4b54e25099.pdfFerdowsi University of MashhadJournal Of Agroecology2008-77136420141222The comparison of micro elements (Mn, Fe and Zn) and heavy metals (Co, Cr and Cd) in the soil of perennial farms of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in southern Khorasan ProvinceThe comparison of micro elements (Mn, Fe and Zn) and heavy metals (Co, Cr and Cd) in the soil of perennial farms of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in southern Khorasan Province8919043447210.22067/jag.v6i4.34982FAMohammad Ali BehdaniSaffron Research Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran.Mohammad Hasan Sayyari ZahanDepartment of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, IranAli AlahrasaniDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand, Birjand, IranAlireza NakhaeiDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Birjand, Birjand, IranJournal Article20140509In order to study concentrations of soil micro and heavy metal elements in some saffron planting regions of Birjand Province, an experiment was performed as factorial layout based on a completely randomized block design with three replications at year 2013. Treatments were three field ages (annual, triennial and quinquennial) and five saffron regions including Aryan shahr, Hosseinabad, Khosef, Golferiz and Mahmoei. Soil microelement and hevey methal concentrations such as Fe, Zn, Mn, Co, Cr and Cd of soil were measured. The results showed that the concentrations of Fe, Zn, Mn and Cr in soil were significantly affected by field age (p≤0.05). Effect of planting region was significant on soil Fe, Zn, Mn, Co and Cr concentrations (p≤0.01). Interaction effects between field age and planting region were significant on Fe, Zn and Co concentrations (p≤0.01). By increasing in field age soil Zn concentration was declined and heavy metal concentrations such as Co, Cr and Cd of soil were enhanced. Mn concentration in the quinquennial fields was 29 and 34% higher than annual and triennial first fields, respectively. Co content in the quinquennial fields was 53 and 46% higher than annual and triennial first fields, respectively. The maximum and minimum Fe concentrations were observed with 1.65 and 0.77 ppm for the fields of Khosef and Hosseinabad, respectively. The highest and lowest Fe concentrations were obtained with 2.436 and 0.77 ppm for the annual fields of Khosef and Hosseinabad, respectively. The highest Co concentrations were recorded in Hosseinabad and Khosef fields with 8.7 and 4.31 ppm, respectively. Thus, it is recommended to use ecological managemens such as reducing the application of chemical fertilizers and improving the organic fertilizers to decline the concentrations of these elements in saffron fields.In order to study concentrations of soil micro and heavy metal elements in some saffron planting regions of Birjand Province, an experiment was performed as factorial layout based on a completely randomized block design with three replications at year 2013. Treatments were three field ages (annual, triennial and quinquennial) and five saffron regions including Aryan shahr, Hosseinabad, Khosef, Golferiz and Mahmoei. Soil microelement and hevey methal concentrations such as Fe, Zn, Mn, Co, Cr and Cd of soil were measured. The results showed that the concentrations of Fe, Zn, Mn and Cr in soil were significantly affected by field age (p≤0.05). Effect of planting region was significant on soil Fe, Zn, Mn, Co and Cr concentrations (p≤0.01). Interaction effects between field age and planting region were significant on Fe, Zn and Co concentrations (p≤0.01). By increasing in field age soil Zn concentration was declined and heavy metal concentrations such as Co, Cr and Cd of soil were enhanced. Mn concentration in the quinquennial fields was 29 and 34% higher than annual and triennial first fields, respectively. Co content in the quinquennial fields was 53 and 46% higher than annual and triennial first fields, respectively. The maximum and minimum Fe concentrations were observed with 1.65 and 0.77 ppm for the fields of Khosef and Hosseinabad, respectively. The highest and lowest Fe concentrations were obtained with 2.436 and 0.77 ppm for the annual fields of Khosef and Hosseinabad, respectively. The highest Co concentrations were recorded in Hosseinabad and Khosef fields with 8.7 and 4.31 ppm, respectively. Thus, it is recommended to use ecological managemens such as reducing the application of chemical fertilizers and improving the organic fertilizers to decline the concentrations of these elements in saffron fields.https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_34472_43734a5668fb615da6f4599710d3c35c.pdfFerdowsi University of MashhadJournal Of Agroecology2008-77136420141222A Comparison of Utilization Systems In terms of Energy Consumption of Soybean production in Moghan RegionA Comparison of Utilization Systems In terms of Energy Consumption of Soybean production in Moghan Region9059153448610.22067/jag.v6i4.35426FAAbulfazl BroumandMohammanhossein : AghkhaniHassan SadrniaJournal Article20140523Abstract
The aim of this survey is to compare utilization systems (cooperative, private and governmental) methods of energy consumption in Soybean production and the evaluation of energy inputs effect in yield of Soybean in Moghan. For this purpose, the information were collected from 54 private farmers, 14 cooperative members farmers and 14 agro-industry units by questionnaire method. The maximum input energy was observed in governmental utilization system (26784/84MJ/ha), followed by cooperative utilization system (24815/94MJ/ha). Furthermore, the output energy in governmental utilization system, cooperative and private were calculated 43627/5, 41947/5 and 39948.61 MJ ha-1 respectively.The share of renewable energy of the total energy input in cooperative utilization system, private and governmental was estimated 37.47%, 37/84% and 31/07% respectively and share of non-renewable energy was respectively 62/53%, 62/16% and 68/93% of the total energy input.The share of non- renewable energy for Soybean production was relatively high and efforts should be made to substitute renewable sources for some part of the non- renewable sources. Energy analysis indicated, that output–input energy ratio in cooperative utilization system, private and governmental were 1/68, 1/63 and 1/62 respectively. Cooperative utilization system in all energy indices, was a better option as compared to private utilization system and governmental utilization system. In order to find the relationship between energy inputs and yield, Cobb-Douglass production function was used. The elasticity Production estimates indicated, that among the energy inputs, irrigation is the most important input that influences total energy of Soybean production.Abstract
The aim of this survey is to compare utilization systems (cooperative, private and governmental) methods of energy consumption in Soybean production and the evaluation of energy inputs effect in yield of Soybean in Moghan. For this purpose, the information were collected from 54 private farmers, 14 cooperative members farmers and 14 agro-industry units by questionnaire method. The maximum input energy was observed in governmental utilization system (26784/84MJ/ha), followed by cooperative utilization system (24815/94MJ/ha). Furthermore, the output energy in governmental utilization system, cooperative and private were calculated 43627/5, 41947/5 and 39948.61 MJ ha-1 respectively.The share of renewable energy of the total energy input in cooperative utilization system, private and governmental was estimated 37.47%, 37/84% and 31/07% respectively and share of non-renewable energy was respectively 62/53%, 62/16% and 68/93% of the total energy input.The share of non- renewable energy for Soybean production was relatively high and efforts should be made to substitute renewable sources for some part of the non- renewable sources. Energy analysis indicated, that output–input energy ratio in cooperative utilization system, private and governmental were 1/68, 1/63 and 1/62 respectively. Cooperative utilization system in all energy indices, was a better option as compared to private utilization system and governmental utilization system. In order to find the relationship between energy inputs and yield, Cobb-Douglass production function was used. The elasticity Production estimates indicated, that among the energy inputs, irrigation is the most important input that influences total energy of Soybean production.https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_34486_08419764ad2759d11245681d4399a31d.pdfFerdowsi University of MashhadJournal Of Agroecology2008-77136420141222Phytoextraction and estimating optimal time for remediation of Cd-contaminated soils by SpinachPhytoextraction and estimating optimal time for remediation of Cd-contaminated soils by Spinach9169263449910.22067/jag.v6i4.35639FASomayyeh Eisazadeh LazarjanSafoora Asadi KapourchalUniversity of GuilanMehdi HomaeeTarbiat Modares UniversityJournal Article20140528The so-called phytoextraction in which hyperaccumulator plants are used to remediate the contaminated soils is proven to be an efficient method. The objective of this study was to investigate the capability of Spinach for phytoremediation of cadmium from Cd-contaminated soils and determine the efficiency extent of spinach for phytoremediation. For this purpose, a randomized block experimental design whit five treatments including 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 mg Cd/ kg soil and three replications was established in the greenhouse. After contamination the soils with different levels of cadmium, spinach seeds were planted. When plants were fully developed, plants were harvested and their cadmium contents in shoot and roots as well as the soil-cadmium were measured. The results indicated that by increasing Cd concentration in soil, the major Cd accumulation was occurred in the roots rather than shoots. Maximum cadmium concentration within the shoots and roots was 73.7 and 75.86 mg/kg soil, respectively. According to Spinach ability to absorb high concentration of cadmium in the root zone and its high biomass and capability of Cadmium accumulation in shoots, Spinach can be used as hyperaccumulator plant to remediate cadmium from Cd-contaminated soils. But, according to minimum remediation time and maximum dry matter for the 30 mg Cd/ kg soil, maximum Cd extracted by shoots in hectare/year was in 30 mg Cd/ kg soil. It can be concluded that Spinach is a suitable plant for phytoremediation of slightly and to moderately cadmium contaminated soils.The so-called phytoextraction in which hyperaccumulator plants are used to remediate the contaminated soils is proven to be an efficient method. The objective of this study was to investigate the capability of Spinach for phytoremediation of cadmium from Cd-contaminated soils and determine the efficiency extent of spinach for phytoremediation. For this purpose, a randomized block experimental design whit five treatments including 0, 15, 30, 60 and 120 mg Cd/ kg soil and three replications was established in the greenhouse. After contamination the soils with different levels of cadmium, spinach seeds were planted. When plants were fully developed, plants were harvested and their cadmium contents in shoot and roots as well as the soil-cadmium were measured. The results indicated that by increasing Cd concentration in soil, the major Cd accumulation was occurred in the roots rather than shoots. Maximum cadmium concentration within the shoots and roots was 73.7 and 75.86 mg/kg soil, respectively. According to Spinach ability to absorb high concentration of cadmium in the root zone and its high biomass and capability of Cadmium accumulation in shoots, Spinach can be used as hyperaccumulator plant to remediate cadmium from Cd-contaminated soils. But, according to minimum remediation time and maximum dry matter for the 30 mg Cd/ kg soil, maximum Cd extracted by shoots in hectare/year was in 30 mg Cd/ kg soil. It can be concluded that Spinach is a suitable plant for phytoremediation of slightly and to moderately cadmium contaminated soils.https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_34499_0ca8d68a8d450f1b7d8125a59ce11403.pdfFerdowsi University of MashhadJournal Of Agroecology2008-77136420141222AbstractsAbstracts9279463451910.22067/jag.v6i4.46196FAJournal Of AgroecologyJournal Article20150425--https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_34519_dbef7ac23b5ecb6a04ebde8814960a04.pdf