ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Energy Flow and GHG Emissions in Major Field and Horticultural Crop Production Systems (Case Study: Sharif Abad Plain)
Introduction[1]
Energy use patterns and Green House Gas (GHG) emissions from agro-ecosystems vary depending on the farming system; cropping pattern; crop season; the level of technology; the size of the population engaged in agriculture; nature and amount of chemical fertilizer; harvesting and threshing operations; and ultimately yield levels. Worldwide, about 5% of the total energy is used in agriculture section that is directly linked to GHGs emissions. According to reports, agricultural GHG emissions account for 10–12% of all anthropogenic GHG emissions. Therefore, efficient use of energy in farming systems is one of the most important implications for decreasing GHG emissions and mitigating global warming. A good understanding of energy flow and GHG emissions in agricultural production systems will help to optimize crop management practices thereby reducing the environmental footprints of energy inputs and promoting sustainable agriculture. This paper describes the energy use patterns and global warming potential for major crop production systems in Sharif Abad plain located in Qom province, Iran.
Materials and methods
The study area relates to the Sharif Abad plain, located in the Qom province in north-central Iran. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews with 183 farmers in the year 2018. A questionnaire form was designed to collect the required information related to various input uses (electricity, biocides, fertilizers, etc.), operation times, crop yields, etc. The selection of producers was based on cropping patterns and the fact that the farmers should be representative of the selected crops. The simple random sampling method was used to determine the survey volume. The studied field crops and horticultural crops were wheat (Triticum aestivum. L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), corn silage (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) and grape (Vitis vinifera L.). In the present study, input and output values for perennial crops (alfalfa, pistachio, pomegranate, and grape) are represented as averages of the crop production cycle.
Results and discussion
Results showed that, in terms of total energy input, alfalfa (94,906 MJ.ha−1), pomegranate (79,696 Mj.ha−1), and grape (78,984 MJ.ha−1) production systems were more energy-intensive than other crops. Among the studied crops, the highest values of output energy were related to alfalfa (218,567 MJ.ha−1), corn silage (171,810 MJ.ha−1) and wheat (123,430 MJ.ha−1) production systems, respectively. Also, it was observed that the highest values of energy use efficiency and specific energy were related to barley (2.9) and cotton (72.7 MJ.kg−1), respectively. Among all the studied crops, the highest values of global warming potential were calculated to be 12,294 kg CO2eq ha−1 for the alfalfa production system followed by the pomegranate (10,484 kg CO2eq ha−1) and grape (10,085 kg CO2eq ha−1) production systems. In the average of all crops, electric power accounted for the greatest GHG emissions, followed by diesel and nitrogen fertilizer. The proportion of direct energy (human labor, diesel fuel, water for irrigation, and electricity) in the studied crops was greater than the indirect form (seed, chemical fertilizer, manure, pesticides, and machinery). Also, the amount of non-renewable energy (electricity, chemical fertilizer, diesel fuel, pesticides, and machinery) in all the investigated crops was higher than of the renewable form (human labor, seed, water for irrigation and manure).
Conclusion
It can be inferred from the present study that in all of studied crops, notable part of energy used and GHG emissions were related to electric power. In the study area, entire electrical power is consumed in irrigation practices. Therefore, optimal management of water and nitrogen in crop production systems are the ways that should be considered to improve energy performance and decrease the GHG emissions. Also, management of plant nutrients by renewable resources like farmyard manure and green manures would increase rate of renewable energy.
https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_36966_ff1e58c8a11ddd89042b528c05852e76.pdf
2019-06-22
365
382
10.22067/jag.v11i2.81742
Agroecosystem analysis
Energy Efficiency
Global warming
Sharif Abad plain
Javad
Vafabakhsh
j.vafabakhsh@areo.ir
1
Seed and Plant Improvement Research Department, Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Reseach and Education Center, AREEO, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Arash
Mohammadzadeh
a_mohammadzadeh@sbu.ac.ir
2
Department of Agroecology, Research Institute of Environmental Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation the Effect of Inoculation Time of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteira on Macroelements Uptake and Yield of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.(
Introduction
Poor soil fertility is one of the main problems that limit the successful agricultural production and the global economy. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate or correct poor soil fertility, by providing vital nutrients for optimum plant growth. Improving soil fertility through fertilizer can increase crop production per unit area. But excess use of chemical fertilizers, in addition to disrupting the biological balance, nutrition and physical properties of soils, causes to environmental hazards, pollution of surface and ground water resources. Biofertilizers can reinforcement soil fertility and provide the required plant nutrition with respect of sustainable agriculture. These organisms not only stimulate the growth of plants by helping the specific elements, but also reduce disease, improve soil structure and consequently increase the quantity and quality of their product. Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Azospirillum, Azotobater and Rhizobium are the most important plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Several mechanisms have been suggested by which PGPR can promote plant growth, including auxins, enhancing stress resistance, asymbiotic N2 fixation, solubilization of inorganic phosphate, mineralization of organic phosphate or other nutrients and inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms.
Materials and methods
In order to determine the best time of application of Pseudomonas ssp. strains (sp.S10-1 + sp.S19-1 , sp.S14-3 + sp.S19-1 , sp.S19-1+ sp.S21-1) as a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on growth and nutritional characteristics of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Super Chief) an experiment based on randomized complete block designed with 8 treatments and 3 replications in field of research station Khalatpoushan Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University. Treatments used in this experiment included : 1- Inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria sp.S10-1 + Pseudomonas sp.S19-1 during seed planting in the nursery, 2- Inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria sp.S14-3+Pseudomonas sp.S19-1 during seed planting in the nursery, 3- Inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria sp.S19-1+Pseudomonas sp.S21-1 during seed planting in the nursery, 4- Inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria sp.S10-1 + Pseudomonas sp.S19-1 during planting seedlings in the main land 5- Inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria sp.S14-3+Pseudomonas sp.S19-1 during planting seedlings in the main land 6- Inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria sp.S19-1+Pseudomonas sp.S21-1 during planting seedlings in the main land 7- control treatment without bacteria inoculation 8- fertilizer treatment (according to the soil test).
Results and discussion
The result showed that the effects of the timing of bacteria inoculation on tomato characters such as yield, fruit size and the percentage of marketable fruit, percentage of K, vitamin C is meaningful and the highest amount of yield, fruit size, the percentage of marketable fruit, percentage of K in fruit was in T2 treatment concluded (4130.9 g m-2 and 60.22 and 31.18 and 4.7 mg g-1) respectively and the highest amounts of the vitamin C in T3 treatment as 7.02 mg 100g-1 fruit weight. However the other measured traits, including percentage of percentage of N, P in plant leaves, length and diameter of fruit and percentage of the dry matter did not affected by the timing of bacteria inoculation. According to the result timing of bacteria inoculation has a significant effect on yield and quality improvement of tomato.
Conclusion
The results of this research showed that tomato seed inoculation with the Pseudomonas ssp. strains including (sp.S10-1 + sp.S19-1 , sp.S14-3 + sp.S19-1 , sp.S19-1+ sp.S21-1) compared with soil inoculation of Pseudomonas ssp. strains significantly increased yield, vitamin C, potassium content of fruit and percentage of marketable fruit. However, the increase in the amount of potassium, phosphorous and nitrogen concentration in plant leaves was not significant. In addition to increasing the yield and quality of tomato, tomato seed inoculation with the Pseudomonas ssp. strains compared with soil inoculation with the strains Pseudomonas is considered a better method.
https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_36973_cbc058f860b324e79ddba0f14df82473.pdf
2019-06-22
383
401
10.22067/jag.v11i2.64681
Biological Composts
Pseudomonas
Potassium
Phosphor
Nitrogen
yield of the tomato
peyman
sheikhalipour
peyman.sh.alipour@gmail.com
1
University of Mohaghegh Ardabili
AUTHOR
Saheb Ali
Bolandndnazar
bolandnazar@tabrizu.ac.ir
2
University of Tabriz
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Sarikhani
rsarikhani@yahoo.com
3
University of Tabriz
AUTHOR
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72
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Landraces Response to Biochar Application under Deficit Irrigation
Introduction
Biochar which is producing by thermal decomposition of organic material under limited supply of oxygen and relatively low temperatures, produces with the intent to be applied as a technique for improving soil properties. Adding biochar to the soils boosts soil fertility and improves the porosity, moisture, cation exchange capacity, pH, and development and reproduction of microbes in the long term. Research indicated that biochar potentially enhanced soil water holding capacity. This infers that soil amendment with biochar may improve crop productivity by retaining more water from rainfall in arid regions and reduce the frequency/amount of irrigation water in irrigated regions. Currently there is no logical method to increase precipitation during drought periods, therefore using drought resistance cultivars and appropriate agricultural techniques are the best solution to deal with this problem. Using soil amendments like biochar to increase water retention has been considered for a long time to decrease the drought effects. This study aimed to assess the effect of biochar on growth and yield of fenugreek landraces under deficit irrigation.
Material and methods
To assess the effect of biochar on growth and yield of fenugreek landraces under deficit irrigation, a field experiment was conducted in 2015 at the Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran. Six branched fenugreek landraces including Dezful, Shushtar, Ardestan, Rehnan, Yazd, and KhomeyniShahr were treated by biochar application and non-application under 2 different irrigation intervals. A split plot factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Each plot had the size of 4 m × 2.5 m with a plant density of 40 plant m-2. Biochar was derived from rice husk at 500°C in an oxygen depleted environment. Biochar application rate was calculated based on bulk density for the 30 cm layer of the soil (8:92 v/v) and added to the top layer of the soil. Increasing irrigation interval from 4 to 8 days applied from 50% of flowering stage. Seeds were sown on May 10th and mature plants were harvested on November 11th. Plant height, number of main and secondary branches, as well as yield and yield components were measured. Statistical analyses were done using SAS (9.2) software.
Results and discussion
According to the results, assessed traits were not significantly affected by triple interaction effect of treatments and also double interaction effect of landrace and biochar. But biochar application increased the number of main and secondary branches, 100-seed weight, and seed yield on 4- days irrigation interval by 19.75, 18.13, 17.54, and 24.33%, respectively and on 8-days irrigation interval by 2.61, 19.52, 8.67, and 26.66%, respectively. Moreover, increasing irrigation interval decreased plant height by 22.42, 22.01, 27.23, 13.66, 27.13, 26.62%; the number of main branches by 6.18, 7.92, 31.84, 16.66, 24.22%, 32.97%; the number of secondary branches by 40.54, 39.09, 40.99, 39.83, 40.89, 40.88%; 100-seed weight by 20.43, 8.70, 17.22, 26.98, 26.44, 23.11%; and seed yield by 61.20, 47.55, 50.12, 44.71, 38.44, 46.24% in Dezful, Shushtar, Ardestan, Rehnan, Yazd, and KhomeyniShahr landraces, respectively. However, the number of pods plant-1 and seeds pod-1 were not significantly affected by interaction effects of treatments. Several studies showed the reduction of crop growth and production under water deficit. Baradaran et al. (2013) also indicated increase in irrigation intervals decreased plant height, the number of pods, the number of seeds pod-1, and thousand-seed weight in fenugreek. This results are due to increase in allocation of photosynthetic material to roots than shoot resulting in smaller plants with less leaf area as a key factor in receiving solar radiation, water and energy exchange, and biomass production. Several studies reported increased water holding capacity by biochar addition because of its high adsorption capacity and porous structure. Akhtar et al. (2014) also reported that addition of biochar increased the soil moisture content in deficit irrigation which consequently improved physiology, yield and quality of tomato compared with non-biochar control.
Conclusion
In conclusion, adding biochar at a concentration of 7-8% to a loamy soil reduced the effect of water deficit on fenugreek growth and seed yield. Biochar increase seed yield by increasing seed weight rather than the number of pods plant-1 and seeds pod-1.
https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_36980_8e96ddc3009892544e0c76cdbb75857f.pdf
2019-06-22
403
415
10.22067/jag.v11i2.67531
Biochar
Ecotype
Fenugreek
Irrigation Interval
Seed yield and yield component
Zahra
Bitarafan
z.bitarafan@gmail.com
1
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
AUTHOR
Hamid Reza
Asghari
hamidasghari@gmail.com
2
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Tahereh
Hasanloo
thasanloo@yahoo.com
3
Department of Molecular Physiology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
AUTHOR
ahmad
gholami
gholami@shahroodut.ac.ir
4
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
AUTHOR
Foad
Moradi
foadmoradi@yahoo.com
5
Department of Molecular Physiology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran
AUTHOR
Ahmadi, M.R., and Javidfar, F. 2000. Evaluation and drought tolerance improvement methods in oil species of Brassica genus. Agricultural Research and Education Organization Press, Karaj, Iran.(In Persian)
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37
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Assessment of yield and input-output energy and economic indicators in different tillage and fertilizer systems of corn (Zea mays L.)
Introduction
Although industrial agriculture achievements are undeniable, its negative consequences such as biodiversity loss, pollination and human health are remarkable. Currently, yields of the world’s four most important crops would need to increase by around 60-110% by 2050. Agro ecological practices contribute to agro ecosystem redesign, efficiency increase and substitution practices based on various processes such as bio fertilizer, reduced tillage, reducing the use of nonrenewable energy. Corn is an important crop in the world and Khuzestan with a huge amount of inputs and energy uses during its production. There for, the assessment of agro ecological practices is essential for sustainability in corn production.
Material and method
In order to study yield, energy input-output and economic indicators under different tillage and fertilizer cropping systems of corn, a split plot experiment in complete randomized design with three replications, was conducted at agricultural fields under Behbahan condition during 2015 and 2016. The experimental factors included different tillage systems (minimum (MT), reduced (RT) and conventional (CT)) as main plots and fertilizer patterns (bio fertilizer (B), manure (E), recommended chemical fertilizer rate (H) and half of recommended chemical fertilizer (L), integrated bio fertilizer and chemical fertilizer (BL), integrated manure and chemical (EL), and integrated bio fertilizer and manure as subplots. Assessment of energy indicators evaluated based on the energy output-input ratio. Human labor, machinery, diesel oil, fertilizer and seed amounts were the inputs and yield values from different treatments considered as output. Energy equivalents were used for this estimation. Based on the energy equivalents of inputs and outputs, energy use efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy and net energy was calculated. The production costs of each treatment included the land value, water value, fertilizer, fuel, human labor and tillage.
Result and Discussion
The results indicated that the highest grain (10005Kg ha-1) and straw yields (8409 Kg ha-1) belonged to ELRT treatment. The current study demonstrated that MT and RT with BI and EI have significant effects on grain yield. The results of data analysis indicated that maximum and minimum input energy was 45886.7 and 28392.9 MJ ha-1 in ELCT and BMT treatments, respectively. The greatest contribution from total energy belonged to energy of machinery (10375.3 MJ ha-1) and human labor (5142.6 MJ ha-1) in ELCT treatment. Highest and lowest energy of fertilizer belonged to EL (11762.2 MJ h-1) and B(5.96MJ ha-1), respectively. The input of energy for seed and irrigation water in all treatments was same (519 and 20016.7 Mg ha-1 , respectively) ELRT and BCT treatments produced the highest and lowest output energy with 309459.5 and 178965 Mg ha-1. The BMT provided the highest energy use efficiency (8.59), energy productivity (0.28 Kg Mg-1). Maximum specific energy (32.64MJ ha-1) belonged to BECT. ELRT and LCT produced the highest (266051 MJ ha-1) and the lowest (145119 MJ ha-1) net energy. Among different tillage systems, the highest energy use efficiency (7.42), and productivity energy (0.24 Kg Mg-1), net energy (225622 Mg) were calculated in MT.
Economic analysis indicated that maximum and minimum total cost of production were 44288247.5 and 32097340 Rials ha-1 that related to ELCT and BMT treatments, respectively. The highest (113750572 Rials ha-1) and lowest (64987312 Rials ha-1) gross value were obtained ELRT and BCT, although maximum (69810430 Rials ha-1) and minimum (31400201Rials ha-1) net revenue was calculated ELRT and LRT respectively.
Conclusion
Application of minimum and reduced tillage, bio fertilizer and manures and integration with half of recommended chemical fertilizer, are the effective strategy to improve resource management in agriculture. Moreover, effective energy use in agriculture is one of the conditions for sustainable agricultural production, since it provides financial saving, fossil resources preservation and air pollution reduction.
https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_36986_1a4d1353491da0d17412077843194c2f.pdf
2019-06-22
417
434
10.22067/jag.v11i2.68001
Cropping systems
efficiency use of energy
Input
net revenue
Sustainable agriculture
Maryam
Mazarei
mrmazarei@gmail.com
1
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran
AUTHOR
Ahmad
Ghanbari
ghanbari@uoz.ac.ir
2
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Dahmardeh
dahmard@gmail.com
3
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Seyed Ataollah
Siadat
seyedatasiadat@yahoo.com
4
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Ramin University, Khoozestan, Iran
AUTHOR
Somayeh
Dehdari
s_dehdari@yahoo.com
5
Department of Rangeland and Watershed Management, University of Environment and Natural Resource, Behbahan, Iran,
AUTHOR
Archer, D.W., Pikul, Jr. JL., and Riedell, W.E. 2002. Economic risk, returns and input use under ridge and conventional tillage in northern Corn Belt, USA. Soil and Tillage 67: 1-8.
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40
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of Forage Quantity and Quality of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Intercropping System in Maragheh Rainfed Conditions
Introduction
Intercropping can provide numerous benefits to cropping systems through increasing total yield and land use efficiency, improving yield stability of cropping systems, enhancing light, water, and nutrient use, improving soil conservation and controlling weeds, insects, or diseases. Moreover, intercropping can facilitate mechanical harvest, whereas legumes in mixtures with cereals can improve the quality of forage. Although cereals are widespread used in livestock nutrition for their high dry matter production and low cost, they have low nutrition value due to their poor protein content. High quality of forage has been notified as an important aspect of forage crop production.
Materials and methods
The experiment was conducted at the faculty of Agriculture, university of Maragheh, Iran as factorial based on randomized complete block design (RCBD). The first factor were 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 plants m-2 of field pea and the second factor were different intercropping patterns based on substitution ratio (25% barley+75% filed pea, 50% barley+ 50% filed pea and 75% barley+ 25% field pea). At harvesting time quantity and quality properties including total forage yield neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP) and ash were determined. Also, the land equivalent ratio (LER) is defined as the land equivalent needed for growing either crops in intercropping systems compared with the land area needed to each crop monocultures. The LER values were calculated as:
(Eq.2)
Where LER and LERs were land equivalent ratio and standard land equivalent ratio, respectively; Ypp and Ybb were yields of field pea and barley monoculture; and Ypb and Ybp were yields of field pea and barley in intercropping patterns. Analysis of variance of the data and mean comparison based on Duncan’s multiple range test were carried out using MSTATC statistical software.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the total forage yield was significantly affected by different planting patterns and densities. The highest total forage yield was obtained under 75% barley+ 25% forage pea followed by 50% barley+ 50% forage pea. Also, the lowest total forage yield was observed under 25% barley+ 75% field pea. In Addition to, densities of 100 and 300 plants m-2 of field pea had the highest and lowest effect on total forage yield. The higher forage production may be due to higher resource use complementarity in time and space between intercropping components. In terms of forage quality, ash forage decreased with increasing proportion of barley. Thus, under 75% barley+ 25% forage pea the forage ash amount decreased 23.85 and 17.38% in comparison to 25% barley+ 75% forage pea and 50% barley+ 50% forage pea. Concentration of the total crude protein enhanced by increasing proportion of forage pea in intercropping. Therefore, the highest percent of the total crude protein was obtained under 25% barley + 75% forage pea with density of 300 plants m-2. In addition, the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and ADF significantly decreased with increasing proportion of forage pea. Forage quality improvement in terms of higher crude protein and lower NDF and ADF were attributed to presence of the legume species in intercropping patterns (Stolts & Nadeau, 2014). In most treatments, the LER values were >1, which suggests an overall yield advantage of intercropping compared with monoculture.
Conclusion
Our trials exhibited that, the highest total forage yield was obtained under 75% barley+ 25% forage pea. NDF and ADF increased with enhancing proportion of barley. So that, the highest and the lowest ADF and NDF content were obtained under 75% barley+ 25% field pea and 25% barley+ 75% filed pea, respectively. The highest LER (1.25) was achieved under 25% barley+ 75% field pea (with density of 100 plants m-2). Generally, barley intercropping with forage pea in lower densities can improve forage production under rainfed conditions.
https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_36993_d31f7b270a04a07c772692a5ac783968.pdf
2019-06-22
435
452
10.22067/jag.v11i2.65105
Crude protein
Forage ash
Forage yield
Neutral detergent fiber
Pea densities
Abdollah
Javanmard
a.javanmard@maragheh.ac.ir
1
Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mostafa
Amani Machiani
amani0056@gmail.com
2
Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Iran
AUTHOR
Hamdollah
Eskandari
ehamdollah@gmail.com
3
Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
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46
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Biofortification of New and Old Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars through Foliar Application of Zinc and Iron Different Forms
Introduction
Apart from inadequate soil N and P, soil zinc (Zn) and Iron (Fe) deficiencies also pose a serious threat to global crop production and food nutrition. Zn and Fe deficiencies affect more than half of the world’s population, especially women and preschool children. Micronutrient malnutrition in human in developing countries is derived from deficiencies of these elements in staple food. Many approaches have been chosen to increase the Zn and Fe content in wheat grains and ameliorate their malnutrition, including breeding, genetic engineering and agronomic approaches. Among them, fertilization, especially foliar Zn and Fe spray is considered as a rapid and efficient way to reach high Zn and Fe in grains. Foliar application is executable, sustainable, economically implementable, highly efficacious, and able to cover wide areas, especially in undeveloped regions worldwide.
Materials and Methods
In order to evaluate the effect of foliar application of zinc and iron in different forms on dry matter remobilization and grain quality of four bread wheat cultivars in two locations, an experiment in factorial conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2015-16 cropping season. Experimental treatments were included: wheat cultivars Roshan, Roshan Back cross (old cultivars), Bam and Ofogh (new cultivars), zinc application in three levels of foliar application of water (control), zinc sulfate and chelated zinc and iron application in three levels of foliar application of water (control), iron sulfate and chelated iron (equivalent to 2.5 kg per hectare). The first experiment conducted at the Research Farm of Birjand University located in Amirabad region with sandy clay loam soil texture, and 8.1 pH. The second experiment conducted at the South Khorasan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center located in Mohammadieh region with loam soil texture, and 7.6 pH. Investigated traits were including the amount, efficiency and ratio of dry matter remobilization and current photosynthesis, Zn, Fe, P and N concentration in grain. Data analyses were performed using two-way analysis of variance with SAS 9.1. Means of treatments were compared according to protected least significance differences test at the 5% level.
Results and Discussion
According to the results, location had a significant effect on all traits. Grain Zn, Fe, P and N and also amount, efficiency and ratio of current photosynthesis were lower in Amirabad, perhaps because of its higher soil pH and EC. Grain Zn and Fe at Mohammadieh were 34.4 and 24 percent higher than Amirabad, respectively. Wheat cultivars were significantly different in their grain Zn, Fe and N. Older cultivars including Roshan and Roshan-Back cross had higher Zn and Fe contrasting with newer cultivars of Bam and Ofogh. The highest grain N with 1.94 percent was belonged to Roshan cultivar. The highest amount of remobilization and its efficiency were related to Ofogh and then Bam cultivars. In the present experiment it was observed that foliar application of zinc especially in the form of ZnSO4 significantly increased grain Zn (by 18%) and N (by 4.4%) but reduced grain P (by 15.2%). Wei et al., (2012) reported that foliar application of zinc forms with lower molecular weight such as ZnSO4 and Zn-AA were more effective contrasting their chelated and citrated forms. Grain Zn improved by 15.5% and 21.6% in Mohammadieh and Amirabad region via foliar application of ZnSO4, respectively. Furthermore, foliar application of iron especially in the form of FeSO4 significantly improved grain Fe concentration (by 12.9%) but reduced grain P (by 11%).
Conclusion
According to the results, it can be concluded that there is a significant genetic potential of grain nutrients between cultivars. Understanding these genetic properties and take advantage of them for wheat breeding could be helpful to reach cultivars with higher grain nutrients. The present study observed that the foliar application of Zn and Fe could improve their grain concentration, as well as N content, while decreased the P contents. The elevating effects of ZnSO4 and FeSO4 on the Zn and Fe concentration were better than those of Zn-EDTA and Fe-EDDHA, respectively especially in Amirabad region with higher pH and EC. In conclusion, foliar Zn and Fe fertilization is an effective agricultural approach for promoting grain Zn and Fe concentration.
https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_36997_b29e2221d29423ac2ed5386dc3ff7937.pdf
2019-06-22
453
466
10.22067/jag.v11i2.67935
Current Photosynthesis
Grain Nutrients
Micronutrients
Region
Sulfated and Chelated Forms
Elias
Arazmjoo
elias.arazmjo@yahoo.com
1
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Ali
Behdani
mabehdani@birjand.ac.ir
2
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sohrab
Mahmoodi
smahmoodi@birjand.ac.ir
3
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
AUTHOR
Behzad
Sadeghzadeh
behzada4@yahoo.com
4
Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Maragheh, Iran
AUTHOR
Alloway, B.J. 2008. Zinc in Soils and Crop Nutrition. Int. Zinc Assoc. (IZA), Belgium, 128p.
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Cakmak, I. 2008. Enrichment of cereal grains with zinc: agronomic or genetic biofortification? Plant and Soil 302: 1-17.
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44
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Determination of suitable areas to cultivating annual alfalfa (Medicagio scutellatu L.) using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) in the province of Kermanshah
Introduction
Determination of land suitability for specific productivity is considered as one of the land management tools that makes land use sustainable along with planning to increase production. Agro-ecological zoning refers to the recognition of a set of conditions that allows the economic planting of each crop with regard to the weather conditions of desired region. Alfalfa, as one of the most important forage plants with high quality forage, soil nitrogen fixation and soil erosion reduction, can play an important role in crop rotation. In Iran, alfalfa annual species have been distributed mainly to the northwest, west and south. Considering the good adaptation of alfalfa species to climatic and topographic conditions in western Iran, recognition of appropriate areas to cultivation of this product can lead to soil fertilization, rangeland rearing and forage production. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of identifying suitable areas for cultivating this plant based on climatic factors (rainfall, mean temperature of growth period, minimum temperature and maximum temperature) and topographic factors (elevation, slope and aspect) using Dynamic Analysis Hierarchical Process (AHP).
Material and methods
At first step, the response of the annual alfalfa to the climatic factors (rainfall, mean temperature of growth period, minimum temperature and maximum temperature) and topographic factors (elevation, slope and aspect) was determined and evaluated based on available resources. Then, the raster layers of the each mentioned factors were classified for Kermanshah province located in the west of Iran. To determine the importance of each of factors as criteria, scientific resources and the opinion of the experts were used as input in the AHP. In this regard, the weight of each layer was determined and accordingly, the integration of the layers was performed in the Geographic Information System (GIS). Finally, the final layers of the arable and pasture lands of Kermanshah province were classified into three highly suitable, semi- suitable and non- suitable zones.
Results and discussion
The results of AHP showed that the important of climatic factors (weighs= 0.833) were more than topographic factors (weighs= 0.167) on the growth of annual alfalfa. Among the climatic factors, the highest importance was observed for rainfall, the mean temperature of plant growth period, maximum and minimum temperatures, respectively. Among the topographic variables, aspect, slope and elevation had vital importance, respectively. The results also showed that the suitable arable and pasture lands for growing alfalfa were 4570 and 6898 km2 , respectively, equivalent to 19 and 28 percent of the total land area of the province. In fact, considering the area of arable and pasture lands of Kermanshah province (9105 and 11849 km2 , respectively), the areas susceptible to growing annual alfalfa were 50% of the total agricultural land and 59% of the total rangeland lands of the province. These areas include parts of the northeast, center and parts of the west of the province in the agricultural land and the eastern, northeastern, parts of the center, west and northwest in the rangeland area. The rainfall of about 500-450 mm, the proper temperature and slope are characteristics of this area, which makes these areas suitable in terms of suitable ecological conditions for alfalfa cultivation. The most suitable agricultural lands within the province belong to the Songhor, Kermanshah, Islamabad and Javanrood, respectively, and the largest area of susceptible rangeland belongs to the Songhor, Kermanshah, Salas Babajani and Islamabad, respectively.
Conclusion
In general, the results indicate that annual alfalfa is suitable for cultivation in more than half of the arable and pasture lands. This results show the high potential of Kermanshah province for the cultivation of the crop as a suitable plant in crop rotational as well as rangeland regeneration. The use of this information could allow the selection of areas susceptible to annual alfalfa cultivation to improve crop and pastures management.
https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37005_70f5b997375a96f08be89a8aa28d5be1.pdf
2019-06-22
467
482
10.22067/jag.v11i2.67180
Agro- ecological zoning
Decision making
Land susceptibility
Weighted overlay
Alireza
Bagheri
a.bagheri@razi.ac.ir
1
Department of Plant production and Genetics, Razi University, Kermanshah
LEAD_AUTHOR
Soheila
Asadi
soheylaasadi111@yahoo.com
2
Department of Plant production and Genetics, Razi University, Kermanshah, iran.
AUTHOR
Ahmadi, M. 2008. Prediction of wheat phonological development. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Agric. 99p. (In Persian with English Summary)
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40
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Preceding Crop and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Some Agroecological Traits of Purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.)
Introduction
Application of nitrogen fertilizers is one the main practices to increase the yield of agricultural products. However, the addition of high and unbalance amount of fertilizers led to negative consequences on the environment, reduction of fertilizer use efficiency and increase cost of production. Crop rotation is one of the most effective methods to increase nitrogen efficiency at agricultural ecosystems, stated that type of planted crop in previous years can alter soil condition and hence enhance the yield of the next crop. Recent studies revealed that crop rotation alone is not capable of providing required nutrients for plant growth. Hence, if uptake nutrients by plants were not recycled, the crop rotation system would not fully beneficial. Therefore, incorporation of crop rotation and fertilization could be considered as a suitable solution to have stable and high-quality crop yield with environmental protection. Based on stated notes, this experiment was conducted to find the most effective nitrogen fertilizer level and reduction of fertilizer use in Purslane farms by crop rotation.
Materials and Methods
This experiment was conducted with factorial split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan during 2012-2013. Nitrogen fertilizer (Urea) was at five levels: (N1-Control, N2-75kg.ha-1, N3-100 kg.ha-1, N4-125kg.ha-1 andN5-150kg.ha-1. Two preceding plants P1- Wheat, P2-Bersim Clover and cutting (C) was placed at sub plot. Plant cutting of Purslane was done in two times. Anova performed by SAS 9.1 and means were compared by (LSD) at the error probability of 0.05%.
Results and discussion
Results of the experiment showed that plant height was affected by the amount of applied fertilizer rate. The increase in fertilizer rate led to more plant height. The first cutting, stem diameter was increased by higher fertilizer rate and the highest stem diameter (5.41 cm) was achieved at 125 kg N.ha-1. At the second cutting, there was no significant difference among fertilizer treatments. First and second cutting the value of chlorophyll in bersim increased and the highest value was observed in 150 kg N. ha-1. At first cutting, little difference between 150 kg N × wheat and 150 kgN × clover on the fresh and dry weight leaves of purslane was observed. But in second cutting, the highest fresh and dry weight leaves was observed in the high level of nitrogen × clover.
The increase in fertilizer rate was led to a higher dry weight of Purslane due to increase in stem length, a number of leaves and fresh and dry weight of leaf. The highest fresh weight (26.34 g.plant-1) belonged to 150 kg N and bersimpreceding at the second cutting. Plant dry weight showed that maximum plant dry weight was at the first cutting with 125 kg N and bersimpreceding which showed no significant difference of 150 kgN.ha-1. Results showed that the first and second cutting had the higher leaf protein with 12.61 and 14.43 % for bersimpreceding and 150 kg N.ha-1 treatments.
Conclusion
Based on results of this experiment, it is stated that response of Purslane to preceding is different and cutting legume plant as preceding could improve physio-chemical properties of soil and increase the crop yield. The response of Purslane to preceding and fertilizer treatment was different. Application of 125 kg N.ha-1 with berismpreceding could produce equal or higher yields compare to 150 kg N.ha-1. Application of higher nitrogen led to more watery stem plants and higher plant weight. Generally, due to the medicinal application of this plant, application of suitable crop rotation and optimization of nitrogen fertilizer in a rotational system with preservation of soil fertility, environmental protection, water quality and biodiversity could increase input efficiency and enhance crop quality.
https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37012_414a313871a2946f8549f83038ebd48d.pdf
2019-06-22
483
498
10.22067/jag.v11i2.64969
Bersim Clover
Leaf Protein
Plant dry weight
SPAD
wheat
Ahmad
Koochekzadeh
koochak_a@yahoo.com
1
Department of Agronomy, Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University, Khuzestan Mollasani, Ahwaz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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1
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Sharma, R. 2004. Agro-Techniques of Medicinal Plants: Daya Publishing House, Delhi. Shidfar F., Yarahmadi, S.H., and Jalali, M. 2007. Effects of purified omega–3 fatty acids in postmenopausal women with type-2 diabetes Iranian Persian. Journal of Endocrinal Meta 9 (3): 229-234. (In Persian with English summary)
25
Soltaninezad, F., Fallah, S.A., and Heydari, M. 2012. Effect of nitrogen source and application rate on yield and biomass production of Purslane medical plant. Crop Production 3 (6): 125-143. (In Persian with English summary)
26
Tavalaee, M, Nasr-Esfahani, M.H., and Deemeh, M.R., 2006. Etiology and Evaluation of Sperm Chromatin anomalies. International Journal of Fertility and Sterility 2 (1): 1-8.
27
Varvel, G.E. 2000. Crop rotation and nitrogen effects on normalized grain yields in a long-term study. Agronomy Journal 92: 938-941.
28
Yadav, B.P., Yadav, D.N., Koirala, K.B., Pandey, K.R., and Thapa, R.B. 2016. Effect of preceding crops and nitrogen rates on post-harvest attributes of winter hybrid maize (Zea mays L.). International Journal of Environment Agriculture and Biotechnology 1(1): 1878-2456.
29
Yang, C.M. 2003. Using chlorophyll meter to estimate leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen content of rice plants. Journal of Agriculture China 52: 73-83.
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Symbiosis Mycorrhiza and On-farm Seed Priming on the Yield and Yield Components of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Saline Soil
Introduction
There are many methods to deal with salinity, one of which is less costly and more practical seed priming. Seed prime with different methods with mycorrhiza fungi can be used to improve the deposition of seeds and ultimately yield in saline lands. According to available reports, priming seeds are better placed in environmental stress conditions, such as salinity, and produce higher plantings. Priming increases rooting and increases the yield in corn by 14%. The seedling growth rate was seven days earlier than the non-prime. Plants that are inoculated with mycorrhiza will increase growth and yield and maintain the osmotic potential and ionic balance to a normal level and cause resistance to stress conditions.
Materials and Methods
This research was carried out during two years 2014 and 2015 in two locations in the province of Khouzestan, Gotvand city, with an altitude of 76 meters above sea level and the coordinates of 32 degrees north latitude and 48 degrees east longitude. The experimental design was factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications on maize hybrid NS64. The concentration of salicylic acid 0.5 mM within 14 hours, osmopriming with NaCl solution at a concentration of 2 dS.m-1 within 22 hours, tap water within 18 hours were selected as the best combination of on-farm seed priming. The mycorrhiza fungus was taken in strips under the seeds of 20 g.m-2 . Analysis of variance was done using the PROC GLM procedure of the SAS 9.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).
Results and Discussion
Results showed that all traits in both years and places inoculation with mycorrhiza and priming with salicylic acid, tap water and NaCl solution to the non-inoculate and non-prime increasing significantly and between inoculation with mycorrhiza and Prime treatments, inoculation with mycorrhiza and prime with salicylic acid in both place have better condition. Inoculated with mycorrhiza and priming with salicylic acid in saline place increases the leaf area index in the Tasseling, number of seeds per ear, 1000-kernal weight, yield, biological yield, harvest index, the amount of 26.5, 42, 15.5, 62.5, 49.2, 9.3 percent than non- inoculation with mycorrhiza and not prime. The difference between inoculation with mycorrhiza and salicylic acid treatment and non- inoculation with mycorrhiza and non-prime in saline place compared to non-saline place in all traits was higher.
Conclusion
The results showed that application of inoculation with mycorrhiza to non-inoculation and seed priming compared to control (Non-primed) in all measured traits under both saline and non-saline environments were superior in both years. Priming of maize seeds with salicylic acid (0.5 mM for 14 hours) was superior to other pretreatments. Under salinity without prime application and inoculum mycorrhiza (Control) the amount of number of seeds per ear (212), 1000 grain weight (210 g), grain yield (2826 kg.ha-1) were measured, that application of priming increased all traits and the highest increase was observed in salicylic acid treatment, which increased grain number in ear (34.4%), 1000 grain weight (10.9%), grain yield (48.7%) compared with not used prime and inoculation with mycorrhiza (control). Inoculation with mycorrhiza increased the number of seeds per ear (19.8%), 1000 grain weight (4.2%), grain yield (23.9%) compared with lack of prime application and inoculation with mycorrhiza (control). Interaction of seed priming and inoculation with mycorrhiza increased all traits. The highest increase was observed in salicylic acid priming treatments and inoculation with mycorrhiza that increased number of seeds per ear (42.4% ), 1000 grain weight (15.7%), grain yield (62.9%) than lack of prime and inoculation with mycorrhiza (Control). In the first year, in comparison to the second year, all measured traits increased due to the favorable temperature and number of sunny hours for growing and inoculation of flowers and filling of grain. Consequently, in both saline and non-saline environment, inoculation with mycorrhiza and prime with salicylic acid is suggested as a method for improving crop cultivation of the NS640 cultivar.
https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37018_229876fb8139d106e999eaa9c16c8eb1.pdf
2019-06-22
499
514
10.22067/jag.v11i2.65941
Glomus mossea
Harvest index
Leaf Area Index
Nacl solution
salicylic acid
Javad
Soltani Kazemi
javadsk3@gmail.com
1
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bu-Ali Sina, Hamedan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Ali
Aboutalebian
aboutalebian@yahoo.com
2
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bu-Ali Sina, Hamedan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Javad
Hamzei
j.hamzei@basu.ac.ir
3
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bu-Ali Sina, Hamedan, Iran
AUTHOR
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2
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47
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Optimization of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Irrigation in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivation by Central Composite Design
Introduction
Cereals are the most important crops all around the world and among them, wheat has the first rank in terms of production and the cultivation area. This plant is one of the main agricultural products in Iran and provides 45% of calories and 70% of the protein consumed by the Iranian people. Irrigation and soil nutrient availability are considered as main factors affecting the wheat yield. Nowadays, intensive application of these inputs in the conventional agricultural systems is considered to achieve maximum yield, whereas surplus use of them does not only have any significant positive influence on the yield but also has been led to environmental problems for example by leaching the nitrogen losses to underground water and imposes extra costs to the agricultural ecosystems. Therefore, the present study was conducted to optimize the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation in wheat by using central composite design technique.
Materials and methods
In order to determine the optimal application rates of nitrogen and water in wheat cultivation, a field experiment was conducted based on central composite design in the research field of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during the 2011 growing season. The treatments were designed based on low and high levels of nitrogen (0 and 400 kg urea.ha-1) and irrigation (2500 and 5000 m3). Central point in each treatment repeated five times and the number of treatments were calculated based on 2k + 2k + r, in which k is the number of evaluating factors (nitrogen and irrigation) and r is the replication number of the central point. Therefore, 13 combination treatments were designed. Several features including seed yield, biological yield, nitrogen losses, nitrogen use efficiency and water use efficiency were measured as dependent variables and response surface of these variables under each combination treatment was calculated by regression model. Finally, the optimum values of water and nitrogen consumption were determined according to three scenarios including economic, environmental and economic-environmental scenarios.
Results and discussion
The results indicated a positive effect of increasing nitrogen fertilization and irrigation on seed yield, biological yield and water use efficiency. Whereas, increasing irrigation level led to decreasing nitrogen use efficiency and increasing nitrogen losses. Finally, the optimum levels of nitrogen and irrigation were estimated based on three scenarios including economic, environmental and economic- environmental. In economic scenario, the optimum levels of fertilizer and irrigation were estimated 274 kg urea.ha-1 and 3964 m3.ha-1, respectively to obtain 4045 kg.ha-1 seed yield and 9908 kg.ha-1 biological yield. In environmental scenario, the optimum levels of the treatments to obtain the minimum nitrogen losses amounts were 64.65 kg urea.ha-1 and 2651 m3.ha-1, respectively. In economic-ecological scenario, both seed yield and nitrogen losses were considered, so the estimated input rates were 153 kg urea.ha-1 and 3030 m3.ha-1 irrigation. Simultaneous consideration of the economic aspects and environmental issues to the production in economic-ecological scenario shows the excellence of this scenario than other the two scenarios.
Conclusion
In order to achieve sustainable production of crops, one of the basic principles is to improve resource efficiency and prevent agricultural input losses. Based on our results, it seems that the optimization values of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation calculated in the economic-environmental scenario which simultaneously considered both economic and environmental aspects of wheat production can be suggested as the most appropriate levels of these two factors according to the study conditions.
Acknowledgements
This study was financially supported by the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran (Grant number 17676/2).
https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37026_5af25a134532e522a6b4b2ffedf665a4.pdf
2019-06-22
515
530
10.22067/jag.v11i2.31912
economic-environmental scenario
Nitrogen losses
resource use efficiency
Seed yield
Mahdi
Nassiri Mahallati
mnassiri@um.ac.ir
1
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Alireza
Koocheki
akooch@um.ac.ir
2
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Farnoosh
Fallahpour
farnoosh_fa82@yahoo.com
3
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Behzad
Amiri
m.b2.amiri@gmail.com
4
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Gonabad,Gonabad, Iran
AUTHOR
Aslan, N. 2007. Application of response surface methodology and central composite rotatable design for modeling the influence of some operating variables of a multi-gravity separator for chromite concentration. Powder Technology 86: 769–776.
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Li, Z.Z., Li, W.D., and Li, W.L. 2004. Dry-period irrigation and fertilizer application affect water use and yield of spring wheat in semiarid regions. Agricultural Water Management 65: 133–143.
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Pandy, P.K., Maranville, J.W., and Admou, A. 2001. Tropical wheat response to irrigation and nitrogen in a sahelian environment. I. Grain yield, yield components and water use efficiency. European Journal of Agronomy 15: 93-105.
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Raun, W.R., and Johnson, G.V. 1991. Improving nitrogen use efficiency for cereal production. Agronomy Journal 91: 357- 363.
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Ritter, W.F. 1980. Nitrate leaching under irrigation in the US: a review. Journal of Environmental Health 24: 349–378.
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33
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and Persian clover (Trifolium respinatum L.) intercropping on forage quality
Introduction
Forage quality is limited in many forage production systems in developing countries, specifically in arid and semiarid conditions. Mixing Persian clover as a forage legume with cereals such as barley has been proposed as a way of increasing forage quantity and quality. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an annual cereal which can grow in marginal area, suppress weed pressure and provide high forage yield but protein content of the forage is low. Intercropping cereals and legumes have been suggested to increase forage nutrient .stated that barley intercropped with Berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) compared with oat or triticale (Tritico×secale rimpaui Wittm.) produced higher protein in forage production. In addition, Lithourgidis et al. (2006) has been reported that vetch (Vicia sativa L.) intercropped with oat produced higher total protein compared with a sole stand of vetch. Carr et al. (2004) demonstrated that barley forage compared with oat (Avena sativa L.) had higher dry matter digestibility (DMD), lower acid detergent fiber (ADF), and higher crude protein (CP). In current study we compared a wide range of cropping rate and pattern to determine the best forage quality in mixture of barley and Persian clover in a low-input system.
Materials and methods
In order to find the optimum cropping rate and pattern in a mixture of barley and Persian clover an experiment was conducted in a split plot layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2013-14. The pattern of sowing considered in five levels (row intercropping 1:1, sowing one row barley one row clover (M1), row intercropping 2:2, sowing two row barley two row clover (M2), strip intercropping 3:3, sowing three row barley three row clover (M3), strip intercropping 4:4, sowing four row barley four row clover (M4) and mixed cropping barley and clover (M5)) which allocated as main plots and the cropping rate in five levels (additive mixture of barley %100: %50 clover (R5), additive mixture of barley %100: %25 clover (R4), replacement mixture of barley %50: %50 clover (R3), with pure barley (R2)and pure clover (R1)) proposed as subplots. Barley (Watan local variety originated from Herat, Afghanistan) and Persian clover (Trifolium respinatum L.) seed rates were considered 120 kg.ha-1 and 40 kg.ha-1, respectively. Sowing date was on October 23. Barley was harvested in heading stage and clover in completed flowering stage. Two random samples (0.5-1 kg) were chose in each plot to determine forage fresh yield and quality characteristics. Samples were dried at 75ºC for 72 h, then milled and determined percentage of forage dry matter. The forage quality characteristics examined were dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), digestive value (D-value), crude protein (CP), protein yield (PY), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). The pepsin-cellulase In vitro two step method was used for determine DMD, OMD and D-value. Crud protein; NDF and ADF contents were determine based on Nelson et al. (1973) and Goering and Van Soest (1970) methods, respectively. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and lest significant different test (LSD) were performed using SAS version 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).
Results and Discussion
Results showed that the effect of cropping rate and pattern on DMD, OMD, D-value and protein yield (PY) were significant (p<0.01). The highest levels of DMD, OMD and D-value were obtained in M1 sowing pattern and R1 pure clover, respectively .The effect of sowing pattern on CP, NDF and ADF contents were not significant. The highest CP content was shown in pure clover (16.3 %) and the highest PY were obtained in pure barley (1962.2 kg.ha-1) and mixed cropping (1584.4 kg.ha-1). So producing high DMD, OMD, D-value and CP in clover and PY in barley alone is not sufficient but must also consider the stability of the system that it is implemented in mixed cultures.
https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37037_b5c46c88069b8efabf10aca6d903af4c.pdf
2019-06-22
531
541
10.22067/jag.v11i2.45216
Dry matter digestibility (DMD)
Organic matter digestibility (OMD)
Digestive value (D-value)
Ramin
Nazarian
ra_nazarian@yahoo.com
1
Ferdowsi Mashhad
AUTHOR
Ali Reza
Koocheki
akooch@um.ac.ir
2
Ferdowsi Mashhad
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mahdi
Nassiri Mahallati
mnassiri@um.ac.ir
3
Ferdowsi Mashhad
AUTHOR
Parviz
Rezvani Moghaddam
rezvani@um.ac.ir
4
Ferdowsi mashhad
AUTHOR
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36
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of intercropping rates of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) and Persian shallot (Allium altissimum Regel.) on their growth indices
Introduction
Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is a small annual herbaceous and annual medicinal plant that is a member of the aromatic plant family (Apiaceae). It is planted in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. The seeds are used to add flavor to spicy dishes. Cumin seeds contain numerous phytochemicals that are known to have antioxidant, carminative and anti-flatulent properties. In addition, the seeds yield about 22% fats, numerous free amino acids, and a variety of flavonoid glycosides. Persian shallot (Allium altissimum Regel.) is a medicinal, industrial and perennial plant that belongs to the Alliaceae family and has underground bulbs. It is native and endemic of Iran and grows wild on the mountains quite resistant to cold and freezing stress. Persian shallot is widely used in food and medicinal industries. Intercropping allows for improved resource use efficiency such as light, water and nutrients and beneficial interactions between the plants. Intercropping work to decrease the spread of plant diseases by reducing the quantity of susceptible host plants. Other benefits of intercropping include optimal use of resources, stabilization of yield, weed suppression, improved soil fertility conservation, and higher economic returns. The paper evaluated the effect of intercropping ratios as replacement series of cumin and Persian shallot on growth physiological indices such as dry matter (DM), leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR).
Materials and methods
This experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during growing season of 2014-2015. Replacement intercropping ratios such as 80% cumin+20% shallot, 60% cumin+40% shallot, 50% cumin+50% shallot, 40% cumin+60% shallot, 20% cumin+80% shallot and their monoculture were considered as treatments. Plant density for shallot bulbs and cumin seeds were considered as 10 bulbs.m-2 and 120 plants.m-2, respectively. DM, LAI, CGR and RGR were measured and calculated were measured and calculated. In order to measure the growth indices, the destructive samplings were carried out every 10 days from 50 cm of row in each plot. All plants were harvested by cutting at the soil surface. Plants were then divided into leaf and stem. The areas of green leaves were measured using a Delta-T leaf area meter (Delta-T Devices, Cambridge, England). Then the samples including stems and leaves were dried in a forced-air oven at 70 ০C for 48 h and after witch DM was measured. The leaf area data was divided to ground area and the leaf area index (LAI) was obtained. The LAI data was fitted to the equation to predict the LAI in growth season. The sigmoid equation was fitted to the TDM data and by derivation from this equation, CGR and RGR were obtained. The graphs were drawn by Excel.
Results and discussion
The results showed that the maximum and the minimum DM of cumin and Persian shallot were observed in their monoculture with 426 and 289 g.m-2, respectively. Crop growth rate of cumin reached to its peak in 50 days after planting followed by a decreasing trend afterwards, the highest and the lowest CGR were recorded in monoculture (8.45 g.m-2.d-1) and 20% cumin+80% Persian shallot (13.7 g.m-2.d-1), respectively. For Persian shallot, the time was calculated with 55 days after emergence. The maximum and the minimum CGR of Persian shallot were calculated for its monoculture (8.0 g.m-2.d-1) and 80% cumin+20% Persian shallot, respectively. RGR in all intercropped treatments declined as plant age increased, so that at the end of growth season RGR got close to zero. At the beginning of growth stage, due to radiation penetration and less shading and less respiration, RGR is more and its reduction slope is less.
Conclusion
The results indicated that the intercropping of cumin with Persian shallot increased growth physiological indices such as LAI, DM, CGR and RGR. Studied traits of cumin and Persian shallot were increased by changing in planting ratios from intercropping to its monoculture. The results confirmed the better use of resources especially for radiation and water of these plants in intercropping treatments.
https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37044_5789ae940296f4945117ea2ee781aa46.pdf
2019-06-22
543
560
10.22067/jag.v11i2.67513
Crop Growth Rate
Growth physiological indices
Leaf Area Index
Medicinal plants
Relative growth rate
Javad
Meshkani
meshkanijavad@yahoo.com
1
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad
Kafi
m.kafi@um.ac.ir
2
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Surur
Khorramdel
khorramdel@um.ac.ir
3
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Moallem Benhangi
moalem.fa@gmail.com
4
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
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41
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of plant growth promoting bacteria along with potassium fertilizer on yield and yield components of rice (cv. ‘Tarom Hashemi’)
Introduction
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important tropical cereals which is a staple food for about 50% of population around the world, including Iran. The annual grain production of rice in Iran was 2.5 million tones which provided from an area of 0.59 million ha-1. Estimates indicate that rice yield should be enhanced about 65% in the world by the year 2020, especially in developing countries where it is the main food crop. The third macro-nutrient next to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) is known as potassium (K). Potassium is absorbed by roots equal to N and or second after N in some plants like rice. However, it is available to plants about 1-2% of total K in the soil (K+, soluble forms) while 90-98% of this is unavailable for plant uptake, as a result of the strong binding force between K and other minerals such as mica and feldspar. Therefore, introduce alternative sources of fertilizer such as microbial activation can be an effective way to meet a sustainable agriculture and to decline the use of chemical fertilizers. For this purpose, plant growth promoting rhisobacteria (PGPRs) can be used in rice paddies field. PGPRs influence on plant growth and productivity using both direct (assisting in resource acquisition (nitrogen, phosphorus and essential minerals) or modulating plant hormone levels) and indirect (indirectly by decreasing the inhibitory effects of various pathogens on plant growth and development in the forms of biocontrol agents) mechanisms that are fully described in Ahemad and Kibret (2014).
Materials and methods
A field experiment was conducted in a paddy field of Mazandaran province (Babol city) as a split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2016. Six levels of potassium sulfate fertilizer (PSF: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg.ha-1) were used as the main plot and four levels of inoculations (non-inoculation as control, seed inoculation in the seedbed condition, seedling root inoculation before transplanting time and combined both previously methods) served as the sub-plots. The experiment was performed under optimal agronomic conditions. Plots were weeded by hand. If necessary, appropriate chemicals were applied to control pests and diseases. A water depth of 3–5 cm was applied in all plots from transplanting time until 2 weeks before harvest maturity (82 days after transplanting). Ten rice plants were randomly harvested at physiological maturity to measure yield components of rice. Actual paddy yield (PY) and biological yield (BY) were also determined at harvesting time by removing of 1 m–2 of rice plants from each plot. Potassium concentration in the grain was measured by the flame photometric method.
Results and discussion
The results indicated that all studied traits were significantly affected by PSF and various inoculation methods, except for panicle length and total number of grain per panicle, but the interaction effect between them were not statistically significant. Various inoculation methods significantly increased panicle number per hill, number of filled grain per panicle, PY, BY, harvest index, potassium uptake (PU) in the grain and PU in the straw of rice by 8.40-17.8, 3.50-8.30, 14.6-19.8, 8.71-13.2, 5.20-5.70, 15.9-18.9 and 3.45-13.2%, respectively, and the number of empty grain per panicle (NEGP) was decreased by 58.3-61.6% as compared to the control. Furthermore, values of all studied traits particularly PY (18.2% more than the control), except for NEGP which was decreased, increased with the addition of PSF from zero to 125 kg.ha-1.
Conclusion
The combined inoculation method improve yield components and potassium uptake by rice plant which was defined as the best method. Therefore, this method can be used in reduced potassium fertilizer condition (~25 kg.ha-1) to meet a sustainable rice system production.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan (GABIT) and Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran for providing financial support for this study.
https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37048_c6e48c37e1669396fa3f6972b6ee7bc6.pdf
2019-06-22
561
577
10.22067/jag.v11i2.67375
Enterobacter sp
Paddy yield
Regression analysis
Rice
sulfate potassium fertilizer
Yield components
Khadijeh
Shahsavarpour Lendeh
shahsavarpoor_kh@yahoo.com
1
Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University
AUTHOR
Hemmatollah
Pirdashti
pirdasht@yahoo.com
2
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Genetic and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari
AUTHOR
Esmaeil
Bakhshandeh
bakhshandehesmail@gmail.com
3
Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ahemad, M., and Kibret, M. 2014. Mechanisms and applications of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: current perspective. Journal of King Saud University-Science 26:1-20.
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Asghari, J., Ehteshami, S., Rajabi Darvishan, Z., and Khavazi, K. 2013. Investigation of spraying or root inoculation by plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) and their metabolites on morphophysiological indices, qualitative indices and yield in Hashemi cultivar of rice. Journal of Plant Process and Function 2:25-39.
4
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5
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Bakhshandeh, E., Rahimian, H., Pirdashti, H., and Nematzadeh, G.A. 2014. Phosphate solubilization potential and modeling of stress tolerance of rhizobacteria from rice paddy soil in northern Iran. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 30:2437-2447.
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Daghighian, N., Habibi, D., Madani, H., and Sajadi, N.A. 2011. The evaluation of effects of the best method and time application of plant growth promoting bacteria on N, P, K assimilation and seed yield in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology 3:94-100. (In Persian with English Summary)
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Duy, M., Hoi, N., Ve, N., Thuc, L., and Trang, N. 2016. Influence of Cellulomonas flavigena, Azospirillum sp. and Pseudomonas sp. on rice growth and yield grown in submerged soil amended with rice straw. Recent Trends in PGPR Research for Sustainable Crop Productivity p: 238.
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32
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33
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigation of effective precipitation sufficiency in rainfed farming in order to development of autumn cereals cropping in agricultural lands of Aq-Qala, Kalale and Gonbad Kavous townships (Golestan province) by spatial analysis of GIS
Introduction:
Annual climate variation, along with water shortage is an important factor influencing agricultural productivity, especially in rainfed crop production systems. Also, understanding the current relationship between food grain production and rainfall will help in assessing the possible impact of future climate change on the livelihood of smallholder farmers. In Golestan province due to different climates and extended rainfed lands, amount and spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall is very important. In general, the minimum rainfall for dry farming is about 250-300 mm. In addition, distribution of rainfall during the growing period is also noticeable. The enough moisture in vegetation phase is essential for growth and establishment of plant. In this study, spatial analysis of GIS and some methods of classic interpolation and geostatistical methods were used to evaluate spatial and temporal changes of rainfall variables in the agricultural lands of Aq-Qala, Kalale and Gonbad Kavous townships in Golestan province.
Materials and methods:
This research was carried out in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (GUASRN), during 2015. The studied region was included the agricultural lands of Aq-Qala, Gonbad Kavous and Kalale townships in Golestan province, as three important regions for dry farming production. First, the data of 10 synoptic stations and 77 rain-gauge stations from Golestan province were used. The thematic maps of rainfall variables such as annual, autumn, spring, November and May precipitations were provided using various methods of geostatistical and classic interpolation such as Ordinary Kriging (OK), Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) in GIS (var. 10) media. Before interpolation calculations, common statistical tests were performed on main data. The performance criteria for evaluation were Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Bias Error (MBE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Cross Validation. In this research, a semivariogram function was used to show the variation of rainfalls with respect to distance.
Results and discussion:
The results showed that Kriging-spherical model was the best method to estimate autumn and May precipitations and also, the annual, spring and November precipitations were interpolated by Multi-quadric (RBF) in agricultural lands of Aq-Qala, Kalale and Gonbad Kavous townships. Furthermore, the IDW and Thin Plate Spline (TPS) were introduced as inappropriate methods due to high error in precipitation estimate. The semivariograms analysis indicated that autumn, spring, November and May precipitation variables were the best fitted by Spherical models, but annual precipitation was fitted by Exponential model. It was found that some areas in north of Aq-Qala and Gonbad Kavous had the limitation in amounts of spring and May precipitations. The spatial distribution of precipitations showed that annual precipitation was increased from north to south, so that, the maximum annual precipitation was observed in Kalale township. Thus, this township can be a region with high suitable degree for dry farming some autumn crops such as wheat and barley. The lowest autumn rainfall amount was observed in the northern parts of Gonbad Kavous township with 31.37 mm, but the southern parts of the Aq-Qala, Gonbad Kavous and especially Kalale had the highest autumn precipitation amounts.
Conclusion:
Result of the spatial distribution of precipitation showed that amounts of precipitation variables were increased from north to south of the studied region. Totally, among the three studied townships, Kalale township had the highest amounts of precipitations and the best spatial distribution of precipitation variables for rainfed farming. Therefore, this township was selected as the high suitable region for dry farming in Golestan province.
Acknowledgements:
We are grateful to Agriculture Service Centers of Golestan province and Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (GUASNR).
https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37055_4d8533e2e70912b2bf30ac2fb8b39804.pdf
2019-06-22
579
599
10.22067/jag.v11i2.61365
Geographical information system
Inverse Distance Weighting
Kriging
rainfall
Semivariograms
Shiva
Farhadian Azizi
shivafarhadian@yahoo.com
1
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
AUTHOR
Hossein
Kazemi
hkazemi@gau.ac.ir
2
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Afshin
Soltani
afshin.soltani@gmail.com
3
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
AUTHOR
Agricultural Jihad Organization of Golestan. 2013. Statistics and Information Office. Available at Web site.http:www.jago.ir. (In Persian)
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3
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4
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Hargrove, W. 2001. Interpolation of rainfall in Switzerland using a regularized spline with tension, Geographic Information and Spatial Technologies Group, Book Ridge National Laboratory. 122-125.
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22
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23
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24
Mahdizadeh, M., Mahdian, M.H., and Hejam, S. 2006. Performance geostatistical methods in climatic zoning in Oromieh Lake's basin. Journal of Physics of Earth Space 23: 103-116. (In Persian with English Summary)
25
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26
Mahdian, M.H. 2006. The use of geostatistics in soil science. Proceedings of the Conference on Soil, Sustainability and Environment, University of Tehran, Iran. 10 p. (In Persian)
27
Mehraban, A., Ghafari, A.A., Ghanbari Benjar, A., and Jalali, N. 2005. Climatic zoning for dryland winter wheat in Moghan Ardebil using GIS. Journal of Agricultural Knowledge 15: 4. 1-13 (In Persian with English Summary)
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30
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31
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36
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37
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of Climate Change on Frequency of Adverse Weather Events during Wheat-Growing Season (Case Study: Main Areas of Rainfed Wheat Production in Iran)
Introduction:
Adverse and extreme agro climatic events will disrupt food production and these changes are expected to increase in the world. The wheat is Iran's dominant diet, especially in the form of bread. It is important as a food product that has an impact on food security. Climate change can affect wheat production in major areas of rainfed wheat production in Iran, with social and economic consequences. Therefore, it is important for policy makers and scientists to evaluate the effects of climate change on the agricultural sector and food security. Crop models cannot take into account the effects of severe weather events (such as heavy rainfall, heat stresses) on the final yield of the crop. It could be useful to utilize agro climatic indices to provide more comprehensive projections of the impact of climate change on agro climatic conditions. The purpose of this study was evaluating the probability of occurrence of adverse and extreme agro climatic events at different stages of wheat development using agro climatic indices.
Materials and Methods:
The focus of this study is on main areas of rainfed wheat production in Iran (Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Golestan, Zanjan, Hamedan, and Ardebil provinces). According to the latest statistics and information from the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad, more than 55% of wheat production achieve in these areas. The evaluations are based on the outputs of seven CMIP5 models and RCP8.5 and RCO2.6 emission scenarios for the period 2045-2065 and 2080-2100. The equidistant quintile-based mapping method (EDCDF) was applied to bias correct the outputs of CMIP5 models .The proposed method of Allen et al. (1998) was utilized to estimate daily crop evapotranspiration, soil moisture and relative reduction in crop yield under soil water shortage to describe the major adverse conditions for wheat production; the set of 13 indicators was used to cover the major causes of low yields of winter wheat.
Result and discussion:
The average temperature during the growing season will be increased by 3.1 °C for the late cultivar and RCP8.5 scenario during the period 2080-2100 compared to the baseline. The appropriate sowing dates will occur later for all scenarios relative to the baseline and shift to late autumn. Due to the increased average temperature during the growth period, anthesis and maturity dates will occur earlier relative to the baseline and subsequently the average growth period for all scenarios is shorter than the baseline. Average total crop evapotranspiration (ETc) during the growing season will be reduced in most stations. The average relative reduction in crop yield (YD) and the average total effective solar radiation will be more favorable than the baseline. Thus, it can be said that these crop yield indicators are better than the baseline. However, increasing frequency of adverse events will be undesirable and the most unsettling possibility is the increase in the likelihood of occurrence of at least one, two and three adverse events during the growing season that can be extremely unfavorable climatic conditions for the production of wheat. The close connection between the likelihood of adverse events and the duration of growth period (such as moisture and heat stresses) is obvious so that the longer growth period, is more likely to be exposed to high temperatures and moisture stresses. An early cultivar will be a more suitable cultivar for sowing compare to late and medium-ripening cultivar which can change future climate conditions in favor of rainfed wheat production in most areas, especially cold regions.
Conclusion:
In this study, the probability of occurrence of adverse and extreme agro climatic events during the growing season of wheat was determined, which is usually not well considered in crop models. However, it is well known that the impacts of such extreme events can be substantial. The results of this study showed that, despite high uncertainty in the climate projections within CMIP5 models, the probability of occurrence of at least one (or more) adverse event during the growth period for each cultivar will increase compared to the baseline for the same cultivar. So that, the longer growth period, the greater likelihood of occurrence of at least one (or more) adverse event.
https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37060_616aab987b8b9828912e5b84b9f97c3e.pdf
2019-06-22
601
618
10.22067/jag.v11i2.75744
.Agro-climatic indices
CMIP5 models
EDCDF biases correction
Emission scenarios RCP
Mojtaba
Shokouhi
mojtabashokohi@gmail.com
1
Department of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Hossein
Sanaei-Nejad
sanaein@gmail.com
2
Department of Water Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad
Bannayan Aval
banayan@um.ac.ir
3
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The determine of nutrition value of Kochia (Kochia Scoparia L.) forage under salinity and deficit irrigation conditions
Introduction
The conventional water resources and crops do not meet all the requirement of human society in dry and saline areas. Sea water and brackish water and salt tolerant plant should be considered for research. Salt tolerant plants (halophytes) are highly evolved and specialized organisms. They have well-adapted morphological, phenological and physiological characteristics allowing them to proliferate in the high salinity conditions and offer a low-cost approach to reclaiming and rehabilitating saline habitats. This approach would lead to the domestication of wild, salt tolerant plants to use as forage crops. Kochia scoparia (L., Schrad) is a highly, drought and salinity resistant plant widely used as emergency forage for livestock. Kochia can establish on saline soils, not only to produce protective short-lived vegetation coverage, but also is being used as an alternative forage crop, especially in regions faced with forage shortage. Kochia also has high forage yield potential; Kafi et al. (2010) reported an annual forage yield up to 11 ton ha-1. On the other hand, there is no study on the effect of salinity and drought on the qualitative characteristics of forage in this plant. Therefore, the aim of this study was evaluate the effects of different salinity stress and deficit irrigation on qualitative forage of Kochia scoparia.
Materials and Methods
In order to investigate the effects of different levels of salinity stress and deficit irrigation on quantity and quality forage of Kochia, a randomized complete blocks design used in spilt plot arrangement with three replications. A field study was conducted in Agriculture Research field, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University during 2015 growing season. Treatment consisted of three levels of salinity stress (0.9 (non-salinity water), 15.45 (mixture of non-salinity and salinity water) and 30 (salinity water) dS/m) and five water deficits (100% full irrigation, 75 and 50 % full irrigation, 75 and 50% PRD). Plant height, number of lateral branch, fresh and dry forage yield was measured. Oven dried (75◦C for 72 h) chopped samples were ground to pass through a 1-mm screen. The samples were analyzed according to the standard procedures for chemical composition (The quantities of Na+, K+ and Na+/ K+ ratio, Cl-, NDF and ADF , ash amount, ether extract, crude protein, energy metabolism, phenol and tannin.
Results and Discussion
The analysis of variance showed that the effects of salinity and deficit irrigation on ether extract and crude ash were significant and with increasing salinity and drought stress levels decreased, while the quantities of Na+ and crude protein increased. In all saline treatments, by decreasing the water consumption to the treatment of 50 % full irrigation increase in the amount of sodium was observed and after this treatment the amount of this ion was decreased. In addition, to their effects on the quantities of K+ and Na+/ K+ ratio, Cl-, dry matter digestibility percent, energy metabolism, ADF and NDF were not significant. On the other hand, due to many leaves of Kochia, digestibility of its dry matter is similar to alfalfa. Also, increased salinity and drought did not effect forage quality factors such as tannin and phenol. These results indicate that, under drought stress and salinity, the qualitative characteristics of Kochia forage are completely preserved and not reduced.
Conclusion
Study results indicates that forage of Kochia scoparia can be recommended as a suitable forage for arid or semi-arid conditions to provide the nutritional needs of domestic livestock. Therefore, the farmers along the desert areas, two big deserts in the center of Iran for example, are in extreme need of fodder for their animals, and the introduction of this species would provide an impressive economic benefit.
https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37064_7f338b9a9f92aab47ce6fe7d44c07770.pdf
2019-06-22
619
634
10.22067/jag.v11i2.75545
chemical composition
Kochia scoparia
water quality
water quantity
Bibi Elahe
Moosavi Far
e.moosavifar@yahoo.com
1
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Hamid Reza
Khazaei
h.khazaie@um.ac.ir
2
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad
Kafi
m.kafi@um.ac.ir
3
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Different Winter Cover Crops on the Dynamics of Weed Populations and Corn Growth (Zea mays L.) (Single 704)
Introduction:
Cover crops have wide range influence on agroecosystem as well as multiple benefits for farmers. A major benefit of cover crops is the suppression of weeds during fall and winter, which can help to reduce soil tillage and herbicide use. A cover crop is a plant that is used primarily to slow erosion, improve soil health, enhance water availability, make weeds smother, help control pests and diseases, increase biodiversity and bring a host of other benefits to your farm. Many types of plants can be used as cover crops. Fabaceae, Poaceae and brassicaceae familys are the most extensively used. Considering the importance of corn, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of six types of winter cover crops including rye, barley, hairy vetch, berseem clover, Indian mustard and rocket on the dynamics of weed populations and seedling growth and yield of corn.
Materials and Methods:
To investigate the efficiency of various cover crops in weed controlling, seedling growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) (single-cross 704), a factorial experiment based on Split Block design was conducted with three replicates in 2016-2017 at research field of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Experimental treatments included: 1) cover crop type in 7 levels of rye (Secale cereal L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.), berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), Indian mustard (Brassica junce L.), rocket (Eruca sativa L.) and no cover crop (control), 2) weed elimination in two levels of hand weeding and no-weeding. Different cover crops planted in three times the recommended amount in middle winter of 2016. One week before planting corn, all cover crops were sprayed with paraquat herbicide (3 liters per hectare), then corn seeds were planted directly inside the residuals of the cover crops manually.
Results and Discussion:
Comparison of weed density and dry weight in various treatments of cover crop with control treatment shows the potential of cover crop (disregarding the type) in weed control and increment of diversity. The results showed that the growth of maize seedlings planted in hairy vetch and berseem clover (both from Fabaceae family) and rye residue areas (form Poaceae family) had an increasing trend and in Indian mustard and rocket (both from Brassicaceae family) and barley (from Poaceae family) had a decreasing trend. The lowest maize grain yield was obtained in no cover crop treatment, whereas the lowest grain yield among cover crop treatments was achieved in maize planted in barley residue. Indian mustard and rocket residues had the lowest maize yield after barley. It seems that residues of these three crops have allelopathic impact on maize, which was confirmed by observing growth reduction in maize seedlings planted in these residues. On the other hand, the highest maize grain yield was associated with rye, hairy vetch and berseem clover treatments. Hairy vetch and berseem clover had lower biomass than rye. It seems: 1) the ability of these plants in biological nitrogen fixation, 2) improve soil fertility and 3) accelerate the rate of decomposition of these plant residuals had a significant role to improve the growth and quick development of maize that planted in residuals of these plants. Brust et al. (2014) were tested the growth and weed suppression ability of four new cover crop species including tartary buckwheat, forage radish, red oat and grain amaranth. The results show that tartary buckwheat and forage radish are well suited as new cover crops in Germany due to their fast growth and good weed suppression ability.
Conclusion:
According to the results, barley, Indian mustard and rocket are able to produce high biomass and have very good effects on weed control. However these plants also have allelopathic effects on corn seedling. Therefore, they are not recommend for cultivation in corn. Rye, hairy vetch and berseem clover had less biomass, but had a good ability to control weeds. It also improved seedling growth and corn yield. Therefore, these three plants can be described as suitable cover crops in corn.
https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37071_b79e48fc2c67990966b45e3f321647ad.pdf
2019-06-22
635
654
10.22067/jag.v11i2.78205
Allelopathy
Brassicaceae
Ecological weed management
Fabaceae
Plant residues
Poaceae
Razieh
Khojamli
1
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
AUTHOR
Asieh
Siahmarguee
siahmargue@gau.ac.ir
2
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ebrahim
Zeinali
e.zeinali@gau.ac.ir
3
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
AUTHOR
Afshin
Soltani
afshin.soltani@gmail.com
4
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Iran
AUTHOR
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37
39. Weston, L.A., and Duke, S.O. 2003. Weed and crop allelopathy. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 22(3&4): 367-389.
38
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of Nitrogen Efficiency for Cereal Crop Cultivars in Iran Based on the Historical Course of their Release: 1- Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Introduction
Yield increase in the second half of the last century was attributed to breeding new high yielding cultivars and use of chemical inputs, particularly nitrogenous fertilizer, where contribution of fertilizers in yield improvement has been reported in the range of 30 to 50 percent. In fact, genetic potential of high yielding cultivars is achieved using sufficient nitrogen supply because canopy development, radiation capture photosynthesis and radiant use efficiency is associated with the amount of nitrogen uptake. In recent years, enhancement of inputs efficiency and in particular chemical fertilizers have been the concern of many scientists, though nitrogen use efficiency has not been the goal of plant breeder in a broader sense. Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE), Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency (NUpE) and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency (NUtE) are the main indices normally used to investigate the nitrogen efficiency of plants. However, Nitrogen Harvest Index (NHI), Nitrogen Partial Factor Productivity are also evaluated for this purpose. The aim of the present study was to evaluate all these indices for wheat cultivars released in Iran during the last 60 years to find the trend of changes during the course of their release.
Materials and Methods
In order to evaluate the trend of changes of nitrogen efficiency for wheat cultivars during the course of their release, an experiment was conducted in the growth season of 2014- 2015 in the experiment farm of faculty of agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. The experiment was based on split plot with complete randomized Block design. In this study, treatments included 12 different levels of nitrogen (nitrogen applied from urea 46% N: 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N ha-1, animal manure: 0, 10, 20 and 30 ton animal manure ha-1 which respectively equal with 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N ha-1, and the combination of both chemical and manure fertilizer with 0:0, 50:5, 100:10 and 150:15 kg ha-1: ton ha-1 ratios, respectively). These were allocated to the main plots and six wheat cultivars of wheat, Roshan and Tabasi released as very old cultivars, Falat as an old cultivars and Parsi, Sirvan and Sepahan as new ones were allocated to sub plots. Sub plots were 1.5×2 m with three replications.
Results and discussion
Results showed that there was no difference between cultivars in terms of economic yield, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen partial factor productivity except for those of Sirvan which were lower than the others. However, there was difference between cultivars in terms of nitrogen utilization efficiency, nitrogen harvest index, straw yield and biological yield; though no particular then between old and new cultivars in this report. Without considering the type of fertilizers, by increasing nitrogen level from 100 to 300 kg N ha-1 nitrogen efficiency indices decreased significantly, so that almost maximum nitrogen efficiency indices obtained with 100 kg N ha-1. In agreement with these results, indicated that nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen harvest index differ between new and old and also between new wheat cultivars, significantly. In contrast with these results, showed that although the new cultivars have significantly higher nitrogen use efficiency than old wheat cultivars, but no significant differences in nitrogen utilization and uptake efficiencies and nitrogen harvest index were observed between under study cultivars. In this study, in all nitrogen levels, and cultivars, nitrogen utilization and uptake efficiencies contribute 37 and 79% in nitrogen use efficiency changes, respectively.
Conclusion
With an increase in fertilizer levels (chemical, manure and combination of both), efficiency indices were reduced, but these reductions were lower when chemical and manure fertilizers were combined and hence more efficient fertilizer use. Results of this study indicated that in recent decades, breeding of wheat cultivar, could not improve nitrogen efficiency indices and subsequently efficient use of fertilizers in Iran.
https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37076_15c7d5eb5495b9d55823c5124ce3921b.pdf
2019-06-22
655
671
10.22067/jag.v11i2.49170
Nitrogen use efficiency
Nitrogen uptake efficiency
Nitrogen utilization efficiency
New and old wheat cultivars
leila
jafari
jafari_leila@yahoo.com
1
Ferdowsi
AUTHOR
alireza
koocheki
akooch@um.ac.ir
2
Ferdowsi
LEAD_AUTHOR
mehdi
Nassiri-Mahallati
mnassiri@um.ac.ir
3
Ferdowsi
AUTHOR
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38
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Water Productivity in Sugar Beet Cultivation under Classical and Furrow Irrigation System in Hamedan Province
Introduction
Iran has dry climate conditions that its rainfall is lower than one third of rainfall in world. The results of anticipation illustrated that renewable water resource in Iran will be lower than 1500 m3 year-1, which it will cause critical level in water issue. Sugar beet is consumed high water and this issue cause to limitation of cultivated area in regions where water resources is determinate. Therefore, using classical irrigation systems instead of furrow irrigation systems was occurred in last decades. Therefore, evaluation of the water usage efficiency in different irrigation systems under field conditions is necessary. Mirzaei and Ghadami Firozabadi (2007) evaluated the water use efficiency under two different irrigation systems included furrow and classical systems in sugar beet in Ekbatan research site of Hamedan. They reported that the highest water use efficiency in term of physical was related to drop irrigation and the lowest amount was observed in furrow system. The goal of the study was to evaluate water productivity in terms of physical and economical in sugar beet fields in Hamedan province.
Materials and methods
This study was performed by using questionnaire, observation and also interview with farmers in 2017. Studied area was four counties of Hamedan province included Nahavand, Asadabad, Toyserkan and Famenin. Water productivity was calculated by two different methods which were physical and economical. Simple way to calculate the physical water productivity under field conditions is crop per drop (CPD) index. In this method, produced yield was considered per used drop. Higher value of CPD index indicates the correct use of water. The concept of economical water productivity is benefit per drop (BPD). BPD index considered the gross benefit and it is the limit of this index, so another index named NBPD was used. In NBPD index, net benefit was considered.
Results and discussion
Yield of sugar beet was considered based on average yield in each county and the price of sugar beet was determinate based on sugar beet price in 2017 year and it was 2916 Rials kg-1.
The results showed that yield and total income of sugar beet in Hamedan province and its counties under classical irrigation system was higher than furrow one, so that applying classical system caused to increase in gross benefit as 18% compared to Furrow system. As data, sugar beet production cost in furrow approach was 14.96% lower than classical method in total province. Net benefit was gained by subtract of production cost from gross benefit for each county. The study results illustrated that net benefit of sugar beet for farmers who use classical irrigation system was higher than farmers who use furrow way to irrigate their fields. Average of net benefit by sugar beet production in furrow and classical systems was 83381.47 and 110269.53 (1000Rials ha-1), respectively that indicates 32.2% increase in net benefit under classical system in comparison with furrow system. Water consumption in furrow approach was higher than classical one in all studied counties of Hamedan province. Asadabad with water consumption as 13476 m3 ha-1 had the highest and Nahavand with 9461 m3 ha-1 had the lowest water consumption among counties. Physical water productivity (CPD) in furrow and classical systems was gained 4.71 kg m3 and 6.85 kg m3, respectively. Results of the BPD values indicated that classical system had more productivity in comparison with furrow in all counties and total province. NBPD values also showed the same results of BPD, so that the value of NBPD under furrow system was observed 6805 Rials m-3 , but for classical system was obtained 11077 Rials m-3. Therefore, water consumption at a rate of one m3 by classical system causes increase in benefit as 4272 Rials compared to furrow.
Conclusion
In general, it can be concluded that applying classical irrigation systems causes increasing of water productivity as physically and economically compared to furrow system. Asadabad had the lowest water productivity among other counties of Hamedan province. Therefore, it is necessary to extend needed information about increasing of water productivity to farmers of this county by agricultural experts and promoters.
https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37085_a862a07e51eb52ab013a20d608faebc5.pdf
2019-06-22
673
686
10.22067/jag.v11i2.68593
Classic Irrigation
Economical Productivity
Net benefit
Physical Productivity
production cost
Seyed Mohsen
Seyedan
m.seyedan@areeo.ac.ir
1
Economic, Social and Extension Research Department, Hamedan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Hamedan, Iran
AUTHOR
Hamed
Mansouri
h.mansori@areeo.ac.ir
2
Sugar Beet Research Department, Hamedan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Hamedan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sadeghzadeh Hemayati, S. 2016. Annual research report of sugar beet seed institute. 2016. Sugar Beet Seed Institute Press. 196 p. (In Persian)
1
Bakhtari, S., Khajoei Nejad, G.R., and Mohamadi Nejad, G. 2017. The effect of irrigation cut-off in flowering stage and foliar application of spermidine on essential oil quantity and quality of three ecotypes of cumin. Agroecology Journal 8 (4): 521-535. (In Persian with English Summary)
2
Faberio, C., Santa Olalla, M., Lopez, R., and Dominguez, A. 2003. Production and quality of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cultivated under controlled deficit irrigation condition in semiarid- climate. Agricultural Water Management 62:215-227.
3
Farshi, A.A., Shariati, M.R., Jar Elahi, R., Ghaemi, M.R., Shahabifar, M., and Tavallaei, M. 1997. Estimated Water Requirements for Major Agronomic and Horticultural Plants of the Country. Agricultural Education Publication Press. 900 p.
4
Hamedan Regional Met Office. 2018. Annual Report of Hamedan County Precipitation. http://sinamet.ir/.
5
Heydari, N., and Haghayeghi Moghadam, S.A. 2001. Water use efficiency of main crops in different regions of Iran. Final report of Agricultural Engineering Research Institute. Karaj, Iran. (In Persian)
6
Jafari, A.M., and Rezvani, S.M. 2001. Approaches to confront of water crisis. Final report of Management and Planning Organization of Hamedan Province. No. 275. (In Persian)
7
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8
Jozi, M., and Zare Abyaneh, H. 2015. Water productivity and water use efficiency indexes of sugar beet under different levels of water and nitrogen fertilizer. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation 22 (5): 117-133. (In Persian with English Summary)
9
Karimzadeh Moghadam, M. 2006. Investigating the effect of drip, sprinkler and Leakage irrigation systems on water use efficiency and quantitative and qualitative yield of sugar beet. 1th National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage Networks Management, Ahvaz, Iran, 2-4 May 2006, p. 957-959. (In Persian)
10
Koocheki, A., Nassiri Mahallati, M., Moradi, R., and Mansouri, H. 2017. Strategies of transition to sustainable agriculture in Iran I- Improving resources use efficiency. Agroecology Journal 9 (3): 3. (In Persian with English Summary)
11
Mirzaei, M.R., and Ghadami Firozabadi, A. 2007. Investigation of quantity and quality characters of sugar beet crop under furrow and micro irrigation systems in Hamedan. Sugar Beet 23 (2): 111-122. (In Persian with English Summary)
12
Molden, D. 1997. Accounting for water use and productivity. International Irrigation Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka.16 pp.
13
Regional Water Company of Hamedan. 2016. Summary report on groundwater and surface water resources. http://www.hmrw.ir/.
14
Rezvani, S.M., Nourozi, A., and Azari, K. 2008. Impacts of different irrigation systems and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and water use efficiency of sugar beet. Sugar Beet 24 (2): 57-72. (In Persian with English Summary)
15
Rijsberman, F.R. 2006. Water scarcity: Fact or fiction? Agricultural Water Management 80: 5–22.
16
Sadeghzadeh Hemayati, S. 2015. Technical and performance approaches of water consumption decreases in sugar beet cultivation at Orumia Lake Basin. Final report of Sugar Beet Seed Institute. Karaj, Iran. (In Persian with English Summary)
17
Salami, H.A. 1997. Consepts and measurment of productivity in agriculture. Agricultural Economics and Development. No. 18. (In Persian)
18
Topak. R., Süheri, S., and Acar, B., 2010. Effect of soil drip irrigation regimes on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) yield, quality and water use efficiency in Middle Anatolian, Turkey. Irrigation Science 29: 79-89.
19
Zamai, O., Mortazavi, S.A., and Balali, H., 2014. Economical Water Productivity of Agricultural Products in Bahar Plain, Hamadan. Journal of Water Research in Agriculture 28(1): 51-62. (In Persian with English Summary)
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of planting patterns and fertilizer treatments on growth and flower and seed yield of mallow (Malva sylvestris L.) as a medicinal plant
Introduction
Under limited moisture conditions, various row planting arrangements have been utilized to provide additional moisture for plant growth and development. Planting patterns had significant effects on the availability of water in time to better match crop development.
Soil fertility is one of the most important factors in agricultural operations. Also, soil fertility greatly contributes to yield differences for the same agronomic practices. It is well-known from numerous fertilizer experiments that mallow yield is strongly dependent on the supply of organic matter and mineral nutrients. Cow manure and municipal waste compost in controlling different types of debris and the reduction in fertilizer consumption in agricultural products and mineral absorption elements improve low consumption by plants.
Mallow (Malva sylvestris) (Malvaceae) is a medicinal plant that it was used for its emollient and laxative properties and is a popular medicine. Mallow broadly used for various inflammatory conditions (Wichtl, 2004). Phytochemical studies of this plant revealed the presence of numerous polysaccharides, anthocyanins, coumarins, tannins, flavones, flavonols, anthocyanidins, leucoanthocyanidines, mucilagen and essential oil (Unver et al., 2009).
Therefore, the objectives of the current study are to evaluate the effects of planting pattern and fertilizer treatments on growth, flower and seed yield of mallow as a medicinal plant.
Materials and Methods
A field experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a complete randomized block design with three replications at Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during two growing seasons of 2012-2013 and 2013-2014. Fertilizer sources of cow manure (40 t.ha-1), municipal waste compost (20 t.ha-1), chemical fertilizer and control (without fertilizer), three planting patterns included 70 cm apart single side row, 90 cm apart single side row and two side rows and two harvests were the main, sub and subfactors, respectively.
After land preparation, organic fertilizers were added to the soil. Based on nutrient contents in organic fertilizers, N, P and K for chemical fertilizers were determined by 114, 18 and 220 kg.ha-1. P (as triple superphosphate) and K (potassium sulfate) were applied just before sowing. Urea (N fertilizer) was applied as a top dressing in three stages such as sowing, thinning and flowering stages when the crop was irrigated.
Plant height, the fresh yield of flower, the dry yield of flower, biological yield, seed yield and mucilage content of mallow were measured.
To analyze the variance of the experimental data and drawing of diagrams, MSTAT-C and Excel software was used. All the averages were compared according to Duncan’s multiple range test (p≤0.05).
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the simple and interaction effects were significant on most studied traits. The highest dry yield of the flower was observed in the interaction of manure+ two side rows (4071.17 kg.ha-1) and the lowest was for control+90 cm apart single row (1095.85 kg.ha-1). The maximum and the minimum dry yield of the flower were observed in manure in the second harvest (4596.06 kg.ha-1) and for control in the first harvest (941.69 kg.ha-1) treatment, respectively. The highest biological yield and seed yield were obtained in two side rows (4731.01 and 813.60 kg.ha-1) and the lowest was for 90 cm apart single row (with 3880.96 and 635.74 kg.ha-1), respectively. Manure affected mucilage percent significantly, (12.06%) and the lowest was for chemical fertilizer (9.32%).
Conclusion
Manure increased nutrient uptake by plants, improving plant hormone-like activity, increase soil water holding capacity, and generally improve the growth and yield of medicinal plant. It can be concluded that two side rows and cow manure could be considered as a suitable treatment for improving quantity and quality yield of this medicinal plant.
Acknowledgment
This research (27066.2) was funded by Vice Chancellor for Research of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, which is hereby acknowledged.
https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37088_61465a5e2836b0c9e5e25b516b5ae08e.pdf
2019-06-22
687
701
10.22067/jag.v11i2.42037
Compost made from house-hold
Manure
Two sides planting
Alireza
Koocheki
akooch@um.ac.ir
1
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Surur
Khorramdel
khorramdel@um.ac.ir
2
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Elnaz
Ebrahimian
e_ebrahimian63@yahoo.com
3
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Javad
Shabahang
ja.shabahang@stu-mail.um.ac.ir
4
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Adediran, J.A., Taiwo, L.B., Akande, M.O., Sobulo, R.A., and Idowu, O.J. 2004. Application of organic and inorganic fertilizer for sustainable maize and cowpea yields in Nigeria. Journal of Plant Nutrition 27: 1163–1181.
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40
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of water stress and application of manure on growth indices and accumulation of dry matter of Thymus vulgaris and Thymus daenensis
Introduction:
Environmental stress is one of the main factors limiting the growth and production of crops in the world. In general, water is one of the most effective factors on a Total Dry Matter (TDM) and water stress on plants can reduce the Crop Growth Rate(CGR), Relative Growth Rate(RGR), Leaf Area Index(LAI) and Total Dry Matter(TDM). One of the most accurate ways to study the responses of plants to environmental condition is evaluation of growth indices. Sanchez-Rodrigo et al (2010) reported that in water stress condition that reduced moisture for plants, manure might help plants to maintain their moisture content, provide water for plant and is effective in reducing the negative effects of water stress. Due to the water stress influences on plant growth, measurement of TDM of medicinal herbs like thyme is of vital importance to evaluate the effect of water stress on plans. The quality of medicinal plants is largely determined by the relevant natural compounds (secondary metabolites) and the quantity and quality of these compounds are determined by environmental factors such as water availability. In general, water reduction in plant tissues reduces the growth of different parts of the plant like the roots and aerial organs of the plant. In this regard, Sharafzadeh and Zare (2011) reported that drought stress reduces dry weight and height of Thymus vulgaris. Given that the large parts of Iran’s lands are situated in the arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore evaluating the effect of drought stress on qualitative and quantitative changes in medicinal plant species of thyme is important.This study aimed at examining the effects of water stress and manure on some the growth indices and TDM of Thymus daenensis and Thymus vulgaris
Materials and methods:
In order to evaluate the effect of water stress and manure on some of the growth indices and accumulation of total dry matter of Thymus daenensis and Thymus vulgaris an experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in the Agriculture research field of the University of Birjand, located at latitude 53º: 32N, longitude 13:55ºE and altitude 1480 m above sea level in 2015. Experimental factors were including water stress (100%, 67% and 33% of field capacity), two species of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus daenensis celak) and manure at two levels (30tons.ha-1 and No manure).
Results and Discussion:
The results showed that water stress reduced traits such as LAI, CGR, NAR, SLA, LWR and TDM and only non-significant effect on RGR. In all traits the highest and lowest amount obtained from 100% FC (normal condition) and 33% FC (The highest level of water stress) respectively. The higher LAI, CGR, RGR, NAR, and SLA in the normal condition (100% FC) might be due to better availability to water and food and the result of efforts to expand the plant canopy. TDM decreased 26.56 percent with increasing stress from 100 to 33% field capacity. Manure treatment had a positive impact on growth indices and the highest the and lowest amount of growth indices and TDM obtained from of 30ton.ha-1 manure. So the application of manure to the soil in water shortage conditions is recommended to achieve the highest TDM.
Conclusions:
In the current study, the highest TDM obtained from 30 ton ha-1 manure that having a significant difference with the situation where no manure. The TDM and growth indices increased after the soil physical properties were modified and nutrient available for thyme in the manure treatment. In between the two species, Thymus daenensis showed the highest growth indices (With the exception of LWR) compared to the Thymus vulgaris. Therefore, we can say that Thymus daenensis can introduce superior species when exposed to water stress.
https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37092_33322958400a276c0e7b9d27cc47acc9.pdf
2019-06-22
703
721
10.22067/jag.v11i2.63227
Accumulation total dry matter
Growth indices
Thymus daenensis
Thymus vulgaris
Mahdiye
Askary
mahdiye.askary@yahoo.com
1
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Ali
Behdani
mabehdani@birjand.ac.ir
2
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Birjand University, Birjand, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Soheil
Parsa
sparsa@birjand.ac.ir
3
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
AUTHOR
Majid
Jami Al-Ahmadi
mjamialahmadi@birjand.ac.ir
4
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
AUTHOR
Sohrab
Mahmoodi
smahmoodi@birjand.ac.ir
5
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
AUTHOR
Abou El-Magd, M.M., El-Bassiony, A.M., and Fawzy, Z.F. 2006. Effect of organic manure with or without chemical fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of some varieties of broccoli plants. Journal of Applied Science Researc. 2 (10): 791-798.
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3
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47
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of Post Anthesis Water Deficit on Physiological Characteristics of Current and Storage Sources and Production Capacity of Temperate Wheat Cultivars
Introduction
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important crops in the world, which plays the greatest role in feeding the world's population. The crop yield (such as wheat) is determined by the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Among environmental factors, water deficit in many agricultural areas is the major obstacles for achieving optimal crop yield including wheat. The carbohydrates that are needed for grain growth are provided from two sources (1) during grain filling via leaves photosynthesis (current source) and (2) excess carbohydrates that are produced after and before anthesis and stored in the stem and then remobilized to the growing grains during grain filling stage (storage source). The decline of photosynthetic activity is the main sign of leaf senescence. It is generally accepted that cultivars that are able to preserve photosynthesis rate of leaves for a longer time, also, have more grain yield. Drought stress that occurs after anthesis can significantly affect on the power of both current and storage sources of wheat. These effect via reduction of grain filling rate and grain filling duration can lead to the reduction of grain size and then grain yield.
Materials and Methods
This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of post-anthesis water deficit on physiological characteristics of current and storage sources and also to identify strategies for increasing grain yield of two wheat growth types include 1) spring growth type (Sivand and Sirvan) and facultative growth type (Pishgam and Orum). This research was applied to the research farm of Razi University. The experiment was laid out as split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications. Water deficit was conduct in two levels (control and water deficit from anthesis till maturity) in main plot and wheat cultivars in subplot. Density was considered 400 plants per square meter. Sowing date was at 21 October 2016. To evaluate the power of current sources, gas exchange of leaves (photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, temperature, CO2 concentration in sub stomatal cavity, fluorescence chlorophyll and stomatal conductance) and also for evaluating the power of storage sources, remobilization of carbohydrates from stem to the growing grains was measured.
Results and discussion
With respect to the results, in control and water deficit conditions, Sivand and Orum cultivars with 8435 and 5255 kg.h-1 had the highest and the lowest grain yield respectively. Application of post-anthesis water deficit caused 36, 28, 24 and 26 percent reduction in grain yield of Sivand, Sirvan, Pishgam and Orum cultivars respectively. In control treatment, 7 and 21 days after anthesis, Sivand and Sirvan had the highest photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and maximum efficiency of photosystem II and the lowest leaf temperature. In both times Orum cultivar had the lowest photosynthesis rate and also transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and maximum efficiency of photosystem II and the highest leaf temperature. Water deficit in 7 and 21 days after anthesis significantly increased leaf temperatures and significantly reduced Sub-stomatal CO2, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and maximum efficiency of photosystem II. Pishgam cultivar had the highest remobilization in two water regimes. The Relative contribution of stem reserve in grain yield in all evaluated cultivars was less than 30%.
Conclusion
The application of post-anthesis water deficit stress through decreasing stomatal conductance and consequently reducing transpiration rate significantly increased leaf temperature and decreased grain yield. Therefore, it seems that considering the ease of measuring leaf temperature in comparison with other physiological traits examined in this study and not destroying the method of measuring it, this trait can be considered as a very suitable indicator for investigation. Then with further study, it is possible to estimate the grain yield loss in wheat cultivars using this indicator in environmental drought stress conditions. Application of post-anthesis water deficit on average caused 30% reduction in grain yield in spring and facultative growth type cultivars. Regarding to the high probability of occurrence of drought stress at the end of the growing season of wheat in the studied area and most of Iran's agricultural areas, therefore, further studies on the recognition of the mechanisms of coping with post-anthesis drought stress conditions and the breeding of wheat cultivars in this regard, are necessary.
https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37100_1910d3752f2984804ab0997f77dd9872.pdf
2019-06-22
723
737
10.22067/jag.v11i2.68087
Chlorophyll fluorescence
Leaf temperature
Photosynthesis rate
Remobilization
Transpiration rate
Farahnaz
Sayadi
sayyadi.fa@gmail.com
1
Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohsen
Saeidi
msaeidi@razi.ac.ir
2
Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Saeid
Jalali Honarmand
sjhonarmand@yahoo.com
3
Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
AUTHOR
Shahryar
Sasani
shahryarsasani@gmail.com
4
Agricultural and Horticultural Science Research Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Agricultural Research and Education Organization, Kermanshah, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Eghbal
Ghobadi
eghbalghobadi@yahoo.com
5
Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetics, Agriculture and Natural Resources Campus, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
AUTHOR
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42
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparison of Energy Productivity and Global Warming Potential in Rain-fed Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Production Systems
Introduction
The main objective in agriculture production, so far, focused mostly on the increase of yield and production. Whereas today, economical and sustainable production is more important with regard to product quality, reduction of input consumption, conservation of natural resources and environment. Conservation tillage methods stabilize the soil productivity, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and protect the environment. The atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) has been increased considerably in recent year's, as a result, human activities. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important anthropogenic GHG; its annual emissions increased by about 80% between 1970 and 2004. Conservation tillage systems are increasingly considered as sustainable options to reduce the aftermaths of improper soil tillage. The objective of this study was to investigate energy flow and greenhouse gases emissions of sunflower production in three different tillage methods in northeastern part of Iran.
Materials and methods
In order to evaluate the effect of three methods of sunflower production (conventional tillage and sowing, reduced tillage and direct seeding method) on energy consumption and global warming potential in rainfed conditions, this study was performed in the Kalpoosh of shahrood. Data were gathered from thirty representative fields by using a face-to-face questionnaire method and monitoring production practices and inputs used. After gathering of data, energy parameters and global warming potential were calculated based on CO2 balance. The energy amount of each input was calculated by multiplying the amount of consumed input on energy's equivalent. The output energy of sunflower was calculated by multiplying the crop yield on energy's equivalent. Other calculations of inputs and outputs in each method performed by energy coefficients.
Results & Discussion
The results indicated that total input energy in the conventional method, reduced tillage, direct seeding were 13169, 11814 and 10600 MJ.ha-1, respectively. Thus, conventional method had the highest rate of energy consumption (30 % higher than of direct seeding). Similar results reported by some researchers. The highest amount of total energy input related to nitrogen fertilizer and diesel fuel. Seedbed preparation had the highest rate of fuel and energy consumption (43.5 %) followed by nitrogen Fertilizer (37.6). Maximum of direct and indirect consumed energy, related to fuel and nitrogen, respectively. Similar results reported by some researchers. In three tillage methods, the share of irreproducible energy was the highest and small share of total energy consumption related to renewable energy. Rajabi et al. (2011) reported similar results. The energy efficiency of conventional method was less than other methods. This is due to the high share of machinery and fuel energy and greater use of workers and low yield per hectare. Reducing inputs consumption can be increased efficiency in agricultural systems. Feyzbakhsh and Soltani (2013) reported similar results. Maximum and minimum of energy productivity related to direct seeding (0.15 kg.MJ-1) and conventional method (0.11 kg.MJ-1), respectively. Maximum and minimum of global warming potential (GWP) was related to conventional method (1731 Kg.CO2 eq.ha-1) and direct seeding (1405 Kg.CO2 eq.ha-1), respectively. This issue is compatible with more fuel consumption in conventional method compared with direct seeding. In conventional method, the most rate of GWP was related to fuel consumption (44.8%) followed by nitrogen fertilizer (38.8%) and farm machinery (8.3%).
Conclusions
Based on this study results, through reducing of fuel consumption (replacing of obsolescent machinery and usage of modern implement, performing of farm operations in suitable soil moisture content and preventing of additional operations) and accurate consuming of nitrogen (according to soil testing), it is possible to reduce fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emission and environmental pollutions.
https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37103_8723fa620c788f146994ee5583093429.pdf
2019-06-22
739
755
10.22067/jag.v11i2.49739
CO2
Direct seeding
Greenhouse gases emission
Tillage
zaynolabedin
omidmehr
zshamabadi@gmail.com
1
Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Semnan (Shahrood) Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, AREEO, Shahrood, lran. Email: zshamabadi@gmail.com
LEAD_AUTHOR
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5
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of Morphological Characteristics, Yield Components and Catalase Enzymes Activity of Lallemantia royleana Benth. under Drought Stress
Introduction
Lallemantia royleana (Walla) Benth is a folk medicinal plant of Labiatae family. This family is one of the largest and most distinctive flowering plants, with about 220 genera and almost 4000 species worldwide. It is well represented in different regions of European and the Middle Eastern countries especially Iran by 46 genera and 410 species and subspecies. The vernacular name of L. royleana’s seed in Iran is Balangu or Balangu Shirazi. Balangu seed is a good source of carbohydrates (45.25%), crude fiber (30.67%), ash (3.63%), oil (18.27%) and protein (25.60%) and has some medicinal, nutritional and human health properties. Balangu seed that conventionally consumes as stimulant, constituent, diuretic, and expectorant, is used in a range of products made in traditional or industrial applications such as beverage (namely Tokhme Sharbati) and bread in Iran and Turkey. Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic factors which adversely affect growth, metabolism, and yield of crops in semiarid and arid area. Drought stress during any particular growth stage of crops causes yield reduction. The purpose of this test is to evaluate the effect of drought on morphological characteristics, yield components and catalase enzymes activity of medicinal plant population are Balangu.
Materials and Methods
To evaluate the effect of drought stress on morphological characteristics, yield components and catalase enzymes activity of medicinal plant populations Balangu split-plot experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications in research farm of the Shahed University of medicinal plants in the year 2015. Factors examined include three levels of drought at flowering stage as the main factor (soil water potential of -0.5 atmosphere as a witness, 6.5- and 9.5- atmosphere), 5 Balangu population includes a population of Kurdistan (Sanandaj) Province and 4 population of Isfahan Province (E3 (Naein), E5 (Ardestan), E6 (Najaf Abad), E7 (Khansar)) were considered as subplots. Measured traits including root length, plant height, fresh and dry weight per plant, grain yield, components grain yield, mucilage percent, and yield. In order to study morphological traits, seven plants of each plot were selected with due consideration of margins. To determine yield components are calculated, about four square meters per plot was harvested at maturity. The ROS scavengers are antioxidant enzymes containing catalase. Information obtained through the statistical program SAS 9.12 for analysis and the means were compared by Duncan's multiple range test in 5% level.
Results and Discussion
The results showed significant effect of drought on morphological traits, yield components (except the number of nut in every cycle) and catalase enzymes activity. With increasing drought traits such as plant height and its components declined. Balangu populations on plant height, number of tributaries, fresh and dry weight per plant was non-significant. In the crowd, except root length in the rest statistically significant differences were observed. For the purpose of planting the seed Balangu, E3 has the potential moisture in the atmosphere -.9.5 atm had the highest grain yield per plant. A significant positive correlation with yield and grain yield per plant, grain weight, number of cycles of flowers per plant and plant height. Pearson correlations between traits with grain yield results showed that the Grain Yield per plant and Plant height (r=0.580**), thousand grain weight (r=0.514**), nut number of per flowers cycle (r=0.496**), fresh weight per plant (r=0.360**), dry weight plant (r=0.337*), and root length (r=0.324**) positive correlation and significant and flowering cycle her plant (r=-0.299*) showed a significant negative correlation and significant. No significant grain yield with other traits.
Conclusions
The results of this study indicated that drought stress at flowering stage increased root length and catalase enzyme as well as decreased other morphological traits, grain yield components, percentage and mucilage yield and protein content of balangu medicinal plant. In moderately severe stress, the highest grain yield and mucilage yield were related to Nain population, and in mild stress, Ardestan (E5) population had the highest grain yield, percent and mucilage yield. Therefore, considering the stresses introduced, introducing high-yielding populations in relatively severe stresses can lead to water use efficiency and irrigation management. Due to the necessity of production of medicinal plants in crop systems and the necessity to pay attention to cultivation of these plants in arid and semi-arid regions, it is recommended in severe climatic conditions of Naein (E3) population under similar climatic conditions.
https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37113_3b9a99ae45359de4d189eab2e8e9edbb.pdf
2019-06-22
757
774
10.22067/jag.v11i2.69373
Antioxidant
Lallemantia royleana
yield
Dehydration
Grain weight
khadijeh
ahmadi
kh.ahmadi612@gmail.com
1
Shahed University
AUTHOR
heshmat
omidi
omidi@shahed.ac.ir
2
Shahed University
LEAD_AUTHOR
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