@article { author = {Koocheki, Alireza and Azizi, Elham and Tabrizi, Leila and Bakhshaie, Sara}, title = {The Investigation of Functional Diversity Effect on Composition, Density and Diversity Indices of Weeds in some Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {1-21}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v1i1.42321}, abstract = {Introduction Nowadays, with increasing tendency to monoculture of medicinal and horticultural plants, the range of genetic diversity in agricultural ecosystems has decreased. Conventional agricultural activities with simplification of ecosystems makes ecosystems more unstable and more sensitive to environmental hazards. Therefore, the promotion of biodiversity in these systems is effective for their recovery and sustainability. The purpose of designing sustainable agricultural ecosystems is to integrate ecosystem components in such a way that maintains and strengthens the biodiversity, productivity and self-regulatory capacity of the agricultural ecosystem. Functional diversity is achieved by using different functional species with different roles in agroecosystems. The role of weeds in increasing diversity in agroecosystems is very important because they are closely associated with many of the crops and genetic exchange between them. The presence of weeds in the crop ecosystem reduces genetic vulnerability through strategy of environmental diversification as well as the occurrence of resistance mechanisms. Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effect of some medicinal plants on weed density and diversity, an experiment was conducted based on a complete randomized block design with three replications at the agricultural research station, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, during 2012 and 2013. Treatments included 13 medicinal species (Origanum vulgar, Hyssopus officinalis, Tanacetum parthenium, Echinacea purpurea, Ruta graveolens, Althea officinalis, Hypericum perforatum,Trigonella foenum-graecum, Oenothera erythrosepala, Malva sylvestris, Securigera securidaca, Achillea millefolium and Digitalis purpurea).After tillage, land preparation and leveling, each plant was cultivated in strips of 10*3 meters. After complete establishment of the plants in order to achieve the desired density, thinning operations were performed on each strip. The distance between the test strips was 0.5 m. Seeds of all studied plants were sown in April 2012. In both cropping years to study the diversity of weeds, a part of each plot with dimensions of 0.5 m was separated and remained without weeding and in all plots of medicinal plants, density and dry weight of weeds was determined at two stages of vegetative and reproductive growth of medicinal plants. Also, physiological and morphological characteristics such as height, leaf area and dry weight of plants in each plot were measured. In order to calculate the diversity of weeds, the type of weed species and their density were determined in quadrates with dimensions of 40*40 cm. Then the weeds in each plot were harvested separately and transferred to the laboratory and were placed at 70 °C for 48 hours to determine the dry weight. Shannon, Margalf and Simpson diversity indices were used to quantify weed diversity.   Results and Discussion The results indicated that the effect of medicinal species on total weed density and weight was significant. The highest and the lowest dry weed weight was obtained in Digitalis purpurea (39.4 g.m-2) and Tanacetum parthenium (3.2 g.m-2), respectively. The highest total weed density was observed in Malva sylvestris, Securigera securidaca, Digitalis purpurea and Hyssopus officinalis. Malva sylvestris had the highest weed richness (four species) that it was not significantly different with Securigera securidaca and Achillea millefolium. During different sampling years and stages, the highest Shannon index was obtained in Achillea millefolium (0.48) that it was not different with Malva sylvestris, Securigera securidaca, Hyssopus officinalis, Hypericum perforatum, Digitalis purpurea and Echinacea purpurea, significantly. Also, the highest margalof index was obtained in Malva sylvestris, Achillea millefolium and Hyssopus officinalis (4.05, 4.03 and 3.33, respectively). Studied medicinal species for weed diversity divided to 5 groups in 75% similarity level. Despite the importance of biodiversity for the stability of natural ecosystems and agroecosystems, increasing species and functional diversity, simultaneously, is necessary to improve agroecosystem’s function. Keep the limited weed population in field increase functional diversity of agricultural landscapes but, this profit must reach equilibrium with the risk of decreasing crop production due to competition with weeds. }, keywords = {Dry weight,Margalof index,Shannon index,Simpson index,Species richness}, title_fa = {تأثیر تنوع کارکردی چند گیاه دارویی بر ترکیب، تراکم و شاخص‌های تنوع علف‌های هرز در بوم‌نظام‌های کشاورزی}, abstract_fa = {به‌منظور بررسی اثر تنوع کارکردی تعدادی از گیاهان دارویی بر تراکم و تنوع علف­های هرز، آزمایشی در قالب بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در دو سال زراعی 91-1390 و 92-1391 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد انجام شد. تیمارها شامل 13 گونه دارویی مرزنجوش (Origanum vulgar)، زوفا (Hyssopus officinalis)، بابونه (Tanacetum parthenium)، سرخارگل (Echinacea purpurea)، سداب (Ruta graveolens)، گل ختمی (Althaea officinalis)، گل راعی (Hypericum perforatum)، شنبلیله (Trigonella foenum-graecum)، گل مغربی (Oenothera erythrosepala)، پنیرک (Malva sylvestris)، عدس الملک (Securigera securidaca)، بومادران(Achillea millefolium) وگل انگشتانه (Digitalis purpurea) بودند. نتایج نشان داد که اثر گیاهان دارویی بر تراکم و وزن خشک کل علف­های هرز از نظر آماری معنی­دار بود. بیشترین و کمترین وزن خشک علف­های هرز به‌ترتیب در گونه­های دارویی گل انگشتانه (4/39 گرم در مترمربع) و بابونه گاوی (2/3 گرم در مترمربع) به‌دست آمد. بیشترین تعداد کل علف­های هرز نیز در گونه­های دارویی پنیرک، عدس الملک، گل انگشتانه و زوفا مشاهده شد. گونه دارویی پنیرک دارای بیشترین غنای گونه­ای علف­های هرز (چهار گونه) بود که اختلاف آماری معنی­داری با عدس الملک و بومادران نداشت. در طی سال­ها و مراحل نمونه­برداری مختلف، گونه دارویی بومادران از نظر علف­های هرز دارای بیشترین شاخص تنوع شانون به‌مقدار 48/0 بود که اختلاف آماری معنی­داری با پنیرک، عدس الملک، زوفا، گل راعی، گل انگشتانه و سرخارگل نداشت. همچنین بیشترین شاخص تنوع مارگالوف نیز در کرت­های دارای گونه­های دارویی پنیرک، بومادران و زوفا به‌ترتیب با مقادیر 05/4، 03/4 و 33/3 به‌دست آمد. گونه­های دارویی مورد مطالعه از نظر تنوع علف­های هرز در سطح تشابه 75 درصد در پنج گروه قرار گرفتند.}, keywords_fa = {Dry weight,Margalof index,Shannon index,Simpson index,Species richness}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37611.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37611_077c810182f9cefcf54226a57dff233f.pdf} } @article { author = {Sohrabi Rinani, Rezvan and Rezvani Moghaddam, Parviz and Ghorbani, Reza and Astaraei, Alireza}, title = {Effect of Organic, Biological and Chemical Fertilizers on Yield, Yield Components and Oil Yield of Black Seed (Nigella sativa L.)}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {23-38}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v12i1.22652}, abstract = {Introduction  In recent decades, agricultural production has largely relied on the use of chemical inputs, which has led to major environmental problems. Destruction of water and soil resources, deterioration of agricultural biodiversity, air and water pollution by chemical fertilizers and pesticides are only part of the environmental problems caused by common agricultural use of chemical inputs. One of the solutions to this problem is to apply sustainable farming principles in agricultural ecosystems. Soil management is one of the main factors in achieving sustainable agriculture. Therefore, the gradual replacement of chemical fertilizers with organic and biofertilizers will help to meet the nutritional needs of plants, improve the physical, chemical and biological conditions of the soil and prevent the adverse environmental effects of chemical applications. Organic matter has been recognized as one of the nutrients of plant nutrition and fertility due to its constitutive effects on soil physiological and biological properties. Organic fertilizers are the most important source of organic matter in the rhizosphere of plants. Black seed is an annual, dicotyledonous, herbaceous, medicinal plant belonging to the Ranunculaceae family. Environmental conditions and soil fertility are one of the factors affecting grain yield, quantity and quality of essential oil and oil produced in black seed. Since there is not much research on the effect of humic acid and fulvic acid on black seed, therefore, attention to the management of nutritional needs of black seed with emphasis on the use of biological and organic fertilizers in the successful cultivation of this plant is inevitable. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the effects of organic, biological and chemical fertilizers on yield, yield components and oil yield of black seed, a field experiment was conducted at Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, during the growing season of 2011-2012. The experimental layout was factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments included all combinations of organic and biological fertilizers factor in four levels (biosulfure + 100 kg.ha-1 sulphor, humic acid (7 kg.ha-1), fulvic acid (7 kg.ha-1) and control) and chemical and animal manure factor in three levels (chemical fertilizer (NPK (80:40:30 kg.ha-1, respectively), animal manure (20 t.ha-1) and control). In order to determine the oil content, 5 grams of grain were randomly selected from the grains harvested from each plot and then oil content was determined by Soxhlet. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis of the data from the experiment and drawing of shapes were performed using SAS and MSTAT software's. Comparisons of means were performed at 1 and 5% probability level using Duncan multiple range test. Results and Discussion The Results showed that studied factors and their interactions had significant effect on number of seed per plant, seed weight/plant, seed yield and oil yield. The highest plant height, number of branch per plant, number of follicles per plant, number of seeds per follicles , number of seeds per plant, seed weight per plant, seed yield and oil yield (59 cm, 5.8,7.8,72, 594,1.075g, 2.2 (t.ha-1), 517 (kg.ha-1), respectively) were observed in chemical fertilizer + biosulfur biofertilizer treatment and  the lowest mentioned traits (49 cm, 3.01, 3.92, 39.8, 194, 0.445, 0.935 (t.ha-1), 221 (kg.ha-1) respectively) were observed in control treatment. The highest and lowest harvest indexes were observed in animal fertilizer + humic acid (49%) and control (25.6%) treatments, respectively. The highest and lowest oil percentages were observed in animal fertilizer + humic acid (49%) and control (25.6%) treatments, respectively. The results indicated that the use of humic and fulvic acids, and biosulfur biofertilizer alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers and animal manure improve the quantity and quality of Nigella sativa characteristics. Conclusion The results of this study revealed that considering the positive response of the black seed to application of organic and biological fertilizers, applying these fertilizers while reducing the use of chemical fertilizers as well as having no adverse environmental effects is an appropriate method for sustainable production and environmental protection.}, keywords = {Animal manure,Biosulfure,Fulvic acid,Humic acid}, title_fa = {بررسی اثر کودهای آلی، بیولوژیکی و شیمیایی بر اجزاء عملکرد، عملکرد و عملکرد روغن دانه سیاه‌دانه (Nigella sativa L.)}, abstract_fa = {به‌منظور بررسی اثرکودهای آلی، بیولوژیکی و شیمیایی بر اجزاء عملکرد، عملکرد و عملکرد روغن دانه سیاه‌دانه (Nigella sativa L.) آزمایشی در سال زراعی 91- 1390 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد به‌صورت فاکتوریل و در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام گرفت .در این آزمایش فاکتور کودهای آلی و زیستی در چهار سطح (کود زیستی بیوسولفور + 100کیلوگرم در هکتار پودر گوگرد خالص، هفت کیلوگرم در هکتار  هیومیک اسید، هفت کیلوگرم در هکتار  فولویک اسید و عدم مصرف کود (شاهد)) و فاکتورکود شیمیایی و دامی در سه سطح (کود شیمیایی (NPK، به‌ترتیب 80،40،30 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، کود گاوی(20 تن در هکتار) و عدم مصرف کود (شاهد)) استفاده شد. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که فاکتورهای مورد مطالعه و اثرات متقابل آن‌ها بر صفات تعداد دانه در بوته، وزن دانه در بوته، عملکرد دانه و عملکرد روغن اثر معنی‌داری داشتند. بیشترین ارتفاع بوته، تعداد شاخه جانبی، تعداد فولیکول در بوته، تعداد دانه در فولیکول، تعداد دانه در بوته، وزن دانه در بوته، عملکرد دانه و عملکرد روغن (به‌ترتیب 9/58 سانتی‌متر، 79/5، 76/7، 7/71، 594، 075/1 گرم، 2/2 تن در هکتار و 517 کیلوگرم در هکتار) مربوط به تیمار کود شیمیایی با بیوسولفور بود و کمترین آن‌ها (49 سانتی‌متر، 01/3، 92/3، 8/39، 194، 445/0گرم، 935/0 تن در هکتار و 221 کیلوگرم در هکتار) مربوط به تیمار شاهد بود. بیشترین و کمترین شاخص برداشت به‌ترتیب مربوط به تیمار کود گاوی با  هیومیک اسید (49 درصد) و تیمار شاهد (6/25 درصد) بود. بیشترین و کمترین درصد روغن به‌ترتیب مربوط به تیمار کود گاوی با  هیومیک اسید (11/27 درصد) و تیمار کود شیمیایی (11/20 درصد) بود. نتایج این تحقیق حاکی از آن است که کاربرد  هیومیک اسید و  فولویک اسید وکود زیستی بیوسولفور به ‌تنهایی و یا همراه با کود شیمیایی و گاوی در بهبود صفات کمّی و کیفی گیاه دارویی سیاه‌دانه تأثیر مثبتی داشت.}, keywords_fa = {Animal manure,Biosulfure,Fulvic acid,Humic acid}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37761.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37761_0cb96a09ade607e5a152a4bdf96009c7.pdf} } @article { author = {Rostami, Reza and Koocheki, Alireza and Rezvani Moghaddam, Parviz and Nassiri Mahallati, Mehdi}, title = {Greenveining Elements of the Landscape Structure as the Main Supporter of Biodiversity in Agroecosystems}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {39-56}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v1i1.51010}, abstract = {Introduction Natural and semi-natural features including those as patches and marginal elements, construct a network of habitats referred to as green vein elements. In the green veining, the linear elements connect the different parts of the network, while the patches have a role as nodes within the network. These networks potentially place a vast range of biodiversity and play an important role as a refuge for sensitive organisms as well as some habitat specialist species. With regards to crop production and pest management in agricultural fields, pollinators and biological control agents, like predators, are among the most beneficial organisms mostly found in green vein elements. As the biodiversity in agroecosystems is considerably declining, this study was conducted to address the important role of natural and semi-natural elements of the landscape in biodiversity conservation.   Materials and Methods The study area was an agricultural landscape located in Gilane-Gharb County, Kermanshah Province, Iran with a Mediterranean climate. The level of agricultural intensification (AI) was surveyed through interviewing the farmers and considering the indicators such as chemical and organic fertilizers (Kg N/ha/year), pesticide input (utilization frequency of e.g. herbicides, insecticides and fungicides) and the number of tillage operations and mechanical weed control. by providing the geographic map of the area and frequent field observation, seven different types of patches and marginal habitats were identified, including: 1) arable and horticultural fields (Fi); linear elements adjacent to the fields including: 2) within field edges (W.F.E) and 3) non-crop field edges (N.F.E); 4) roads; ditches including 5) permanent ditches (P.D) , 6) non-permanent ditches (N.P.D) , and 7) woody greenvein (W.Gr) element. 87 sample plots (2 m × 2 m) were recorded in all the elements. Vegetation data from fields were recorded using 18 sample plots; woody green vein 19 sample plots; and other marginal habitats including within field edges, non-crop field edges, permanent ditches, non-permanent ditches and roads, were sampled by 50 plots. Sampling was done based on systematic-randomized method. Two emergent groups of plant species were introduced regarding their response to land use intensification: Agrotolerant and Nature-value species.The calculated biodiversity indices were: Jackknife species richness, Shannon-wiener, Simpson and Brillion diversity indices, Camargo and Smith-Wilson Evenness, and finally Sorenson Similarity index using Ecological Methodology software. Results and Discussion The calculated agricultural intensification index (AI) was 49.56; this score was at the range of high intensified agricultural utilization (High AI). Mean observed value of nitrogen input was 211.36 kg/ha, the weighted frequency of tillage operations and pesticide application per hectare was the same as 2.36. Apart from crop species, a total of 87 vascular plants were recorded in the agricultural landscape. The highest species richness was for agricultural fields (43 species), which followed by non-crop field edges (37), woody greenveins (32), within field edges (30), permanent ditches (26), non-permanent ditches (23) and roads (22). Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.  (46.56% of the total frequency of individuals existing in the field sample plots) was the most frequent species in the landscape. 21 species were recorded as agrotolerant species. Jackknife species richness was 48.7 in the fields as the most, and 23.8 in the road verges as the minimum. Woody Green veins (W.Gr) had the most number of unique species. The most Shannon-wiener and Brillion diversity indices were recorded for agrotolerant and nature-value species in within field edges (Shannon-wiener: 2.03 and Brillion: 1.85) and fields (2.52 and 3.08) respectively. Sorenson similarity index revealed that the elements inhabiting high number of agrotolerant species had a similar spatial condition especially regarding being adjacent to the agricultural fields. Studies reported the outstanding benefits of greenvein elements in promoting plant biodiversity and as a result enhancing diversity of organisms which inhabit in such elements. Conclusion The study indicated the effect of agricultural intensification and types of land use throughout the landscape on biodiversity. Elements with high connectivity to natural or seminatural habitats had the most positive effect on biodiversity of plant spesies. To gain the targets of sustainability in agroecosystems, providing as much as possible natural and semi-natural habitats and corridors are suggested.}, keywords = {Agrotolerant species,Biodiversity indices,Nature-value species,Semi-natural elements}, title_fa = {ارزیابی تأثیر رگه‌های سبز چشم‌اندازها بر تنوع زیستی بوم‌نظام‌های زراعی}, abstract_fa = {اعمال شیوه­های مدیریت فشرده بوم‌نظام‌های زراعی، تنوع زیستی را به‌ویژه در حواشی زمین­های زراعی به‌شکل نگران‌کننده­ای کاهش داده است. هدف این مطالعه، ارزیابی پوشش گیاهی موجود در عناصر زیستگاهی نواری، موسوم به رگه­های سبز در یک چشم­انداز زراعی در شهرستان گیلانغرب استان کرمانشاه بود. ابتدا نقشه عوارض ساختاری چشم­انداز مورد بررسی تهیه شد و سپس انواع حواشی زمین­های زراعی به هفت گروه زمین‌های زراعی، راه­ها، نهرهای دائمی و غیردائمی، حاشیه‌های هم‌جوار با زیستگاه‌های طبیعی، حاشیه‌های بین دو زمین زراعی و رگه‌های سبز درختی تقسیم گردید. گونه­های گیاهی موجود بر مبنای پاسخ به میزان فشردگی استفاده از زمین به دو گروه شامل گونه­های متحمل زراعی و گونه­های ارزشمند طبیعی طبقه‌بندی شد. فاکتور­های مربوط به تنوع در عوارض ساختاری چشم­انداز تغییرات در غنای گونه­ای گیاهان متحمل زراعی و ارزشمند طبیعی را در مقیاس 2 × 2 مترمربعی توضیح دادند. بیشترین غنای گونه­ای کل در زمین­های زراعی (43 گونه) و بعد از آن در حاشیه­های هم‌جوار با زیستگا­ه­های طبیعی (37) ثبت شد. بیشترین مقدار شاخص تنوع شانون وینر و بریلیون در گروه گیاهان متحمل زراعی، مربوط به حاشیه­های­ مابین­دو زمین ­زراعی (به‌ترتیب 03/2 و 85/1) و پس از آن حاشیه­های هم‌جوار با زیستگاه­های طبیعی (4/1 و 27/1) بود؛ و در گروه گیاهان ارزشمند طبیعی، بیشترین مقادیر این شاخص­ها برای زمین­های زراعی (08/3 و 52/2) و حاشیه­های هم‌جوار با زیستگاه­های طبیعی (08/3 و 52/2) مورد محاسبه قرار گرفت. نتایج این مطالعه، نقش قابل توجه عناصر نیمه طبیعی موسوم به رگه­های سبز چشم‌انداز را در ارتقای غنای گونه­های ارزشمند طبیعی، تأیید می­کند.}, keywords_fa = {Agrotolerant species,Biodiversity indices,Nature-value species,Semi-natural elements}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37619.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37619_5078d51a78b9f4e517bde06a6c6a283d.pdf} } @article { author = {Mansouri, Hamed and Noshad, Hamid and Hassani, Mahdi}, title = {Optimization of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Water Consumption in Sugar Beet by using Response-Surface Method}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {57-72}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v13i1.79767}, abstract = {Introduction With respect to this issue that Iran is located in semi-arid conditions and limited by water resources, so water conservation in agricultural systems plays main role to increase production and determination of water optimum amount is first step to gain this purpose. Nitrogen is one of the main effective factors on quantity and quality of crops. According to the studies, only 40-60% of nitrogen fertilizers is used by crops and this value decreases with increasing of fertilizer application. There is complicated interaction between amount of irrigation water and nitrogen fertilizer, thus it is necessary to consider optimum level of them simultaneously. To obtain acceptable economical yield and reducing environmental pollutions, used inputs in farms should be applied as optimum with respect to expected target. One of the important methods to gain optimum level of inputs is response-surface method. There is no study to investigate usage of this method for inputs optimization in sugar beet. Therefore, the purpose of the study was optimizing of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation in sugar beet via the response-surface method by using a central composite design. Material and Methods We used available data and information from studies which had been accomplished about nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation in Hamedan, Iran to determine optimum levels of these treatments. So needed treatments were designed based on high and low levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0 and 240 Kg.ha-1) and irrigation (8000 and 14000 m3.ha-1) by Minitab software ver.16 as central composite design (CCD). CCD is one of the response-surface methods and the number of treatments in this design is calculated by equation of 2k + 2k + r, where k is the studied factors and r is number of replication for central point. Number of replication for central point under two factors has been reported as 5, thus for central composite design with two factors, 13 treatments is needed. To fit data, regression equation was used and evaluated based on regression variance analysis. In general, the full quadratic polynomial equation was tested to determine the significance of the model and the components of the model. RMSE, ME, R2 indexes and 1:1 line were used to judge the difference between simulated and observed data. Results and Discussion ANOVA results showed that regression model was significant to estimate all dependent variables based on F test. Correlation coefficient of dependent variables including root yield, sugar and sugar white, water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency determined as higher than 96%. It implies that the high proportion of the variability for these traits was explained by the fitted regression model. According to the lower values of RMSE than 10 and higher values of ME than 0.89, it could be concluded that the model had acceptable and suitable results to estimate studied traits in sugar beet. The results of t-test to compare fitted regression with line 1:1 illustrated that slope and intercept values in fitted and 1:1 line had no significant difference. The results showed that root, sugar and white sugar yield were increased by increasing nitrogen fertilizer under all levels of irrigation. Response-surface curve of α-amino nitrogen as affected by irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer indicated that α-amino was elevated by increasing nitrogen fertilizer application. As data, water use efficiency decreased by water consumption. In the other hand, nitrogen use efficiency was decreased by applying nitrogen fertilizer under all levels of irrigation. Optimum range of treatments were obtained as 9500-12000 m3.ha-1 for irrigation and 110-130 Kg.ha-1 for nitrogen fertilizer treatment based on overlaid plot method. The results of treatments optimization by using analytical solution method illustrated that applying 133 Kg.ha-1 and 10667 m3.ha-1 were suggested as optimum amounts of treatments. Based on these optimum levels of treatments, root yield, sugar and white sugar yield, α-amino, water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency were estimated as 80.1 ton.ha-1, 14.94 ton.ha-1, 12.49 ton.ha-1, 2.56 meq.100 g-1, 1.39 Kg sugar.m-3 and 74.24 Kg sugar. Kg-1, respectively. Conclusion As result, to optimize treatments including nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation, response-surface method had acceptable adequate to predict variables in sugar beet based on statistical indexes. Optimum value of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation were predicted as 133 Kg.ha-1 and 10667 m3.ha-1, respectively by using analytical solution. Therefore, the results indicate that the application of optimum values can reduce environmental hazards and produced acceptable sugar yield.}, keywords = {Central composite design,Optimum Treatment,Sugar Yield,Water use efficiency,Nitrogen use efficiency}, title_fa = {بهینه‌سازی مصرف کود نیتروژن و آب در چغندرقند (Beta vulgaris L.) با استفاده از مدل‌سازی سطح- پاسخ}, abstract_fa = {هدف از انجام تحقیق حاضر، بهینه‌سازی منابع کود نیتروژن و آب در چغندرقند (Beta vulgaris L.) در شرایط آب‌وهوایی همدان با استفاده از روش سطح- پاسخ بود. برای این منظور، داده‌های مورد نیاز از منابع موجود استخراج و در قالب طرح مرکب مرکزی بهینه‌سازی در شرایط آب‌وهوایی همدان انجام گرفت. سطوح بالا و پایین کود نیتروژن و آبیاری به‌ترتیب 0 و 240 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص در هکتار و 8000 و 14000 متر‌مکعب در هکتار بودند. نتایج ارزیابی مدل بر اساس شاخص­های آماری نشان داد که مدل از دقت قابل قبول و معنی‌داری برای شبیه‌سازی صفات چغندرقند برخوردار بود، به‌طوری‌که مقدار شاخص RMSE برای تمام صفات مورد ارزیابی کمتر از هشت درصد به‌دست آمد. برای بهینه‌سازی از دو روش هم‌پوشانی لایه‌ها و حل عددی استفاده شد. بر اساس روش هم‌پوشانی لایه‌ها، میزان مصرف 9500 تا 12000 متر‌مکعب آب در هکتار و کاربرد 110 تا 130 کیلوگرم نیتروژن در هکتار به‌عنوان بهینه مصرف آبیاری و کود نیتروژن برآورد گردید. در روش حل عددی نیز کاربرد 133 کیلوگرم کود نیتروژن در هکتار به‌همراه 10667 متر‌مکعب آب به‌عنوان مقادیر بهینه تیمارها شبیه‌سازی شد. بر اساس مقادیر بهینه پیشنهادی توسط مدل در روش حل عددی، میزان عملکرد ریشه، شکر و شکر سفید، میزان نیتروژن مضره، کارایی مصرف آب و نیتروژن به‌ترتیب معادل 1/80 تن در هکتار، 94/14 تن در هکتار، 49/12 تن در هکتار در هکتار، 56/2 میلی اکی‌والان در 100 گرم، 39/1 کیلوگرم شکر بر متر‌مکعب آب و 24/74 کیلوگرم شکر بر کیلوگرم نیتروژن برآورد شد. }, keywords_fa = {Central composite design,Optimum Treatment,Sugar Yield,Water use efficiency,Nitrogen use efficiency}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37623.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37623_89eec78ec5bd79ee732f6f112baa5c8b.pdf} } @article { author = {Boveiri Dehsheikh, Paria and Mahmoodi Sourestani, Mohammad and Zolfaghari, Maryam and Enayatizamir, Naeimeh}, title = {The Effects of Biological, Chemical Fertilizers and Humic Acid on some Microbial Parameters, Elements and Oil Quantity and Quality of Catnip (Nepeta cataria L.)}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {73-88}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v13i1.79970}, abstract = {Introduction Catnip (Nepeta cataria L.) is one of the most important medicinal plants belonged to the Lamiaceae family that referred to considerable pharmacological, antimicrobial, antibacterial and pesticides activities of its essential oil in most of the literatures. The harmful effects of chemical fertilizers on the environment and human health and lack of soil organic matter in arid and semi-arid regions have resulted in an increase in the use of chemical fertilizers in these areas.Excessive use of these fertilizers has led to serious environmental pollutions during the last decades. With respect to the hazards of chemical fertilizers and the importance of medicinal plants, researchers have recently considered the application of biofertilizers and organic materials. According to literatures, the application of biofertilizers and organic fertilizers can be recommended as a proper alternation for the improvement of the quantity and quality of essential oil in Catnip. Material and Methods This research was conducted as factorial layout based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at the research farm of the faculty of agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran. The first factor was included fertilizer treatments in five levels (Control (C), Azetobarvar-1 (Az), Phosphatbarvar-2 (Ph), Combination of Az and Ph (M), chemical fertilizer (Ch) included 150 kg.ha-1 granular urea (46% N) and 100 Kg.ha-1 triple superphosphate (46% p < sub>2O5)) and the second factor was comprised humic acid in two levels (0 and 20 Kg.ha-1). The studied traits in this research included soil microbial respiration and biomass carbon and soil organic matter contents, leaf nitrogen and phosphorus amounts, number and size of secretory trichomes, essential oil content, yield and composition. Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were measured at the beginning of reproductive stage by Kjeldahl method and colorimetric method using a UV-2100-Unico spectrophotometer, respectively. Moreover, the soil microbial respiration and soil biomass carbon were determined by alkali absorption and the fumigated extraction, respectively, and soil organic matter was estimated by the modified Walkly and Blackʼs methods. Furthermore, the number and size of secretory trichomes was registered using Binocular microscope and essential oil was extracted by Clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed using GC and GC-MS at full bloom stage. Results and Discussion According to the results, the sole application of fertilizer treatment was positively affected on soil microbial respiration and biomass carbon, leaf nitrogen and phosphorus contents. The number and size of secretory trichomes, essential oil content and yield and essential oil composition were significantly influenced when fertilizer treatments and humic acid were applied simultaneously. The highest amount of soil microbial respiration as well as biomass carbon was detected in M and the lowest was observed in control. The application of Ch and humic acid was significantly improved the soil organic matter. However, no significant difference was found between these treatments and biofertilizers treatments. The lowest amount of soil organic matter was detected in control. The maximum content of leaf nitrogen element was observed in plant treated by Ch and minimum was registered in control. The highest level of leaf phosphorus element, the size of secretory trichomes and essential oil content were obtained when Ph was applied while there was no significant difference between this biofertilizer and Ch and M. The maximum number of secretory trichomes and essential oil yield was detected in plant treated with M. The most amounts of isomers 1 and 2 of nepetalactone and caryophyllene oxide was observed in Az, Ch and control, respectively, and least was in control, Ph and Ch, respectively. The highest level of trans- caryophyllene and (E,E)–Farnesene  was obtained in the oil of plant treated with M+ and Ch+ and lowest detected in Az+ and Ch-.  Conclusion According to the results, to improve the quantity and quality of Catnip essential oil, the application of biological fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers is recommended and further research is also required to investigate both the effects of applying humic acid alone and in combination with biofertilizers on some traits. }, keywords = {Azetobarvar-1,Nepetalactone,Nitrogen,Phosphorus,Phosphatbarvar-2,Secretory trichome}, title_fa = {تأثیر کودهای بیولوژیک، شیمیایی و اسید هیومیک بر برخی پارامترهای میکروبی و عناصر خاک، کمیت و کیفیت اسانس گیاه دارویی نعناع گربه‌ای (Nepeta cataria. L)}, abstract_fa = {به‌منظور مطالعه اثر کودهای بیولوژیک، شیمیایی و اسید هیومیک بر میزان تنفس و زیست‌توده میکروبی خاک، میزان ماده آلی خاک، میزان عناصر نیتروژن و فسفر برگ و کمیت و کیفیت اسانس گیاه دارویی نعناع گربه­ای (Nepeta cataria L.)، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با 10 تیمار و سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی گروه علوم باغبانی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز انجام شد. فاکتور اول تیمارهای کودی در پنج سطح (شاهد، ازتوبارور-1، فسفات بارور-2، تلفیق دو نوع کود بیولوژیک، کود شیمیایی شامل کود اوره به‌میزان 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار و 100 کیلوگرم کود سوپر فسفات تریپل و فاکتور دوم اسید هیومیک در دو سطح (0 و 20 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بودند. صفات مورد مطالعه در این پژوهش شامل میزان تنفس و کربن زیست‌توده میکروبی خاک، ماده آلی خاک، مقادیر نیتروژن و فسفر برگ، تعداد و اندازه کرک‌های ترشح‌کننده اسانس و میزان، عملکرد و اجزای اسانس بودند. با توجه به نتایج حاصل، بیشترین مقادیر تنفس و کربن زیست‌توده میکروبی خاک مربوط به تیمار تلفیق کودهای بیولوژیک و بیشترین میزان ماده آلی خاک نیز مربوط به تیمار کاربرد کود شیمیایی + اسید هیومیک بود. بیشترین میزان عناصر نیتروژن و فسفر برگ، به‌ترتیب در تیمارهای کود شیمیایی و فسفات بارور-2 به‌دست آمد. تیمار تلفیق کودهای بیولوژیک بیشترین تعداد کرک‌های ترشحی در سطوح فوقانی و تحتانی برگ را به خود اختصاص داد و بزرگ‌ترین کرک­های ترشحی در سطح فوقانی و تحتانی برگ نیز در تیمار کود فسفات بارور-2 مشاهده شد که با تیمارهای تلفیق کودهای بیولوژیک و کود شیمیایی تفاوت معنی‌داری نداشت. حداکثر میزان و عملکرد اسانس به‌ترتیب در تیمارهای فسفات بارور-2 و تلفیق دو نوع کود بیولوژیک مشاهده شد. ترکیبات اصلی و غالب شناسایی شده در اسانس شامل ایزومرهای نپتالاکتون، کاریوفیلن­ اکساید، ترانس کاریوفیلن و ای- ای- فارنسین بود و تیمارهای به‌کار رفته سبب تغییر در میزان آن‌ها گردید. با توجه به نتایج به‌دست آمده در این پژوهش، کاربرد تلفیقی کودهای بیولوژیک تثبیت­کننده نیتروژن و حل‌کننده فسفات به‌جای کودهای شیمیایی توصیه می­گردد.}, keywords_fa = {Azetobarvar-1,Nepetalactone,Nitrogen,Phosphorus,Phosphatbarvar-2,Secretory trichome}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37628.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37628_921149b302798ec5b2ec2461fe248c5a.pdf} } @article { author = {Ghilavizadeh, Ardalan and Hadidi Masooleh, Esmaeel and Zakerin, Hamid Reza and Valadabadi, Seyed Alireza}, title = {Effect of Drought Stress and Different Concentrations of Salicylic Acid on Yield, Yield Components and Essential Oil of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {89-101}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v12i3.77417}, abstract = {Introduction Medicinal plants are of the most valuable reserves of natural resources in Iran, and if there is correct recognition of them, these plants can play an important role in the health of the community, employment, and non-oil exports. Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) is a perennial herb that is one of the most important and is widely used as medicinal plants that is mainly cultivated for the purpose of using essential oils in various industries of pharmaceutical, food, cosmetic and sanitary. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of investigating the effects of different concentrations of salicylic acid on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of fennel under drought stress conditions at phonological stages. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor included five levels of irrigation regimes: full irrigation, irrigation at stemming stage, irrigation at a budding stage, irrigation at flowering stage, and irrigation at seed filling stage. The subfactor included four different concentrations of salicylic acid: zero, 3, 6, and 8 mM. In the treatment of irrigation regimes, irrigation proceeded until the end of the growth period after irrigation was discontinued at the growth stage. At the end of the growing season, in order to evaluate the yield components, ten plants per plot were selected randomly, and the yield components were measured. In the southern half of each plot, seed yield was measured after collecting plants and seed separation. The essence of the seeds was extracted by the water distillation method, and the essential oil content was calculated.   Results and Discussion  The results showed that two treatments for non-application of salicylic acid in irrigation in the grain filling stage and application of six mM of salicylic acid at irrigation at flowering stage obtained the highest number of sub-branches per plant with 21.3 and 20.3 sub-branches in the plant, respectively. Treatment of application of 8 mM salicylic acid in irrigation at seed filling stage revealed the largest number of umbrellas per plant and weight of 1000 seeds. The largest number of umbellet per umbrellas belonged to six and eight mM salicylic acid applications in the treatment of irrigation at the seed filling stage. The lowest amount of seeds in the umbellet was observed at different levels of salicylic acid in irrigation at the flowering stage. Treatments of application of 8 mM salicylic acid in irrigation at budding stage and application of zero and three mM salicylic acid incomplete irrigation conditions obtained the highest seed yield by producing more than 790 kg per hectare. Application of zero and three mM salicylic acid at irrigation in seed filling stage showed the highest amount of essential oil by 3.83 and 3.73% essential oils, respectively, and after those, two treatments of application of 8 mM salicylic acid at irrigation in the flowering stage and at the time of seed filling were placed at the next rank. Conclusion In general, it seems that the occurrence of drought stress at the flowering stage compared to stress in other stages of development, had the greatest effect on reducing the yield components and grain yield of fennel. Also, the application of salicylic acid in conditions of irrigation removal in the budding stage improved seed yield, as well as at stemming and flowering stage, increased the amount of essential oil of fennel seed. However, its effectiveness did not follow a particular process. In addition, the highest amounts of essential oil were observed at the time of drought stress in the grain filling stage. The results showed that application of zero and three milliliters of salicylic acid produced the highest amount of essential oil at irrigation interruptions in the grain filling stage.}, keywords = {Irrigation regime,Quantitative and qualitative traits,and foliar application}, title_fa = {اثر تنش خشکی و غلظت‌های مختلف اسید سالیسیلیک بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و درصد اسانس رازیانه (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)}, abstract_fa = {رازیانه (Foeniculum vulgare L.) گیاهی است چندساله که از مهم‌ترین و پرمصرف­ترین گیاهان دارویی به‌شمار می­آید و عمدتاً به‌منظور استفاده از اسانس حاصل از آن در صنایع مختلف دارویی، غذایی، آرایشی و بهداشتی مورد کشت قرار می­گیرد. این تحقیق با هدف بررسی اثرات غلظت‌های مختلف اسید سالسیلیک بر خصوصیات کمّی و کیفی رازیانه تحت شرایط تنش خشکی انجام گردید. آزمایش به­صورت اسپیلت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در سال زراعی 96-1395 در شهرستان رزن به‌اجرا در آمد. فاکتور اصلی شامل پنج سطح رژیم آبیاری (آبیاری کامل، حذف آبیاری در مرحله ساقه­دهی، حذف آبیاری در مرحله غنچه­دهی، حذف آبیاری در مرحله گل‌دهی و حذف آبیاری در مرحله شروع پر شدن دانه) و فاکتور فرعی شامل چهار غلظت مختلف اسید سالیسیلیک (آب خالص، سه، شش و هشت میلی­مولار) بود. در تیمار رژیم آبیاری، پس از حذف آبیاری در هر یک از تیمارهای خشکی، مجدداً آبیاری (بعد از 20 روز) تا انتهای دوره رشد انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که دو تیمار عدم کاربرد اسید سالیسیلیک در شرایط حذف آبیاری در مرحله پر شدن دانه و کاربرد شش میلی­مولار اسید سالیسیلیک در شرایط حذف آبیاری در مرحله گل‌دهی، به‌ترتیب با 3/21 و 3/20 عدد شاخه فرعی در بوته، بیشترین انشعابات فرعی در بوته را به خود اختصاص دادند. تیمار کاربرد هشت میلی­مولار اسید سالیسیلیک در شرایط حذف آبیاری در مرحله پر شدن دانه بیشترین تعداد چتر در بوته و وزن هزار دانه را از خود نشان داد. بیشترین تعداد چترک در چتر متعلق به تیمارهای کاربرد شش و هشت میلی­مولار اسید سالیسیلیک در شرایط حذف آبیاری در مرحله پر شدن دانه بود. کمترین مقادیر دانه در چترک در سطوح مختلف اسید سالیسیلیک در شرایط حذف آبیاری در مرحله گل‌دهی ملاحظه گردید. نتایج نشان داد که تیمارهای کاربرد صفر و سه میلی­مولار اسید سالیسیلیک در شرایط آبیاری کامل با تولید بیش از 800 کیلوگرم در هکتار، بیشترین عملکرد دانه را به خود اختصاص دادند. }, keywords_fa = {Irrigation regime,Quantitative and qualitative traits,and foliar application}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37634.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37634_53d0fb3121cf381de2a7799138c2e30e.pdf} } @article { author = {Sharifi Haddad, Neda and Deihim Fard, Reza and Nouri, Omid and Rahimi Moghaddam, Sajad}, title = {Simulating Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Dominant Maize Cultivars under Water Limited a Climate Change Conditions}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {103-115}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v13i1.80923}, abstract = {Introduction Today, rapid population growth and economic development have increased demand for food, and climate change has affected food security worldwide. Climate change processes, including increasing the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, rising temperature, and fluctuation of precipitation, could directly affect agricultural products. Climate change also causes drought, which indirectly influences agricultural systems as water is the most important for grain yield and its quality. Arid and semi-arid regions are limited in terms of water resources and they are the most fragile regions faced with drought caused by climate change. Khuzestan province is one of the hot and arid regions in Iran which its agricultural crops (especially maize) are very sensitive to climate change. Irrigation schedules and various cultivars can be considered as the adaptation strategies according to the climate change conditions. In agricultural ecosystems, water consumption should be reduced, and grain yield should be increased as much as possible. Optimizing water consumption by improving water use efficiency (WUE) is essential for achieving agricultural sustainability in arid and semi-arid regions. Accordingly, modelling approach has been considered as a time-saving and low-cost way to study the effects of climate change and different treatments. The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of different irrigation management practices on maize grain yield and WUE under climate change conditions in order to optimize water consumption and WUE by using modeling approach. Material and Methods The current study was carried out in several locations of Khuzestan province, including Dezful, Izeh, Bostan, and Ahwaz. The long-term climatic data of the studied locations were collected from the Iran Meteorological Organization. These data included minimum and maximum temperatures (°C), rainfall (mm), and solar radiation (MJ m-2) from 1980 to 2010. Angstrom equation was used for calculating the radiation based on sunshine hours. The climatic data were modified using WeatherMan software embedded in the DSSAT package. The future climate of Khuzestan province (2040-2070) was predicted by the MIROC5 general circulation model under the RCP4.5 climate scenario and using AgMIP methodology. According to the previous studies, the MIROC5 climatic model showed the highest accuracy in predicting the future climatic data of Khuzestan province. Two adaptation strategies, including cultivar and irrigation regime, were considered to mitigate the negative effects of climate change. The cultivars consisted of SC704 (late-maturity) and SC206 (mid-maturity), which had the highest area under cultivation in Khuzestan province. Irrigation regimes included three levels: 12-time irrigation (as farmers’ common practice), 10–time irrigation, and 14-time irrigation per growing season. Results and Discussion The results of the current study indicated that climate change had negative effects on maize grain yield as well as positive effects on average temperature during the growing season, evapotranspiration, and corn water use efficiency across the whole province. The results showed that the average grain yield and corn WUE in Khuzestan province in 2050 under the RCP4.5 scenario was -2% and -5.7%, respectively, compared to the baseline. In addition, mean temperature during the growing season and evaporation and transpiration increased by +12.6% and + 0.9% compared to the baseline. The results also showed that with the application of an optimal amount of irrigation regime (10-time irrigation), an increase in WUE and decrease in evapotranspiration were observed, which resulted in acceptable grain yield. Results also portrayed that applying the optimal irrigation level (10-time) along with a late maturity cultivar (SC704) showed the best performance in terms of grain yield (9433.9 kgha-1) and WUE (19.57 kgha-1 mm-1) in the province Khuzestan. Conclusion The results illustrated that by 2050, the average grain yield and WUE were reduced compared to the baseline period. However, the mean temperature and evapotranspiration over the growing season were increased. Totally, the results of the current study revealed that an optimal irrigation level 10 and suitable cultivar SC704 could mitigate the negative impacts of climate change on maize in the agroecosystems of Khuzestan province.}, keywords = {Evapotranspiration,APSIM model,Irrigation regime}, title_fa = {شبیه‌سازی عملکرد دانه و کارایی مصرف آب در ارقام غالب ذرت تحت شرایط محدودیت آب و تغییر اقلیم}, abstract_fa = {به‌منظور شبیه­سازی عملکرد و کارایی مصرف آب در ارقام ذرت آزمایشی تحت شرایط تغییر اقلیم و محدودیت آب در استان خوزستان (مناطق اهواز، ایذه، دزفول و بستان) طراحی شد. اقلیم آینده (2070-2040) در این مناطق با استفاده از مدل گردش عمومی Miroc5، تحت سناریوی اقلیمی RCP4.5 و روشAgMIP  پیش­بینی شد. همچنین از مدل APSIM برای شبیه­سازی رشد و نمو گیاه ذرت در دوره گذشته (2010-1980) و آینده (2070-2040) استفاده گردید. نتایج نشان داد که به‌طور متوسط عملکرد دانه و کارایی مصرف آب ذرت در استان خوزستان در آینده نسبت به گذشته به‌ترتیب 2- و 7/5- درصد کاهش و میانگین دما در طول فصل رشد و تبخیر و تعرق 6/12+ و 9/0+ درصد افزایش خواهد داشت. به‌علاوه نتایج نشان داد که اگر کشاورزان یک آبیاری مناسب (آبیاری 10 دور) به‌کار ببرند، این موضوع باعث افزایش کارایی مصرف آب (42 درصد) و کاهش تبخیر و تعرق (8/3 درصد) خواهد شد. این سطح بهینه آبیاری در دوره آینده به‌همراه یک رقم دیررس (سینگل کراس 704) می­تواند بهترین نتیجه را در استان خوزستان از نظر عملکرد دانه (26/7999 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و کارایی مصرف آب (94/16 کیلوگرم بر میلی‌متر در هکتار) داشته باشد.}, keywords_fa = {Evapotranspiration,APSIM model,Irrigation regime}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37637.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37637_b8d4251d753d59f0ce781cfb8ec4b6cc.pdf} } @article { author = {Saboori, Bizhan and Khorramdel, Surur and Koocheki, Alireza and Latifi, Hoda}, title = {Effects of Weed Management Treatments and Cover Crops as Winter Plating on Weed Population and Yield of Two Cultivars of Tomato}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {117-133}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v13i1.82532}, abstract = {Introduction Weeds are one of the major reducing factors in tomato production. Cover crops have several features that can inhibit germination and decline emergence and establishment of weeds. The aim of this research was to investigate weed control by using winter cover crop species in production of tomato crops. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete block design at Sabouri Field, Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during 2017-2018. Four winter cover crops (WCC) [such as chickling pea (Lathyrus sativus), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa), fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) and rye (Secale cereale)], irrigation (tilled soil without WCC) and control (tilled soil without irrigation) were considered as main factor and sub plots were two tomato cultivars (8320 and 6515 from FALAT Co.). WCC were converted into mulches in spring. Studied criteria were relative density, density and dry weight of weeds per unit area and number (in three stages such as 30 days after planting time, 50 days after planting time and before planting time) and fruit yield and Brix index in three ripening stages. Results and discussion The results showed that species of weeds controlled varies widely between WCCs. The minimum density and dry weight of weeds were belonged to hairy vetch and rye and the maximum was for control. Hairy vetch and rye are allelopathic with better efficacy against annual dicots than grasses. The simple and interaction effect of WCC and cultivar were significant on fruit number, fruit yield and Brix index. The highest and the lowest yield for the first, second and third ripening stages were observed in hairy vetch and control, respectively. Total yield for 6515 cultivar was 15 percent higher than 8320 cultivar. The highest and the lowest fruit numbers for the first, second and third ripening stages were related to hairy vetch (with 75.31, 37.78 and 22.3 fruits.m-2) and control (with 54.33, 22.78 and 8.85 fruits.m-2), respectively. Brix index for 8320 cultivar was higher than 6515 cultivar. Conclusion In general, annual, biennial or perennial weeds are suppressed by WCCs. This research indicate that WCCs could be used successfully in integrated weed management to decline weed infestation in tomato production.}, keywords = {Allelopathy,Brix index,Weed dry weight,Weed establishment,weed management}, title_fa = {اثر تیمارهای مدیریتی و گیاهان پوششی برجمعیت علف‌های هرز و عملکرد دو رقم گوجه‌فرنگی (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)}, abstract_fa = {علفهای هرز یکی از عمده­ترین عوامل کاهنده در تولید گوجه فرنگی محسوب می­شوند. گیاهان پوششی از طریق چندین خصوصیت مانع جوانه­زنی و کاهش سبز شدن و استقرار علف­های هرز می­شوند. هدف از این مطالعه ارزیابی کنترل علف­های هرز با استفاده از گونه­های مختلف پوششی زمستانه در تولید گوجه فرنگی بود. این آزمایش به صورت اسپلیت پلات در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه صبوری واقع در مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خراسان رضوی در سال زراعی 97-1396 انجام شد. عامل اصلی شامل چهار گیاه پوششی زمستانه ]خلر (Lathyrus sativus)، ماشک گل خوشه­ای (Vicia villosa)، شنبلیله (Trigonella foenum-graecum) و چاودار (Secale cereale)[، آبیاری (خاک­ورزی بدون گیاه پوششی) و شاهد (خاک­ورزی بدون آبیاری پاییزه) و عامل فرعی دو رقم گوجه فرنگی (8320 و 6515 از شرکت فلات) بود. گیاهان پوششی زمستانه در بهار به خاک برگردانیده شدند. صفات مورد مطالعه شامل تراکم نسبی، تراکم و وزن خشک علفهای هرز در واحد سطح (در سه مرحله شامل 30 روز پس کاشت، 50 روز پس از کاشت و پیش از برداشت) و تعداد و عملکرد میوه و شاخص بریکس گوجه فرنگی در سه چین بود. نتایج نشان داد که دامنه کنترل گونه­های علف­ هرز در بین گونه­های پوششی زمستانه مختلف بود. کمترین تراکم و وزن خشک علف­های هرز برای ماشک گل خوشه­ای و چاودار مشاهده شد و بیشترین میزان به شاهد اختصاص داشت. ماشک گل خوشه­ای و چاودار گونه­های آللوپاتیکی با کارایی بالاتری در کنترل علف­های هرز دو لپه در مقایسه با گونه­های تک لپه هستند. اثر ساده و متقابل گیاهان پوششی زمستانه و رقم بر تعداد میوه و عملکرد میوه و شاخص بریکس گوجه فرنگی معنی­دار بود. بالاترین عملکرد در چین­های اول، دوم و سوم در تیمار ماشک گل­خوشه­ای (به ترتیب با 98/5760، 2896 و 51/1563 گرم بر مترمربع) به دست آمد و کمترین میزان به شاهد (به ترتیب با 32/4156، 65/1742 و 90/600 گرم بر مترمربع) اختصاص داشت. عملکرد کل رقم 6515 نسبت به رقم 8320 برابر با 15 درصد بالاتر بود. بیشترین و کمترین تعداد میوه در چین­های اول، دوم و سوم به ترتیب برای تیمار ماشک گل­خوشه­ای (به ترتیب با 31/75، 87/37 و 38/22 میوه بر مترمربع) و شاهد (به ترتیب با 33/54، 78/22 و 85/8 میوه بر مترمربع) مشاهده شد. شاخص بریکس رقم 8320 بالاتر از رقم 6515 بود. به طور کلی جمعیت علف هرز یکساله، دو ساله و چند ساله تحت تأثیر گونه­های پوششی زمستانه قرار گرفتند. نتایج این مطالعه نشان می­دهد که گونه­های پوششی زمستانه می­تواند به طور مؤثری در مدیریت تلفیقی علف­های هرز برای کاهش آلودگی علف­های هرز در تولید گوجه فرنگی مدنظر قرار گیرند.}, keywords_fa = {Allelopathy,Brix index,Weed dry weight,Weed establishment,weed management}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37644.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37644_93d70b0a8278033be29002b2c600f674.pdf} } @article { author = {siavoshi, morteza and Dastan, Salman}, title = {Comparsion of Ecological Footprint, Water Footprint and Environmental Impacts of Irrigated and Rainfed Wheat Production Systems based on Farm Size (Case Study: Boushehr Region)}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {135-155}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v13i1.76210}, abstract = {Introduction[1] Nowadays, agriculture plays a major role in environmental pollution, and knowledge regarding reducing input utilization in such systems can help us to decrease the limited input resource consumption and the consequent greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions and environmental impacts. Environmental assessment is one of the accepted ways for achieving sustainable agricultural goals. Hence, life cycle assessment (LCA) is an appropriate way to study the environmental impact of a crop plant producing in its whole life cycle in production systems. Moreover, life cycle assessment (LCA) is an appropriate method for studying the environmental impacts of a crop product throughout its life cycle in production systems. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of evaluating the life cycle of irrigated and rainfed wheat productions based on the farm size in Bushehr region in 2016-17. Material and Methods To conduct research, at first, 200 wheat fields were identified which 100 farms belonging to rainfed cultivation in the Genaveh region and 100 farms belonging to irrigated cultivation in the Dashty region were monitored. After data recording, farms in each method were classified into five groups in terms of size level, including very small (-1), small (2-5 ha-1), medium (5-10 ha-1), large (10-15 ha-1) and very large (>15 ha-1). For each impact category, correspond characterization factors were used based on cumulative energy demand (CED), cumulative exergy demand (CexD), greenhouse gas protocol (GGP), IPCC 2013 GWP 100a, ecological footprint (EF), and water footprint (WF) methods in SimaPro8.2.3 software. Results and Discussion The findings of this study demonstrated that all impact category of cumulative energy demand (CED), cumulative exergy demand (CexD), greenhouse gas protocol (GGP), IPCC 2013 GWP 100a, ecological footprint (EF), and water footprint (WF) in rainfed cultivation were significantly higher than irrigated cultivation. In addition, the impact category indices associated with the CML-IA non-baseline model, such as global warming 500a, acidification, eutrophication, ionizing radiation, malodorous air, ozone layer depletion 40a, human toxicity 100a, freshwater and marine aquatic ecotoxicity 100a in rainfed cultivation, were significantly higher than irrigated cultivation. Moreover, impact category of heavy metals emitted into the air (Pb, Cd, Zn, and Hg), heavy metals emitted into water (Cr, Zn, Cu, Cd, Hg, Pb, and Ni), nitrate into soil, metals into soil, pesticide into the soil, and emission of NOx, SOx, NH3, dust, COD, phosphorous and nitrogen in the rainfed method was much higher than irrigated cultivation. In irrigated planting method, with increasing farm size from very small to very large, all of the pollutants revealed a decreasing trend, but it was varied in rainfed cultivation, with the largest amount belonging to very small farms. According to the results, it is possible to improve productivity by reducing nitrogen and fuel consumption as well as mechanization of agricultural crops. Based on the findings, it can be argued that farmers in both systems consider economic efficiency in production and are less likely to pay attention to environmental sustainability. It seems that by reducing the government subsidies related to chemical inputs and promoting conservation planting systems, the gap created could be offset to increase economic and environmental productivity in wheat cultivation in the region. Conclusion The variability of these indicators based on farm size level in rainfed cultivation can be due to lower variation in output (yield) and all inputs from very small to very large fields. Therefore, these results show that the share of pollutants in irrigated cultivation is lower than in rainfed cultivation in the Bushehr region. This issue is of great importance from the ecological point of view because the source of non-renewable energies, which are mostly fossil fuels, and the reliance on these resources in the future, is fraught with great risks. }, keywords = {Cumulative exergy demand,Ecological footprint,Eutrophication,Global warming}, title_fa = {مقایسه ردپای بوم‌شناختی، ردپای آب و اثرات محیط‌زیستی نظام‌های تولید گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) آبی و دیم بر اساس اندازه مزرعه (مطالعه موردی: منطقه بوشهر)}, abstract_fa = {ارزیابی چرخه حیات (LCA) یک روش مناسب برای مطالعه و بررسی اثرات زیست‌محیطی تولید یک محصول در چرخه زندگی آن گیاه در سامانه‌های تولید است. از این‌رو، این پژوهش با هدف ارزیابی چرخه حیات تولید گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) و دیم بر اساس اندازه زمین در منطقه بوشهر در سال زراعی 96-1395 انجام شد. برای انجام پژوهش، ابتدا 200 مزرعه زیر کشت گندم شناسایی شدند که 100 مزرعه متعلق به کشت دیم در منطقه گناوه و 100 مزرعه متعلق به کشت آبی در منطقه دشتی پایش شدند. انتخاب تعداد مزرعه در هر روش بر اساس فرمول کوکران انجام شد. پس از ثبت داده‌ها، مزارع بر اساس اندازه در هر روش به پنج گروه به‌ترتیب خیلی کوچک (کمتر از دو هکتار)، کوچک (دو الی پنج هکتار)، متوسط (پنج الی 10 هکتار)، بزرگ (10 الی 15 هکتار) و خیلی بزرگ (بالای 15 هکتار) گروه‌بندی شدند. واحد کارکردی بر مبنای تولید یک تن عملکرد دانه در نظر گرفته شد. مهم‌ترین شاخص‌های رده‌اثر مورد ارزیابی شامل گرمایش جهانی طی دوره 500 ساله، اسیدی شدن، یوتریفیکاسیون، تابش یونیزان، بدبو شدن هوا، تخلیه لایه ازون دوره 40 ساله، ردپای بوم‌شناختی و ردپای آب بودند. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد تمامی شاخص‌های رده‌اثر متعلق به مدل‌های تقاضای انرژی تجمعی، تقاضای اکسرژی تجمعی، پروتکل گازهای گلخانه‌ای، پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی طی دوره 100 ساله، ردپای بوم‌شناختی و ردپای آب در کشت دیم به‌میزان قابل توجهی بالاتر از کشت آبی بود. علاوه‌براین، شاخص‌های رده‌اثر متعلق به مدل CML-IA non-baseline مثل گرمایش جهانی طی دوره 500 ساله، اسیدی شدن، یوتریفیکاسیون، تابش یونیزان، بدبو شدن هوا، تخلیه لایه ازون دوره 40 ساله، مسمومیت انسان در دوره 100 ساله، مسمومیت زیستی گونه‌های آبزی و دریایی طی دوره 100 ساله در کشت دیم به‌طور قابل توجه و بسیار بالایی بیشتر از کشت آبی بود. همچنین، شاخص‌های رده‌اثر فلزات سنگین منتشر شده در هوا (سرب، کادمیم، روی و جیوه)، فلزات سنگین انتشار یافته در آب (کروم، روی، مس، کادمیم، جیوه، سرب و نیکل)، انتشار نیترات، فلزات و آفت‌کش‌ها به خاک، انتشار NOx، SOx، آمونیاک، گرد و غبار، COD، فسفر و پتاسیم نیز در روش کشت دیم بسیار بالاتر از کشت آبی بود. در روش کاشت آبی، با افزایش اندازه مزرعه از خیلی کوچک به خیلی بزرگ انتشار تمامی آلاینده‌های مورد بررسی روند کاهشی را نشان دادند، ولی در کشت دیم متغیر بود که بیشترین مقدار متعلق به مزارع خیلی کوچک بود. متغیر بودن مقدار این شاخص‌ها بر اساس اندازه مزرعه در کشت دیم می‌تواند به‌دلیل تغییرات کمتر مقدار خروجی (عملکرد) و تمامی ورودی‌ها در مزارع خیلی کوچک تا خیلی بزرگ باشد. لذا، این نتایج نشان می‌دهد که سهم آلاینده‌ها در کشت آبی در مقایسه با کشت دیم در منطقه بوشهر کمتر است. بنابراین، می‌توان با کشت آبی گندم و استفاده از کود سبز، خاک‌ورزی حفاظتی، راه‌اندازی سامانه‌های آبیاری نوین و استفاده بهینه از منابع آب به افزایش بهره‌وری آب و کاهش اثرات محیط‌زیستی منجر شد. }, keywords_fa = {Cumulative exergy demand,Ecological footprint,Eutrophication,Global warming}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37649.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37649_bb25bbcdb0e78d57a080cfe1876aeabc.pdf} } @article { author = {Rahban, Samaneh and Torabi, Benjamin and Soltani, Afshin and Zeinali, Ebrahim}, title = {Using SSM-iCrop Model to Predict Phenology, Yield, and Water Productivity of Canola (Brassica napus L.) in Iran Condition}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {13}, number = {1}, pages = {157-177}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v13i2.84057}, abstract = {IntroductionDue to limitation of water and soil resources resulted from geological and climatic conditions of Iran as well as necessity of self-reliance in infrastructural issues, efficient usage of water and soil resources available in Iran is inevitable. Climatic changes, reduced biodiversity in the region and concerns about food security are regarded as important issues; hence, evaluation of conditions to attain improved crop production seems essential. To investigate yield improvement methods, yield potential and yield limiting factors (climate, soil, water, and genetic factors) should be determined and evaluated in the first step. Simulation models may be used as scaled-up designs of field experiments to overcome limitations such as time and costs. Crop  simulation  models  are  mathematical representations  of  plant  growth  processes  as  influenced  by  interactions  among genotype,  environment and crop  management. Using crop simulation models can be an efficient complement to experimental research.  Models are being used to understand the response of crops to possible changes in crop, cultural management, and environmental variables. Crop models use various plant and environmental parameters to simulate crop growth and should be calibrated and evaluated before usage.Materials and Methods SSM-iCrop model predicts phenological stages as a function of temperature, day length.  Calculation of phenological development in the model is based on the biological day concept. A biological day is a day with optimal temperature, photoperiod, and moisture conditions for plant development. Leaf  area  development  and  senescence  is  a  function  of  temperature,  provide nitrogen  for  leaf  growth,  plant  density  and  nitrogen  remobilization.  To  simulate leaf area expansion, the first step is to determine on each day the  increase in leaf number  on  the  main  stem  using  the  phyllochron  (temperature  unit between emergences of successive leaves) concept. In this model biomass is estimated as a function of the received radiation and temperature.  Daily  increase  of  crop  mass  is  estimated  as  the  product  of  incident photosynthetic  active  radiation  (PAR,  MJ  m-2d-1),  the  fraction  of  that  radiationintercepted  by  the  crop  (FINT)  and  efficiency  with  which  the intercepted  PAR  is used to produce crop dry mass, i.e., radiation use efficiency (RUE, g MJ-1).  Yield formation  in  the  model is simply  simulated  as  total  dry matter  production  during seed  filling  period  plus  a  fraction  of  crop  dry  mass at  BSG  (as  mobilized  dry matter).  Modeling  seed  growth  rate  and  yield  formation  in  the  current  model  is based on a modified linear increase in harvest index concept as described by Soltani and Sinclair (2011).The model needs daily weather data, i.e. maximum and minimum temperatures, rainfall, and solar radiation. The model can be run under multiple scenarios/treatments over many years. Results As a result of the SSM-iCrop model parameterization, three early, medium and late maturing cultivars were determined for canola, which their cumulative degree days (GDD) for growth period completion were estimated as 2000, 2500 and 2700 °C days. After determination of the required parameters, the model was run based on sowing date, management, and meteorological statistics of the region using the data from the papers which were not used for parameterization, so as to validate the model. The average of the simulated data for days to maturity and yield were 222 (days) and 383 (g.m-2), respectively, whereas observed values for this traits were 223 (days) and 359 (g.m-2).Conclusion: Based on the 1:1 line and statistics of r=0.87, CV=18% and RMSE=67.04 (g.m-2) for grain yield and r=0.97, CV=5% and RMSE=10.68 (days) for days to maturity, it may be concluded that simulation canola growth using SSM-iCrop model has been satisfactory and indicates accurate estimation of the model parameters, as well as serving as a verification of the model efficiency in prediction of canola yield under climatic conditions of major canola production regions of Iran.}, keywords = {Evaluation,Parameterization,Plant models,simulation}, title_fa = {استفاده از مدل SSM-iCropبرای پیش‏بینی فنولوژی، عملکرد و بهره‏وری آب کلزا (Brassica napus L.) در شرایط ایران}, abstract_fa = { تغییرات اقلیمی، کاهش تنوع زیستی در منطقه و نگرانی در مورد امنیت غذایی به‌عنوان مشکلاتی مهم مطرح هستند؛ در این راستا بررسی شرایط جهت دستیابی به افزایش تولید محصولات کشاورزی ضروری به نظر می‌رسد. برای بررسی راه‌کارهای افزایش عملکرد، ابتدا بایستی پتانسیل عملکرد و عوامل محدود‌کننده عملکرد تعیین و مورد ارزیابی قرار گیرند. از مدل‌های شبیه‌سازی می‌توان به‌عنوان طرح توسعه‌یافته‌ای از آزمایش‌های مزرعه‌ای برای غلبه بر محدودیت‌هایی مانند زمان و هزینه استفاده نمود. این بررسی با هدف استفاده از مدل SSM-iCrop برای شبیه­سازی فنولوژی، عملکرد و بهره‌وری آب گیاه کلزادر سطح کشور انجام گرفت. در نتیجه پارامتریابی مدل، سه رقم زودرس، متوسط رس و دیرس برای کلزا تعیین شد، که درجه حرارت تجمعی برای کامل شدن دوره رشد آن‌ها به‌ترتیب 2000، 2500 و 2700 درجه سانتی‌گراد روز برآورد گردید. پس از تعیین پارامترهای مورد نیاز، به‌منظور ارزیابی مستقل مدل، با استفاده از داده­های مقالاتی که از آن‌ها برای برآورد پارامترها استفاده نشده بود، بر اساس تاریخ کاشت و مدیریت منطقه مورد نظر و همچنین آمار هواشناسی آن مناطق، مدل اجرا گردید تا درستی و صحت‌سنجی مدل صورت گیرد. با توجه نمودار 1:1 و آماره‏های 87/0r=، (درصد) 18CV= و (g.m-2) 04/67 RMSE= برای عملکرد دانه و 97/0r=، (درصد) 5CV=، (روز) 68/10RMSE= برای روز تا رسیدگی و 83/0r=، (mm.ha-1) 9/91RMSE=، 35/19CV= برای نیاز آبی می‍توان نتیجه گرفت که شبیه‍سازی رشد کلزا با استفاده از مدل SSM-iCrop رضایت‌بخش بوده است و نتایج حاکی از برآورد صحیح پارامترهای مدل و تصدیق‌کننده کارایی مدل در پیش‍بینی عملکرد کلزا در ایران می‍باشد.}, keywords_fa = {Evaluation,Parameterization,Plant models,simulation}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37694.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37694_3cc5738b81f34ad04b155f970da92d8f.pdf} }