@article { author = {Vafabakhsh, Javad and Mohammadzadeh, Arash}, title = {Energy Flow and GHG Emissions in Major Field and Horticultural Crop Production Systems (Case Study: Sharif Abad Plain)}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {365-382}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v11i2.81742}, abstract = {Introduction[1] Energy use patterns and Green House Gas (GHG) emissions from agro-ecosystems vary depending on the farming system; cropping pattern; crop season; the level of technology; the size of the population engaged in agriculture; nature and amount of chemical fertilizer; harvesting and threshing operations; and ultimately yield levels. Worldwide, about 5% of the total energy is used in agriculture section that is directly linked to GHGs emissions. According to reports, agricultural GHG emissions account for 10–12% of all anthropogenic GHG emissions. Therefore, efficient use of energy in farming systems is one of the most important implications for decreasing GHG emissions and mitigating global warming. A good understanding of energy flow and GHG emissions in agricultural production systems will help to optimize crop management practices thereby reducing the environmental footprints of energy inputs and promoting sustainable agriculture. This paper describes the energy use patterns and global warming potential for major crop production systems in Sharif Abad plain located in Qom province, Iran. Materials and methods The study area relates to the Sharif Abad plain, located in the Qom province in north-central Iran. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews with 183 farmers in the year 2018. A questionnaire form was designed to collect the required information related to various input uses (electricity, biocides, fertilizers, etc.), operation times, crop yields, etc. The selection of producers was based on cropping patterns and the fact that the farmers should be representative of the selected crops. The simple random sampling method was used to determine the survey volume. The studied field crops and horticultural crops were wheat (Triticum aestivum. L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), corn silage (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) and grape (Vitis vinifera L.). In the present study, input and output values for perennial crops (alfalfa, pistachio, pomegranate, and grape) are represented as averages of the crop production cycle. Results and discussion Results showed that, in terms of total energy input, alfalfa (94,906 MJ.ha−1), pomegranate (79,696 Mj.ha−1), and grape (78,984 MJ.ha−1) production systems were more energy-intensive than other crops. Among the studied crops, the highest values of output energy were related to alfalfa (218,567 MJ.ha−1), corn silage (171,810 MJ.ha−1) and wheat (123,430 MJ.ha−1) production systems, respectively. Also, it was observed that the highest values of energy use efficiency and specific energy were related to barley (2.9) and cotton (72.7 MJ.kg−1), respectively. Among all the studied crops, the highest values of global warming potential were calculated to be 12,294 kg CO2eq ha−1 for the alfalfa production system followed by the pomegranate (10,484 kg CO2eq ha−1) and grape (10,085 kg CO2eq ha−1) production systems. In the average of all crops, electric power accounted for the greatest GHG emissions, followed by diesel and nitrogen fertilizer. The proportion of direct energy (human labor, diesel fuel, water for irrigation, and electricity) in the studied crops was greater than the indirect form (seed, chemical fertilizer, manure, pesticides, and machinery). Also, the amount of non-renewable energy (electricity, chemical fertilizer, diesel fuel, pesticides, and machinery) in all the investigated crops was higher than of the renewable form (human labor, seed, water for irrigation and manure). Conclusion It can be inferred from the present study that in all of studied crops, notable part of energy used and GHG emissions were related to electric power. In the study area, entire electrical power is consumed in irrigation practices. Therefore, optimal management of water and nitrogen in crop production systems are the ways that should be considered to improve energy performance and decrease the GHG emissions. Also, management of plant nutrients by renewable resources like farmyard manure and green manures would increase rate of renewable energy.  }, keywords = {Agroecosystem analysis,Energy Efficiency,Global warming,Sharif Abad plain}, title_fa = {بررسی و مطالعه جریان انرژی و انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای در نظام‌های تولید محصولات زراعی و باغی (مطالعه موردی: دشت شریف‌آباد)}, abstract_fa = {استفاده بهینه از منابع و نهاده‌ها یکی از اولین و اساسی‌ترین اهداف کشاورزی پایدار به شمار می‌رود. در پژوهش حاضر، جریان انرژی و انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای در محصولات زراعی (اعم از یکساله و چندساله) و باغی عمده دشت شریف‌آباد استان قم شامل گندم (Triticum aestivum L.)، جو (Hordeum vulgare L.)، کلزا (Brassica napus L.)، یونجه (Medicago sativa L.)، ذرت علوفه‌ای (Zea mays L.)، پنبه (Gossypium hirsutum L.)، انار (Punica granatum L.)، انگور (Vitis vinifera L.) و پسته (Pistacia vera L.) مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. بدین منظور، اطلاعات مورد نیاز تحقیق با استفاده از پرسشنامه و مصاحبه حضوری با 183 کشاورز منطقه در سال 1397 به دست آمد. شاخص‌های انرژی ورودی، انرژی خروجی، انرژی خالص، انرژی مخصوص، کارایی مصرف انرژی، بهره‌وری انرژی، اشکال مختلف انرژی و پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی محاسبه گردید. نتایج نشان داد که در بین محصولات مورد مطالعه، بیشترین انرژی در فرایند تولید محصولات یونجه، انار و انگور به ترتیب با 94906، 79696 و 78984 مگاژول در هکتار بوده و بیشترین انرژی خروجی نیز به ترتیب متعلق به محصولات یونجه (218567 مگاژول در هکتار)، ذرت علوفه‌ای (171810 مگاژول در هکتار) و گندم (123430 مگاژول در هکتار بود. بیشترین کارایی مصرف انرژی مربوط به محصولات جو (9/2)، ذرت علوفه‌ای (8/2) و گندم (6/2) بوده و کمترین آن به ترتیب برای محصولات پسته (34/0)، انار (48/0) و پنبه (9/0) محاسبه گردید. محصولات پسته (7/72 مگاژول بر کیلوگرم)، پنبه (1/27 مگاژول بر کیلوگرم) و کلزا (7/20 مگاژول بر کیلوگرم) به ازای تولید هر کیلوگرم محصول انرژی بیشتری نسبت به سایر محصولات مورد استفاده قرار دادند و کمترین آن مربوط به محصولات ذرت علوفه‌ای (5/1 مگاژول بر کیلوگرم)، انار (5 مگاژول بر کیلوگرم) و یونجه (8/6 مگاژول بر کیلوگرم) بود. نتایج نشان داد که در نظام تولید محصولات مورد مطالعه، سهم انرژی مستقیم (شامل نیروی انسانی، سوخت دیزلی، آب آبیاری و الکتریسیته) بیش از انرژی غیرمستقیم (شامل بذر، کودهای شیمیایی، کود حیوانی، آفت‌کش‌ها و ماشین‌آلات) و سهم انرژی‌های تجدیدناپذیر (الکتریسیته، کودهای شیمیایی، سوخت دیزلی، آفت‌کش‌ها و ماشین‌آلات) بیش از انرژی تجدیدپذیر (نیروی انسانی، بذر، آب آبیاری و کود دامی) بود. کشت‌بوم‌های یونجه (معادل 12294کیلوگرم معادل CO2 در هکتار)، انار (معادل 10484کیلوگرم CO2 در هکتار) و انگور (معادل 10085 کیلوگرم CO2 در هکتار) به ترتیب بیشترین مقدار پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی را داشته و کمترین آن متعلق به محصولات جو (معادل 4019 کیلوگرم CO2 در هکتار)، کلزا (معادل 4285 کیلوگرم CO2 در هکتار) و گندم (معادل 4542  کیلوگرم CO2 در هکتار) بود. نتایج نشان داد که در بیشتر محصولات، الکتریسیته، گازوئیل و نیتروژن بیشترین سهم را در انرژی ورودی و انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای ایفا می‌کنند. بنابراین، مدیریت بهینه آبیاری برای افزایش کارایی مصرف آب و استفاده از عملیات زراعی مناسب مانند کشت کود سبز یا قرار دادن محصولات لگوم برای افزایش حاصلخیزی خاک به جای استفاده از کودهای شیمیایی می‌تواند به افزایش بهره‌وری انرژی و کاهش انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای کمک کند.}, keywords_fa = {انرژی مستقیم,تجزیه و تحلیل بوم‌نظام,شاخص‌های انرژی,پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_36966.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_36966_ff1e58c8a11ddd89042b528c05852e76.pdf} } @article { author = {sheikhalipour, peyman and Bolandndnazar, Saheb Ali and Sarikhani, Mohammad Reza}, title = {Evaluation the Effect of Inoculation Time of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteira on Macroelements Uptake and Yield of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.(}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {383-401}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v11i2.64681}, abstract = {Introduction Poor soil fertility is one of the main problems that limit the successful agricultural production and the global economy. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate or correct poor soil fertility, by providing vital nutrients for optimum plant growth. Improving soil fertility through fertilizer can increase crop production per unit area. But excess use of chemical fertilizers, in addition to disrupting the biological balance, nutrition and physical properties of soils, causes to environmental hazards, pollution of surface and ground water resources. Biofertilizers can reinforcement soil fertility  and provide the required plant nutrition with respect of sustainable agriculture. These organisms not only stimulate the growth of plants by helping the specific elements, but also reduce disease, improve soil structure and consequently increase the quantity and quality of their product. Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Azospirillum, Azotobater and Rhizobium are the most important plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Several mechanisms have been suggested by which PGPR can promote plant growth, including auxins, enhancing stress resistance, asymbiotic N2 fixation, solubilization of inorganic phosphate, mineralization of organic phosphate or other nutrients and inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. Materials and methods In order to determine the best time of application of Pseudomonas ssp. strains (sp.S10-1 + sp.S19-1 , sp.S14-3 + sp.S19-1 , sp.S19-1+ sp.S21-1) as a plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on growth and nutritional characteristics of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Super Chief) an experiment based on randomized complete block designed with 8 treatments and 3 replications in field of research station Khalatpoushan Faculty of Agriculture, Tabriz University. Treatments used in this experiment included : 1-  Inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria sp.S10-1 + Pseudomonas sp.S19-1 during seed planting in the nursery, 2- Inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria sp.S14-3+Pseudomonas sp.S19-1  during seed planting  in the nursery, 3- Inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria sp.S19-1+Pseudomonas sp.S21-1  during seed planting  in the nursery, 4- Inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria sp.S10-1 + Pseudomonas sp.S19-1 during planting seedlings in the main land 5- Inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria sp.S14-3+Pseudomonas sp.S19-1 during planting seedlings in the main land 6- Inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria sp.S19-1+Pseudomonas sp.S21-1 during planting seedlings in the main land 7- control treatment without bacteria inoculation 8- fertilizer treatment (according to the soil test).   Results and discussion The result showed that the effects of the timing of bacteria inoculation on tomato characters such as yield, fruit size and the percentage of marketable fruit, percentage of K, vitamin C is meaningful and the highest amount of yield, fruit size, the percentage of marketable fruit, percentage of K in fruit was in T2 treatment concluded (4130.9 g m-2 and 60.22 and 31.18 and 4.7 mg g-1) respectively and the highest amounts of the vitamin C in T3 treatment as 7.02 mg 100g-1 fruit weight. However the other measured traits, including percentage of percentage of N, P in plant leaves, length and diameter of fruit and percentage of the dry matter did not affected by the timing of bacteria inoculation. According to the result  timing of bacteria inoculation has a significant effect on  yield and quality improvement of tomato. Conclusion  The results of this research showed that tomato seed inoculation with the Pseudomonas ssp. strains including (sp.S10-1 + sp.S19-1 , sp.S14-3 + sp.S19-1 , sp.S19-1+ sp.S21-1)  compared with soil inoculation  of  Pseudomonas ssp. strains significantly increased yield, vitamin C, potassium content of fruit and percentage of marketable fruit. However, the increase in the amount of potassium, phosphorous and nitrogen concentration in plant leaves was not significant. In addition to increasing the yield and quality of tomato, tomato seed inoculation with the Pseudomonas ssp. strains compared with soil inoculation with the strains Pseudomonas is considered a better method.}, keywords = {Biological Composts,Pseudomonas,Potassium,Phosphor,Nitrogen,yield of the tomato}, title_fa = {ارزیابی تاثیر زمان مصرف باکتری‌های محرک رشد بر جذب عناصر پرمصرف و عملکرد گوجه‌فرنگی (L. Solanum lycopersicum)}, abstract_fa = {به­منظور بررسی تأثیر دو روش مصرف کودهای زیستی شامل بذرمال و محلول­دهی پای بوته بر عملکرد، جذب عناصر NPK، شاخص­های کیفی و کمی شامل ویتامین ث، تعداد میوه کل و درصد میوه قابل عرضه به بازار گوجه فرنگی، آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با هشت تیمار و سه تکرار به اجرا درآمد. در این آزمایش بذرهای گوجه­فرنگی رقم سوپر چیف به هنگام کاشت در خزانه و نشاءهای گوجه­فرنگی هنگام کاشت در زمین اصلی با تیمار تلفیقی جدایه‌های Pseudomonas sp. شامل (S10-3+S19-1، S14-3+S19-1 و S21-1+S19-1) تلقیح شدند، علاوه بر آن تیمار شاهد بدون تلقیح باکتری و تیمار کود کامل (براساس نتایج آزمون خاک) به منظور انجام مقایسه لحاظ شد. تیمارها شامل T1- تلقیح با باکتری­هایS10-1+S19-1  در هنگام کاشت بذر در خزانه به روش بذرمال، T2- تلقیح با باکتری­هایS14-3+S19-1 در هنگام کاشت بذر در خزانه به روش بذرمال، T3- تلقیح با باکتری­هایS19-1+S21-1 در هنگام کاشت بذر در خزانه به روش بذرمال، T4- تلقیح خاک با باکتری­های S10-1 +S19-1 در هنگام کاشت نشاء در زمین اصلی، T5- تلقیح خاک با باکتری­های S14-3+S19-1 در هنگام کاشت نشا در زمین اصلی، T6- تلقیح خاک با باکتری­های S19-1+S21-1 در هنگام کاشت نشا در زمین اصلی، T7- شاهد بدون کود و تلقیح میکروبی و T8- تیمار کود کامل براساس آنالیز خاک. نتایج نشان داد که اثر زمان تلقیح باکتری‌های فوق بر شاخص‌هایی مثل عملکرد در متر مربع، میزان میوه کل، درصد میوه قابل عرضه به بازار، میزان پتاسیم و ویتامین ث میوه در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی‌دار بود و بالاترین عملکرد و میزان میوه کل، درصد میوه قابل عرضه به بازار و میزان پتاسیم میوه در تیمارT2   به ترتیب با مقادیر 9/4130  گرم بر متر مربع و 22/60 ،  18/31 و 7/4 میلی­گرم بر گرم و بالاترین میزان ویتامین ث در تیمار T3 با مقدار 02/7  میلی­گرم در 100 گرم وزن تر میوه بدست آمد. این در حالی بود که سایر صفات اندازه‌گیری­شده در این آزمایش شامل درصد نیتروژن و فسفر موجود در برگ­های گیاه، طول و قطر میوه و درصد ماده خشک تحت تاثیر زمان تلقیح باکتری­های مورد استفاده قرار نگرفت. باتوجه به نتایج فوق می‌توان به مؤثر بودن زمان تلقیح باکتری­های مورد استفاده و نوع باکتری مورد استفاده در این آزمایش به عنوان کود زیستی در بهبود عملکرد و کیفیت میوه اشاره کرد.  }, keywords_fa = {کودهای بیولوژیک,سودوموناس,پتاسیم,فسفر,نیتروژن و عملکرد گوجه فرنگی}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_36973.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_36973_cbc058f860b324e79ddba0f14df82473.pdf} } @article { author = {Bitarafan, Zahra and Asghari, Hamid Reza and Hasanloo, Tahereh and gholami, ahmad and Moradi, Foad}, title = {Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Landraces Response to Biochar Application under Deficit Irrigation}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {403-415}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v11i2.67531}, abstract = {Introduction Biochar which is producing by thermal decomposition of organic material under limited supply of oxygen and relatively low temperatures, produces with the intent to be applied as a technique for improving soil properties. Adding biochar to the soils boosts soil fertility and improves the porosity, moisture, cation exchange capacity, pH, and development and reproduction of microbes in the long term. Research indicated that biochar potentially enhanced soil water holding capacity. This infers that soil amendment with biochar may improve crop productivity by retaining more water from rainfall in arid regions and reduce the frequency/amount of irrigation water in irrigated regions. Currently there is no logical method to increase precipitation during drought periods, therefore using drought resistance cultivars and appropriate agricultural techniques are the best solution to deal with this problem. Using soil amendments like biochar to increase water retention has been considered for a long time to decrease the drought effects. This study aimed to assess the effect of biochar on growth and yield of fenugreek landraces under deficit irrigation. Material and methods To assess the effect of biochar on growth and yield of fenugreek landraces under deficit irrigation, a field experiment was conducted in 2015 at the Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Karaj, Iran. Six branched fenugreek landraces including Dezful, Shushtar, Ardestan, Rehnan, Yazd, and KhomeyniShahr were treated by biochar application and non-application under 2 different irrigation intervals. A split plot factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Each plot had the size of 4 m × 2.5 m with a plant density of 40 plant m-2. Biochar was derived from rice husk at 500°C in an oxygen depleted environment. Biochar application rate was calculated based on bulk density for the 30 cm layer of the soil (8:92 v/v) and added to the top layer of the soil. Increasing irrigation interval from 4 to 8 days applied from 50% of flowering stage. Seeds were sown on May 10th and mature plants were harvested on November 11th. Plant height, number of main and secondary branches, as well as yield and yield components were measured. Statistical analyses were done using SAS (9.2) software. Results and discussion According to the results, assessed traits were not significantly affected by triple interaction effect of treatments and also double interaction effect of landrace and biochar. But biochar application increased the number of main and secondary branches, 100-seed weight, and seed yield on 4- days irrigation interval by 19.75, 18.13, 17.54, and 24.33%, respectively and on 8-days irrigation interval by 2.61, 19.52, 8.67, and 26.66%, respectively. Moreover, increasing irrigation interval decreased plant height by 22.42, 22.01, 27.23, 13.66, 27.13, 26.62%; the number of main branches by 6.18, 7.92, 31.84, 16.66, 24.22%, 32.97%; the number of secondary branches by 40.54, 39.09, 40.99, 39.83, 40.89, 40.88%; 100-seed weight by 20.43, 8.70, 17.22, 26.98, 26.44, 23.11%; and seed yield by 61.20, 47.55, 50.12, 44.71, 38.44, 46.24% in Dezful, Shushtar, Ardestan, Rehnan, Yazd, and KhomeyniShahr landraces, respectively. However, the number of pods plant-1 and seeds pod-1 were not significantly affected by interaction effects of treatments. Several studies showed the reduction of crop growth and production under water deficit. Baradaran et al. (2013) also indicated increase in irrigation intervals decreased plant height, the number of pods, the number of seeds pod-1, and thousand-seed weight in fenugreek. This results are due to increase in allocation of photosynthetic material to roots than shoot resulting in smaller plants with less leaf area as a key factor in receiving solar radiation, water and energy exchange, and biomass production. Several studies reported increased water holding capacity by biochar addition because of its high adsorption capacity and porous structure. Akhtar et al. (2014) also reported that addition of biochar increased the soil moisture content in deficit irrigation which consequently improved physiology, yield and quality of tomato compared with non-biochar control. Conclusion In conclusion, adding biochar at a concentration of 7-8% to a loamy soil reduced the effect of water deficit on fenugreek growth and seed yield. Biochar increase seed yield by increasing seed weight rather than the number of pods plant-1 and seeds pod-1.}, keywords = {Biochar,Ecotype,Fenugreek,Irrigation Interval,Seed yield and yield component}, title_fa = {پاسخ توده‌های بومی گیاه دارویی شنبلیله (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) به کاربرد بیوچار در شرایط کم‌آبیاری}, abstract_fa = {به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر کاربرد بیوچار بر رشد و عملکرد توده‌های بومی گیاه دارویی شنبلیله (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) در شرایط کم‌آبیاری، آزمایشی در سال 1394 در مزرعه‌ی تحقیقاتی پژوهشگاه بیوتکنولوژی کشاورزی ایران در شهر کرج اجرا گردید. بدین منظور شش توده‌ی بومی پاکوتاه دزفول، شوشتر، اردستان، رهنان، یزد و خمینی‌شهر در شرایط عدم‌کاربرد و کاربرد بیوچار در دو دور آبیاری 4 و 8 روز  با استفاده از آزمایش اسپلیت پلات فاکتوریل درقالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. نتایج حاصل نشان داد کاربرد بیوچار در هر دو دور آبیاری عملکرد دانه، وزن صد دانه و تعداد شاخه‌ی اصلی و فرعی در بوته را افزایش می‌دهد. با وجود پاسخ متفاوت توده‌ها، اثر کاهشی افزایش دور آبیاری بر عملکرد دانه، وزن صد دانه، ارتفاع بوته و تعداد شاخه‌ی اصلی و فرعی در بوته در تمام توده‌ها مشاهده شد. میانگین تعداد غلاف در بوته و تعداد دانه در غلاف تحت تأثیر اثرات متقابل تیمارها قرار نگرفتند. روند مشابه تغییرات وزن صد دانه و عملکرد دانه تحت تاثیر تیمارهای آزمایشی نشان می‌دهد که کاربرد بیوچار عملکرد را با افزایش وزن دانه، تا با افزایش تعداد غلاف در بوته و تعداد دانه در غلاف، افزایش داده است. در میان توده‌ها، رهنان بیشترین عملکرد دانه، وزن صد دانه و تعداد غلاف در بوته را به خود اختصاص داد.}, keywords_fa = {اکوتیپ؛ بیوچار,دور آبیاری,شنبلیله,عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_36980.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_36980_8e96ddc3009892544e0c76cdbb75857f.pdf} } @article { author = {Mazarei, Maryam and Ghanbari, Ahmad and Dahmardeh, Mehdi and Siadat, Seyed Ataollah and Dehdari, Somayeh}, title = {Assessment of yield and input-output energy and economic indicators in different tillage and fertilizer systems of corn (Zea mays L.)}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {417-434}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v11i2.68001}, abstract = {Introduction Although industrial agriculture achievements are undeniable, its negative consequences such as biodiversity loss, pollination and human health are remarkable. Currently, yields of the world’s four most important crops would need to increase by around 60-110% by 2050. Agro ecological practices contribute to agro ecosystem redesign, efficiency increase and substitution practices based on various processes such as bio fertilizer, reduced tillage, reducing the use of nonrenewable energy. Corn is an important crop in the world and Khuzestan with a huge amount of inputs and energy uses during its production. There for, the assessment of agro ecological practices is essential for sustainability in corn production. Material and method In order to study yield, energy input-output and economic indicators under different tillage and fertilizer cropping systems of corn, a split plot experiment in complete randomized design with three replications, was conducted at agricultural fields under Behbahan condition during 2015 and 2016. The experimental factors included different tillage systems (minimum (MT), reduced (RT) and conventional (CT)) as main plots and fertilizer patterns (bio fertilizer (B), manure (E), recommended chemical fertilizer rate (H) and half of recommended chemical fertilizer (L), integrated bio fertilizer and chemical fertilizer (BL), integrated manure and chemical (EL), and integrated bio fertilizer and manure as subplots. Assessment of energy indicators evaluated based on the energy output-input ratio. Human labor, machinery, diesel oil, fertilizer and seed amounts were the inputs and yield values from different treatments considered as output. Energy equivalents were used for this estimation. Based on the energy equivalents of inputs and outputs, energy use efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy and net energy was calculated. The production costs of each treatment included the land value, water value, fertilizer, fuel, human labor and tillage. Result and Discussion The results indicated that the highest grain (10005Kg ha-1) and straw yields (8409 Kg ha-1) belonged to ELRT treatment. The current study demonstrated that MT and RT with BI and EI have significant effects on grain yield. The results of data analysis indicated that maximum and minimum input energy was 45886.7 and 28392.9 MJ ha-1 in ELCT and BMT treatments, respectively. The greatest contribution from total energy belonged to energy of machinery (10375.3 MJ ha-1) and human labor (5142.6 MJ ha-1) in ELCT treatment. Highest and lowest energy of fertilizer belonged to EL (11762.2 MJ h-1) and B(5.96MJ ha-1), respectively. The input of energy for seed and irrigation water in all treatments was same (519 and 20016.7 Mg ha-1 , respectively) ELRT and BCT treatments produced the highest and lowest output energy with 309459.5 and 178965 Mg ha-1. The BMT provided the highest energy use efficiency (8.59), energy productivity (0.28 Kg Mg-1). Maximum specific energy (32.64MJ ha-1) belonged to BECT. ELRT and LCT produced the highest (266051 MJ ha-1) and the lowest (145119 MJ ha-1) net energy. Among different tillage systems, the highest energy use efficiency (7.42), and productivity energy (0.24 Kg Mg-1), net energy (225622 Mg) were calculated in MT. Economic analysis indicated that maximum and minimum total cost of production were 44288247.5 and 32097340 Rials ha-1 that related to ELCT and BMT treatments, respectively. The highest (113750572 Rials ha-1) and lowest (64987312 Rials ha-1) gross value were obtained ELRT and BCT, although maximum (69810430 Rials ha-1) and minimum (31400201Rials ha-1) net revenue was calculated ELRT and LRT respectively. Conclusion Application of minimum and reduced tillage, bio fertilizer and manures and integration with half of recommended chemical fertilizer, are the effective strategy to improve resource management in agriculture. Moreover, effective energy use in agriculture is one of the conditions for sustainable agricultural production, since it provides financial saving, fossil resources preservation and air pollution reduction.}, keywords = {Cropping systems,efficiency use of energy,Input,net revenue,Sustainable agriculture}, title_fa = {ارزیابی عملکرد و سنجه‌های انرژی و اقتصادی نظام‌های مختلف خاک‌ورزی و کودی ذرت (Zea mays L.)}, abstract_fa = {به ­منظورطالعه عملکرد و سنجه­های ورودی- خروجی انرژی و اقتصادی نظام­های مختلف خاک­ورزی و کودی ذرت، تحقیقی به صورت کرت­های خرد شده در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در اراضی کشاورزی شهرستان بهبهان در طی سالهای 1394 و 1395 انجام شد. سه عامل خاک­ورزی حداقل، کاهش­یافته و متداول در کرت­های اصلی و نظام­های کودی مختلف شامل ­­­زیستی (نیتروکسین و بیوسوپرفسفات، هر کدام یک لیتر در هکتار)، کو­دامی (30 تن کود گاوی در هکتار)،  توصیه شده شیمیایی(250کیلوگرم در هکتار نیتروژن و 150 کیلوگرم در هکتار فسفات)، نصف توصیه شده شیمیایی (50 درصد کودهای شیمیایی توصیه شده)، تلفیق کود­زیستی و نصف توصیه شده شیمیایی، تلفیق کود­دامی و نصف توصیه شده شیمیایی و تلفیق کودزیستی و دامی، در کرت­های فرعی قرار گرفتند. بیشترین عملکرد دانه ( 10005 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و عملکرد ساقه و برگ (8409 کیلوگرم در هکتار) از تیمار کود تلفیقی دامی و شیمیایی همراه با خاک­ورزی کاهش­یافته به دست آمد. تیمار کود تلفیقی دامی و شیمیایی همراه با خاک­ورزی متداول، بالاترین انرژی ورودی (7/45886 مگاژول در هکتار) و کود تلفیقی دامی و شیمیایی در خاک­ورزی کاهش­یافته، بیشترین انرژی خروجی (5/309459 مگاژول در هکتار) را داشته­اند.  به هر حال در میان تیمارهای آزمایشی، ترکیب کود­زیستی و خاک­ورزی حداقل، بالاترین کارایی استفاده از انرژی (59/8) و بهره­وری انرژی (28/0 کیلوگرم بر مگاژول) را موجب شد. تیمار کود تلفیقی زیستی و دامی در خاک­ورزی متداول، بیشترین انرژی ویژه (64/32 مگاژول بر کیلوگرم) و کود تلفیقی دامی و شیمیایی در نظام خاک­ورزی کاهش یافته، مقدار بیشینه انرژی خالص (266051 مگاژول در هکتار) را موجب شدند. کمترین میزان هزینه (32097340 ریال در هکتار) مربوط به کود­زیستی همراه با خاک­ورزی حداقل و بالاترین درآمد خالص (69810430 ریال در هکتار) از تیمار کود تلفیقی دامی و شیمیایی با خاک­ورزی کاهش یافته محاسبه شد. همچنین بالاترین نسبت سود به هزینه (97/2) مربوط به تیمار تلفیق کود تلفیقی زیستی و شیمیایی همراه با خاک­ورزی حداقل و بیشترین بهره­وری اقتصادی (26/0گرم بر ریال) از کود تلفیقی زیستی و شیمیایی در خاک­ورزی حداقل حاصل شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که روش­های خاک­ورزی کمتر و استفاده از کودهای زیستی و دامی و تلفیقشان با نصف کود شیمیایی توصیه شده یک راهکار مؤثر برای بهبود کاربرد منابع در کشاورزی است.}, keywords_fa = {درآمد خالص,کارایی انرژی,کشاورزی پایدار,نظام های کشاورزی,نهاده}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_36986.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_36986_1a4d1353491da0d17412077843194c2f.pdf} } @article { author = {Javanmard, Abdollah and Amani Machiani, Mostafa and Eskandari, Hamdollah}, title = {Evaluation of Forage Quantity and Quality of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Intercropping System in Maragheh Rainfed Conditions}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {435-452}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v11i2.65105}, abstract = {Introduction Intercropping can provide numerous benefits to cropping systems through increasing total yield and land use efficiency, improving yield stability of cropping systems, enhancing light, water, and nutrient use, improving soil conservation and controlling weeds, insects, or diseases. Moreover, intercropping can facilitate mechanical harvest, whereas legumes in mixtures with cereals can improve the quality of forage. Although cereals are widespread used in livestock nutrition for their high dry matter production and low cost, they have low nutrition value due to their poor protein content. High quality of forage has been notified as an important aspect of forage crop production. Materials and methods The experiment was conducted at the faculty of Agriculture, university of Maragheh, Iran as factorial based on randomized complete block design (RCBD). The first factor were 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 plants m-2 of field pea and the second factor were different intercropping patterns based on substitution ratio (25% barley+75% filed pea, 50% barley+ 50% filed pea and 75% barley+ 25% field pea). At harvesting time quantity and quality properties including total forage yield neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), crude protein (CP) and ash were determined. Also, the land equivalent ratio (LER) is defined as the land equivalent needed for growing either crops in intercropping systems compared with the land area needed to each crop monocultures. The LER values were calculated as:   (Eq.2)     Where LER and LERs were land equivalent ratio and standard land equivalent ratio, respectively; Ypp and Ybb were yields of field pea and barley monoculture; and Ypb and Ybp were yields of field pea and barley in intercropping patterns. Analysis of variance of the data and mean comparison based on Duncan’s multiple range test were carried out using MSTATC statistical software. Results and Discussion The results showed that the total forage yield was significantly affected by different planting patterns and densities. The highest total forage yield was obtained under 75% barley+ 25% forage pea followed by 50% barley+ 50% forage pea. Also, the lowest total forage yield was observed under 25% barley+ 75% field pea. In Addition to, densities of 100 and 300 plants m-2 of field pea had the highest and lowest effect on total forage yield.  The higher forage production may be due to higher resource use complementarity in time and space between intercropping components. In terms of forage quality, ash forage decreased with increasing proportion of barley. Thus, under 75% barley+ 25% forage pea the forage ash amount decreased 23.85 and 17.38% in comparison to 25% barley+ 75% forage pea and 50% barley+ 50% forage pea. Concentration of the total crude protein enhanced by increasing proportion of forage pea in intercropping. Therefore, the highest percent of the total crude protein was obtained under 25% barley + 75% forage pea with density of 300 plants m-2. In addition,  the content of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and ADF significantly decreased with increasing proportion of forage pea. Forage quality improvement in terms of higher crude protein and lower NDF and ADF were attributed to presence of the legume species in intercropping patterns (Stolts & Nadeau, 2014). In most treatments, the LER values were >1, which suggests an overall yield advantage of intercropping compared with monoculture.  Conclusion Our trials exhibited that, the highest total forage yield was obtained under 75% barley+ 25% forage pea. NDF and ADF increased with enhancing proportion of barley. So that, the highest and the lowest ADF and NDF content were obtained under 75% barley+ 25% field pea and 25% barley+ 75% filed pea, respectively. The highest LER (1.25) was achieved under 25% barley+ 75% field pea (with density of 100 plants m-2). Generally, barley intercropping with forage pea in lower densities can improve forage production under rainfed conditions.}, keywords = {Crude protein,Forage ash,Forage yield,Neutral detergent fiber,Pea densities}, title_fa = {ارزیابی کمی و کیفی علوفه در کشت مخلوط جو (Hordeum vulgare L.) و نخود‌فرنگی (Pisum sativum L.) در شرایط دیم مراغه}, abstract_fa = {به­منظور بررسی کمیت و کیفیت علوفه کشت مخلوط جو (Hordeum vulgare L.) با نخود‌فرنگی (Pisum sativum L.) در شرایط دیم، آزمایشی به‌صورت فاکتوریل بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه مراغه در سال زراعی 1394 اجرا شد. تراکم­های 100، 150، 200، 250 و 300 بوته در متر‌مربع نخود‌فرنگی به‌عنوان فاکتور اول و الگوهای کشت (کشت مخلوط 75 درصد جو+ 25 درصد نخود‌فرنگی، 50 درصد جو+ 50 درصد نخود‌فرنگی و 25 درصد جو+ 75 درصد نخود‌فرنگی) به‌عنوان فاکتور دوم در نظر گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد که عملکرد کل علوفه تحت تأثیر معنی‌دار الگوی کشت و تراکم‌های مختلف نخود‌فرنگی قرار گرفت. بیشترین (2/289 گرم بر متر‌مربع) و کمترین (1/191 گرم بر متر‌مربع) عملکرد کل علوفه خشک به‌ترتیب در تیمارهای 75 درصد جو+ 25 درصد نخود‌فرنگی و 25 درصد جو+ 75 درصد نخود‌فرنگی بدست آمد. همچنین تراکم‌های 100 و 300 بوته در متر‌مربع نخود‌فرنگی بیشترین و کمترین تاثیرگذاری را بر روی عملکرد کل علوفه خشک داشتند. از لحاظ کیفیت علوفه، با افزایش نسبت جو خاکستر علوفه کاهش یافت؛ به‌طوری‌که در تیمار 75 درصد جو+ 25 درصد نخودفرنگی، میزان خاکستر علوفه نسبت به تیمارهای 75 درصد نخودفرنگی+ 25 درصد جو و 50 درصد جو+ 50 درصد نخودفرنگی به‌ترتیب 85/23 و 38/17 درصد کاهش یافت. علاوه بر این، با افزایش تراکم نخود‌فرنگی در کشت مخلوط، درصد پروتئین خام کل نیز افزایش یافت، به‌طوری‌که بیشترین درصد پروتئین خام کل به تیمارهای 75 درصد نخود‌فرنگی با تراکم 300 بوته در متر‌مربع+ 25 درصد جو تعلق داشت. همچنین با افزایش تراکم نخود‌فرنگی، میزان دیواره سلولی (NDF) و دیواره سلولی بدون همی‌سلولز (ADF) علوفه کاهش معنی‌داری پیدا کرد. بیشترین نسبت برابری زمین به‌ترتیب در الگوهای 25 درصد جو+ 75 درصد نخود‌فرنگی و 50 درصد جو+ 50 درصد نخود‌فرنگی در تراکم 100 بوته در متر‌مربع نخود‌فرنگی به‌دست آمد. به‌طور‌کلی، کشت مخلوط جو با نخود‌فرنگی در تراکم‌های پایین آن با تولید علوفه مناسب از لحاظ کمی و کیفی می‌تواند جایگزین مناسبی برای آیش در شرایط دیم کشور باشد.}, keywords_fa = {پروتئین خام,تراکم نخود,دیواره سلولی,خاکستر علوفه,عملکرد علوفه}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_36993.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_36993_d31f7b270a04a07c772692a5ac783968.pdf} } @article { author = {Arazmjoo, Elias and Behdani, Mohammad Ali and Mahmoodi, Sohrab and Sadeghzadeh, Behzad}, title = {Biofortification of New and Old Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars through Foliar Application of Zinc and Iron Different Forms}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {453-466}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v11i2.67935}, abstract = {Introduction Apart from inadequate soil N and P, soil zinc (Zn) and Iron (Fe) deficiencies also pose a serious threat to global crop production and food nutrition. Zn and Fe deficiencies affect more than half of the world’s population, especially women and preschool children. Micronutrient malnutrition in human in developing countries is derived from deficiencies of these elements in staple food. Many approaches have been chosen to increase the Zn and Fe content in wheat grains and ameliorate their malnutrition, including breeding, genetic engineering and agronomic approaches. Among them, fertilization, especially foliar Zn and Fe spray is considered as a rapid and efficient way to reach high Zn and Fe in grains. Foliar application is executable, sustainable, economically implementable, highly efficacious, and able to cover wide areas, especially in undeveloped regions worldwide.   Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the effect of foliar application of zinc and iron in different forms on dry matter remobilization and grain quality of four bread wheat cultivars in two locations, an experiment in factorial conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2015-16 cropping season. Experimental treatments were included: wheat cultivars Roshan, Roshan Back cross (old cultivars), Bam and Ofogh (new cultivars), zinc application in three levels of foliar application of water (control), zinc sulfate and chelated zinc and iron application in three levels of foliar application of water (control), iron sulfate and chelated iron (equivalent to 2.5 kg per hectare). The first experiment conducted at the Research Farm of Birjand University located in Amirabad region with sandy clay loam soil texture, and 8.1 pH. The second experiment conducted at the South Khorasan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center located in Mohammadieh region with  loam soil texture, and 7.6 pH. Investigated traits were including the amount, efficiency and ratio of dry matter remobilization and current photosynthesis, Zn, Fe, P and N concentration in grain. Data analyses were performed using two-way analysis of variance with SAS 9.1. Means of treatments were compared according to protected least significance differences test at the 5% level.   Results and Discussion According to the results, location had a significant effect on all traits. Grain Zn, Fe, P and N and also amount, efficiency and ratio of current photosynthesis were lower in Amirabad, perhaps because of its higher soil pH and EC. Grain Zn and Fe at Mohammadieh were 34.4 and 24 percent higher than Amirabad, respectively. Wheat cultivars were significantly different in their grain Zn, Fe and N. Older cultivars including Roshan and Roshan-Back cross had higher Zn and Fe contrasting with newer cultivars of Bam and Ofogh. The highest grain N with 1.94 percent was belonged to Roshan cultivar. The highest amount of remobilization and its efficiency were related to Ofogh and then Bam cultivars. In the present experiment it was observed that foliar application of zinc especially in the form of ZnSO4 significantly increased grain Zn (by 18%) and N (by 4.4%) but reduced grain P (by 15.2%). Wei et al., (2012) reported that foliar application of zinc forms with lower molecular weight such as ZnSO4 and Zn-AA were more effective contrasting their chelated and citrated forms. Grain Zn improved by 15.5% and 21.6% in Mohammadieh and Amirabad region via foliar application of ZnSO4, respectively. Furthermore, foliar application of iron especially in the form of FeSO4 significantly improved grain Fe concentration (by 12.9%) but reduced grain P (by 11%).   Conclusion According to the results, it can be concluded that there is a significant genetic potential of grain nutrients between cultivars. Understanding these genetic properties and take advantage of them for wheat breeding could be helpful to reach cultivars with higher grain nutrients. The present study observed that the foliar application of Zn and Fe could improve their grain concentration, as well as N content, while decreased the P contents. The elevating effects of ZnSO4 and FeSO4 on the Zn and Fe concentration were better than those of Zn-EDTA and Fe-EDDHA, respectively especially in Amirabad region with higher pH and EC. In conclusion, foliar Zn and Fe fertilization is an effective agricultural approach for promoting grain Zn and Fe concentration.}, keywords = {Current Photosynthesis,Grain Nutrients,Micronutrients,Region,Sulfated and Chelated Forms}, title_fa = {غنی‌سازی زیستی ارقام گندم نان (Triticum aestivum L.) قدیمی و جدید توسط محلول-پاشی فرم‌های مختلف روی و آهن}, abstract_fa = {محلول­پاشی، رویکردی اجرایی، پایدار، اقتصادی و کاملاً مؤثر جهت غنی­کردن عناصر ریزمغذی ضروری در دانه گیاهان زراعی است. به­­منظور بررسی اثر محلول­پاشی فرم­های مختلف روی و آهن بر انتقال مجدد ماده خشک و کیفیت دانه 4 رقم گندم نان (Triticum aestivum L.) در دو منطقه با خصوصیات خاک متفاوت در استان خراسان جنوبی، آزمایشی به­صورت فاکتوریل در قالب بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال زراعی 95-1394 به اجرا درآمد. عوامل مورد بررسی عبارت بودند از: ارقام گندم (روشن، بک­کراس روشن، بم و افق)؛ مصرف روی در سه سطح محلول­پاشی با آب (شاهد)، سولفات­روی و کلات­روی و مصرف آهن نیز در سه سطح محلول­پاشی با آب (شاهد)، سولفات­آهن و کلات­آهن (معادل 5/2 کیلوگرم در هکتار). آزمایش اول در منطقه امیرآباد بیرجند با بافت خاک لومی­رسی­شنی و pH 1/8 و EC 8/10 دسی­زیمنس بر متر و آزمایش دوم در منطقه محمدیه بیرجند با بافت خاک لومی، pH معادل 6/7 و EC 4/4 دسی­زیمنس بر متر انجام گردید. بر اساس نتایج حاصله غلظت روی و آهن دانه در امیرآباد به ترتیب 9/52 و 9/62 پی­پی­ام در مقایسه با مقادیر آن­ها در محمدیه به ترتیب، 3/39 و 7/50 پی­پی­ام، کم­تر بود. ارقام قدیمی­تر روشن و بک­کراس روشن از غلظت روی، آهن و فسفر دانه بیشتر و انتقال مجدد ماده خشک کم­تری در مقایسه با ارقام جدید بم و افق برخوردار بودند. بیشترین میزان، کارایی و سهم انتقال مجدد نیز به رقم افق و پس از آن به رقم بم اختصاص داشت. در آزمایش حاضر مشاهده گردید که محلول­پاشی سولفات­روی منجر به بهبود 18 و 4/4 درصدی غلظت روی و نیتروژن و کاهش 15 درصدی فسفر دانه و محلول­پاشی سولفات­آهن نیز منجر به افزایش 13 درصدی غلظت آهن و کاهش 11 درصدی فسفر دانه در مقایسه با شاهد گردید. اثرات افزایشی فرم­های سولفاته روی و آهن بر غلظت آن­ها در دانه در مقایسه با فرم­های کلاته نیز بهتر بود. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش نشان داد که استفاده از هر یک از منابع روی و آهن می­تواند منجر به بهبود صفات کیفی گندم شود.}, keywords_fa = {عناصر دانه,عناصر ریزمغذی,فتوسنتز جاری,فرم سولفاته و کلاته,منطقه}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_36997.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_36997_b29e2221d29423ac2ed5386dc3ff7937.pdf} } @article { author = {Bagheri, Alireza and Asadi, Soheila}, title = {Determination of suitable areas to cultivating annual alfalfa (Medicagio scutellatu L.) using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Geographic Information System (GIS) in the province of Kermanshah}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {467-482}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v11i2.67180}, abstract = {Introduction Determination of land suitability for specific productivity is considered as one of the land management tools that makes land use sustainable along with planning to increase production. Agro-ecological zoning refers to the recognition of a set of conditions that allows the economic planting of each crop with regard to the weather conditions of desired region. Alfalfa, as one of the most important forage plants with high quality forage, soil nitrogen fixation and soil erosion reduction, can play an important role in crop rotation. In Iran, alfalfa annual species have been distributed mainly to the northwest, west and south. Considering the good adaptation of alfalfa species to climatic and topographic conditions in western Iran, recognition of appropriate areas to cultivation of this product can lead to soil fertilization, rangeland rearing and forage production. Therefore, this research was carried out with the aim of identifying suitable areas for cultivating this plant based on climatic factors (rainfall, mean temperature of growth period, minimum temperature and maximum temperature) and topographic factors (elevation, slope and aspect) using Dynamic Analysis Hierarchical Process (AHP). Material and methods At first step, the response of the annual alfalfa to the climatic factors (rainfall, mean temperature of growth period, minimum temperature and maximum temperature) and topographic factors (elevation, slope and aspect) was determined and evaluated based on available resources. Then, the raster layers of the each mentioned factors were classified for Kermanshah province located in the west of Iran. To determine the importance of each of factors as criteria, scientific resources and the opinion of the experts were used as input in the AHP. In this regard, the weight of each layer was determined and accordingly, the integration of the layers was performed in the Geographic Information System (GIS). Finally, the final layers of the arable and pasture lands of Kermanshah province were classified into three highly suitable, semi- suitable and non- suitable zones. Results and discussion The results of AHP showed that the important of climatic factors (weighs= 0.833) were more than topographic factors (weighs= 0.167) on the growth of annual alfalfa. Among the climatic factors, the highest importance was observed for rainfall, the mean temperature of plant growth period, maximum and minimum temperatures, respectively. Among the topographic variables, aspect, slope and elevation had vital importance, respectively. The results also showed that the suitable arable and pasture lands for growing alfalfa were 4570 and 6898 km2 , respectively, equivalent to 19 and 28 percent of the total land area of the province. In fact, considering the area of arable and pasture lands of Kermanshah province (9105 and 11849 km2 , respectively), the areas susceptible to growing annual alfalfa were 50% of the total agricultural land and 59% of the total rangeland lands of the province. These areas include parts of the northeast, center and parts of the west of the province in the agricultural land and the eastern, northeastern, parts of the center, west and northwest in the rangeland area. The rainfall of about 500-450 mm, the proper temperature and slope are characteristics of this area, which makes these areas suitable in terms of suitable ecological conditions for alfalfa cultivation. The most suitable agricultural lands within the province belong to the Songhor, Kermanshah, Islamabad and Javanrood, respectively, and the largest area of susceptible rangeland belongs to the Songhor, Kermanshah, Salas Babajani and Islamabad, respectively. Conclusion In general, the results indicate that annual alfalfa is suitable for cultivation in more than half of the arable and pasture lands. This results show the high potential of Kermanshah province for the cultivation of the crop as a suitable plant in crop rotational as well as rangeland regeneration. The use of this information could allow the selection of areas susceptible to annual alfalfa cultivation to improve crop and pastures management.}, keywords = {Agro- ecological zoning,Decision making,Land susceptibility,Weighted overlay}, title_fa = {تعیین مناطق مستعد کشت یونجه یکساله (Medicagio scutellatu L.) با استفاده از فرایند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی (AHP) و سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS) در استان کرمانشاه}, abstract_fa = {با توجه به سازگاری مناسب یونجه یکساله (Medicagio scutellatu L.) با شرایط اقلیمی و توپوگرافیکی غرب ایران، شناخت نواحی مستعد کشت این محصول می‌تواند حاصلخیزی خاک، احیاء مراتع و تولید علوفه را به همراه داشته باشد. ازاین‌رو این تحقیق باهدف شناخت مناطق مستعد کشت این گیاه با استفاده از روش فرایند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی (AHP) و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS) انجام شد. به این منظور لایه‌های کلاس‌بندی شده پاسخ یونجه یکساله به عوامل اقلیمی (بارندگی سالیانه، دمای میانگین دوره رشد، دمای حداقل و دمای بیشینه دوره رشد) و عوامل توپوگرافیکی (ارتفاع از سطح دریا، شیب و سیما یا جهت شیب)، تهیه شدند. سپس جهت تعیین میزان اهمیت هر یک از عوامل ذکرشده بر رشد یونجه یکساله، از فرایند تحلیل سلسله مراتبی، استفاده شد. درنهایت لایه‌های نهایی مربوط به اراضی زراعی و مرتعی استان کرمانشاه در چهار پهنه بسیار مستعد، مستعد، نیمه مستعد و غیر مستعد طبقه­بندی شدند. نتایج به‌دست‌آمده از فرایند سلسله مراتبی (AHP) نشان داد که از بین عوامل اقلیمی و توپوگرافی مؤثر بر رشد یونجه یکساله در منطقه موردمطالعه، نقش عوامل اقلیمی (با وزن 833/0) بیشتر از عوامل توپوگرافیکی (با وزن 167/0) بود. در بین عوامل اقلیمی بارش بالاترین اهمیت و پس‌ازآن میانگین دمای دوره رشد گیاه، دمای بیشینه و دمای کمینه در مرتبه بعدی قرار داشتند. از بین متغیرهای توپوگرافیکی به ترتیب جهت شیب، شیب و ارتفاع از سطح دریا بود دارای اهمیت بودند. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که اراضی کشاورزی و مرتعی مستعد رشد یونجه یکساله به ترتیب 4570 و 6898 کیلومترمربع، معادل 19 و 28 درصد از کل اراضی استان را به خود اختصاص دادند. در حقیقت با توجه به مساحت اراضی کشاورزی و مرتعی استان کرمانشاه (به ترتیب معادل 9105 و 11849 کیلومترمربع)، مناطق مستعد کشت یونجه یکساله به ترتیب 50 و 59 درصد از کل اراضی کشاورزی و مرتعی استان را می­تواند باشد. به‌طورکلی می‌توان بیان داشت که بر اساس متغیرهای موردبررسی در این مطالعه، استان کرمانشاه از پتانسیل بالایی درکشت یونجه یکساله به‌عنوان گیاهی مناسب در تناوب زراعی و همچنین احیاء مراتع، برخوردار است که استفاده از این اطلاعات می‌تواند امکان انتخاب نواحی مستعد کشت یونجه یکساله را برای بهبود مدیریت زراعی و مراتع، فراهم آورد.}, keywords_fa = {استعداد اراضی,پهنه‌بندی زراعی–بوم شناختی,روش تصمیم گیری,همپوشانی وزنی}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37005.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37005_70f5b997375a96f08be89a8aa28d5be1.pdf} } @article { author = {Koochekzadeh, Ahmad}, title = {Effect of Preceding Crop and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Some Agroecological Traits of Purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.)}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {483-498}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v11i2.64969}, abstract = {Introduction Application of nitrogen fertilizers is one the main practices to increase the yield of agricultural products. However, the addition of high and unbalance amount of fertilizers led to negative consequences on the environment, reduction of fertilizer use efficiency and increase cost of production. Crop rotation is one of the most effective methods to increase nitrogen efficiency at agricultural ecosystems, stated that type of planted crop in previous years can alter soil condition and hence enhance the yield of the next crop. Recent studies revealed that crop rotation alone is not capable of providing required nutrients for plant growth. Hence, if uptake nutrients by plants were not recycled, the crop rotation system would not fully beneficial. Therefore, incorporation of crop rotation and fertilization could be considered as a suitable solution to have stable and high-quality crop yield with environmental protection. Based on stated notes, this experiment was conducted to find the most effective nitrogen fertilizer level and reduction of fertilizer use in Purslane farms by crop rotation. Materials and Methods This experiment was conducted with factorial split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan during 2012-2013. Nitrogen fertilizer (Urea) was at five levels: (N1-Control, N2-75kg.ha-1, N3-100 kg.ha-1, N4-125kg.ha-1 andN5-150kg.ha-1. Two preceding plants P1- Wheat, P2-Bersim Clover and cutting (C) was placed at sub plot. Plant cutting of Purslane was done in two times. Anova performed by SAS 9.1 and means were compared by (LSD) at the error probability of 0.05%.   Results and discussion Results of the experiment showed that plant height was affected by the amount of applied fertilizer rate. The increase in fertilizer rate led to more plant height. The first cutting, stem diameter was increased by higher fertilizer rate and the highest stem diameter (5.41 cm) was achieved at 125 kg N.ha-1. At the second cutting, there was no significant difference among fertilizer treatments. First and second cutting the value of chlorophyll in bersim increased and the highest value was observed in 150 kg N. ha-1. At first cutting, little difference between 150 kg N × wheat and 150 kgN × clover on the fresh and dry weight leaves of purslane was observed. But in second cutting, the highest fresh and dry weight leaves was observed in the high level of nitrogen × clover. The increase in fertilizer rate was led to a higher dry weight of Purslane due to increase in stem length, a number of leaves and fresh and dry weight of leaf. The highest fresh weight (26.34 g.plant-1) belonged to 150 kg N and bersimpreceding at the second cutting. Plant dry weight showed that maximum plant dry weight was at the first cutting with 125 kg N and bersimpreceding which showed no significant difference of 150 kgN.ha-1. Results showed that the first and second cutting had the higher leaf protein with 12.61 and 14.43 % for bersimpreceding and 150 kg N.ha-1 treatments. Conclusion Based on results of this experiment, it is stated that response of Purslane to preceding is different and cutting legume plant as preceding could improve physio-chemical properties of soil and increase the crop yield. The response of Purslane to preceding and fertilizer treatment was different. Application of 125 kg N.ha-1 with berismpreceding could produce equal or higher yields compare to 150 kg N.ha-1. Application of higher nitrogen led to more watery stem plants and higher plant weight. Generally, due to the medicinal application of this plant, application of suitable crop rotation and optimization of nitrogen fertilizer in a rotational system with preservation of soil fertility, environmental protection, water quality and biodiversity could increase input efficiency and enhance crop quality.}, keywords = {Bersim Clover,Leaf Protein,Plant dry weight,SPAD,wheat}, title_fa = {اثر گیاه پیش‌کاشت و سطوح کود نیتروژن بر برخی صفات آگرواکولوژیک گیاه خرفه(Portulaca oleraceae L.)}, abstract_fa = {به‌منظور بررسی اثر گیاه پیش کشت و میزان کود نیتروژن بر صفات آگرواکولوژیک گیاه خرفه (Portulaca oleraceae L.)، آزمایشی طی سال زراعی 93-1392 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی رامین خوزستان به صورت فاکتوریل-اسپلیت در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. در این آزمایش، عامل مصرف کود نیتروژن از منبع اوره در پنج سطح شامل: N1- شاهد یا بدون مصرف کود، N2- 75 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص در هکتار، N3- 100 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص در هکتار،N4 - 125 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص در هکتار و N5-150 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص در هکتار و دو نوع گیاه پیش کشت شامل:  P1- گندم نان رقم چمران P2- شبدر برسیم به عنوان عامل دوم مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. چین برداری (C) نیز به عنوان عامل سوم در کرت‌های فرعی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که تناوب زراعی و مصرف کود نیتروژن در گیاه پیش کاشت اثر معنی‌داری بر تمامی صفات داشت، در حالی‌که اثر چین‌برداری تنها بر برخی صفات مانند عدد کلروفیل‌متر و درصد پروتئین برگ معنی‌دار بود. کاربرد کود نیتروژنه با میزان150 کیلوگرم در هکتار باعث افزایش میزان صفات عملکردی گردید اما نتایج مؤید این موضوع بود که در زمان استفاده از شبدر به‌عنوان پیش کشت می‌توان میزان کود کاربردی را بدون کاهش در میزان عملکرد کمی و کیفی گیاه تعدیل نمود .}, keywords_fa = {پروتئین برگ,شبدر برسیم,عددکلروفیل‌متر,گندم,وزن خشک بوته}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37012.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37012_414a313871a2946f8549f83038ebd48d.pdf} } @article { author = {Soltani Kazemi, Javad and Aboutalebian, Mohammad Ali and Hamzei, Javad}, title = {Effect of Symbiosis Mycorrhiza and On-farm Seed Priming on the Yield and Yield Components of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Saline Soil}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {499-514}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v11i2.65941}, abstract = {Introduction  There are many methods to deal with salinity, one of which is less costly and more practical seed priming. Seed prime with different methods with mycorrhiza fungi can be used to improve the deposition of seeds and ultimately yield in saline lands. According to available reports, priming seeds are better placed in environmental stress conditions, such as salinity, and produce higher plantings. Priming increases rooting and increases the yield in corn by 14%. The seedling growth rate was seven days earlier than the non-prime. Plants that are inoculated with mycorrhiza will increase growth and yield and maintain the osmotic potential and ionic balance to a normal level and cause resistance to stress conditions. Materials and Methods  This research was carried out during two years 2014 and 2015 in two locations in the province of Khouzestan, Gotvand city, with an altitude of 76 meters above sea level and the coordinates of 32 degrees north latitude and 48 degrees east longitude. The experimental design was factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications on maize hybrid NS64. The concentration of salicylic acid 0.5 mM within 14 hours, osmopriming with NaCl solution at a concentration of 2 dS.m-1 within 22 hours, tap water within 18 hours were selected as the best combination of on-farm seed priming. The mycorrhiza fungus was taken in strips under the seeds of 20 g.m-2 . Analysis of variance was done using the PROC GLM procedure of the SAS 9.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Results and Discussion Results showed that all traits in both years and places inoculation with mycorrhiza and priming with salicylic acid, tap water and NaCl solution to the non-inoculate and non-prime increasing significantly and between inoculation with mycorrhiza and Prime treatments, inoculation with mycorrhiza and prime with salicylic acid in both place have better condition. Inoculated with mycorrhiza and priming with salicylic acid in saline place increases the leaf area index in the Tasseling, number of seeds per ear, 1000-kernal weight, yield, biological yield, harvest index, the amount of 26.5, 42, 15.5, 62.5, 49.2, 9.3 percent than non- inoculation with mycorrhiza and not prime. The difference between inoculation with mycorrhiza and salicylic acid treatment and non- inoculation with mycorrhiza and non-prime in saline place compared to non-saline place in all traits was higher. Conclusion The results showed that application of inoculation with mycorrhiza to non-inoculation and seed priming compared to control (Non-primed) in all measured traits under both saline and non-saline environments were superior in both years. Priming of maize seeds with salicylic acid (0.5 mM for 14 hours) was superior to other pretreatments. Under salinity without prime application and  inoculum  mycorrhiza (Control) the amount of  number of seeds per ear (212), 1000 grain weight (210 g), grain yield (2826 kg.ha-1) were measured, that application of priming  increased all traits and the highest increase was observed in salicylic acid treatment, which increased  grain number in ear (34.4%), 1000 grain weight (10.9%), grain yield (48.7%) compared with not used prime and inoculation with mycorrhiza (control). Inoculation with mycorrhiza increased the number of seeds per ear (19.8%), 1000 grain weight (4.2%), grain yield (23.9%) compared with lack of prime application and inoculation with mycorrhiza (control). Interaction of seed priming and inoculation with mycorrhiza increased all traits. The highest increase was observed in salicylic acid priming treatments and inoculation with mycorrhiza that increased number of seeds per ear (42.4% ), 1000 grain weight (15.7%), grain yield (62.9%) than lack of prime and inoculation with mycorrhiza (Control). In the first year, in comparison to the second year, all measured traits increased due to the favorable temperature and number of sunny hours for growing and inoculation of flowers and filling of grain. Consequently, in both saline and non-saline environment, inoculation with mycorrhiza and prime with salicylic acid is suggested as a method for improving crop cultivation of the NS640 cultivar.}, keywords = {Glomus mossea,Harvest index,Leaf Area Index,Nacl solution,salicylic acid}, title_fa = {اثرات همزیستی میکوریزا و پرایمینگ بذر بر بهبود عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد ذرت دانه-ای (L. Zea mays) در شرایط خاک شور}, abstract_fa = {به­منظور کاهش اثرات تنش شوری در مزرعه آزمایش تاثیر همزمان پرایمینگ بذر و استفاده از میکوریزا بر بهبود عملکرد دانه و اجزای عملکرد ذرت هیبرید 640 NS در شهرستان گتوند استان خوزستان طی دو سال 1394-1393 انجام شد. آزمایش فاکتوریل با دو فاکتور میکوریزا و پرایمینگ بذر در دو مکان خاک شور (7dS.m-1 (EC= و خاک غیرشور(EC=2/5dS.m-1)  در طی دو سال اجرا شد. آزمایش برای دو مکان و دو سال تجزیه مرکب شد. عامل اول تلقیح و عدم تلقیح محدوده بستر بذر با میکوریزا (Glomus mossea)، عامل دوم ، چهار سطح پرایمینگ بذر شامل اسموپرایمینگ با محلول NaCl (با غلظت دو دسی زیمنس بر متر در مدت 22 ساعت)، پرایمینگ با اسید سالیسیلیک (با غلظت 5/0 میلی­مولار در مدت 14 ساعت)، پرایمینگ با آب شهری (مدت زمان 18 ساعت) و عدم پرایم (شاهد) بودند. نتایج تجزیه واریانس مرکب نشان داد که اثرات سال، مکان، سال × مکان، پرایمینگ بذر، تلقیح میکوریزایی و اثرات متقابل آنها بر صفات شاخص سطح برگ در مرحله گل تاجی، تعداد دانه در بلال، وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد ، عملکرد بیولوژیک و شاخص برداشت معنی دار بودند. مقایسه میانگین‌ها نشان داد کاربرد تلقیح با میکوریزا نسبت به عدم تلقیح و استفاده از پرایمینگ بذر نسبت به شاهد (عدم پرایم) در تمامی صفات اندازه­گیری شده در هر دو محیط شور و غیرشور در هر دو سال برتری داشتند. در مکان شور بدون کاربرد تلقیح با میکوریزا و پرایم (شاهد)، میزان شاخص سطح برگ (7/2)، تعداد دانه در بلال (212)، وزن هزار دانه (210 گرم)، عملکرد دانه (2826 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و عملکرد بیولوژیک (7296 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بود که کاربرد پرایمینگ باعث افزایش تمامی صفات شده و بیشترین افزایش در تیمار پرایمینگ با اسید سالیسیلیک بدست آمد که باعث افزایش شاخص سطح برگ (8/14 درصد)، تعداد دانه در بلال (4/34 درصد)، وزن هزار دانه (9/10 درصد)، عملکرد دانه (7/48 درصد) و عملکرد بیولوژیک (8/37 درصد) نسبت به عدم کاربرد پرایم و تلقیح با میکوریزا (شاهد) شده بود. تلقیح با میکوریزا باعث افزایش شاخص سطح برگ (9/2 درصد)، تعداد دانه در بلال (8/19 درصد)، وزن هزار دانه (2/4 درصد)، عملکرد دانه (9/23 درصد) و عملکرد بیولوژیک (9/19 درصد) نسبت به عدم کاربرد پرایم و تلقیح با میکوریزا (شاهد) شده بود. اثر متقابل پرایمینگ بذر و تلقیح با میکوریزا باعث افزایش تمامی صفات شده بود بیشترین افزایش در تیمار پرایمینگ با اسید سالیسیلیک و تلقیح با میکوریزا بدست آمد که باعث افزایش افزایش شاخص سطح برگ (9/25 درصد)، تعداد دانه در بلال (4/42 درصد)، وزن هزار دانه (7/15 درصد)، عملکرد دانه (9/62 درصد) و عملکرد بیولوژیک (2/49 درصد) نسبت به عدم کاربرد پرایم و تلقیح با میکوریزا (شاهد) شده بود و نشان­دهنده هم­افزایی اثرات متقابل میکوریزا و پرایمینگ بذر در کاهش تنش شوری می­باشد.}, keywords_fa = {اسیدسالیسیلیک,شاخص برداشت,شاخص سطح برگ,گلوموس موسه‎آ,محلول Nacl}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37018.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37018_229876fb8139d106e999eaa9c16c8eb1.pdf} } @article { author = {Nassiri Mahallati, Mahdi and Koocheki, Alireza and Fallahpour, Farnoosh and Amiri, Mohammad Behzad}, title = {Optimization of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Irrigation in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivation by Central Composite Design}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {515-530}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v11i2.31912}, abstract = {Introduction Cereals are the most important crops all around the world and among them, wheat has the first rank in terms of production and the cultivation area. This plant is one of the main agricultural products in Iran and provides 45% of calories and 70% of the protein consumed by the Iranian people. Irrigation and soil nutrient availability are considered as main factors affecting the wheat yield. Nowadays, intensive application of these inputs in the conventional agricultural systems is considered to achieve maximum yield, whereas surplus use of them does not only have any significant positive influence on the yield but also has been led to environmental problems for example by leaching the nitrogen losses to underground water and imposes extra costs to the agricultural ecosystems. Therefore, the present study was conducted to optimize the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation in wheat by using central composite design technique.   Materials and methods In order to determine the optimal application rates of nitrogen and water in wheat cultivation, a field experiment was conducted based on central composite design in the research field of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during the 2011 growing season. The treatments were designed based on low and high levels of nitrogen (0 and 400 kg urea.ha-1) and irrigation (2500 and 5000 m3). Central point in each treatment repeated five times and the number of treatments were calculated based on 2k + 2k + r, in which k is the number of evaluating factors (nitrogen and irrigation) and r is the replication number of the central point. Therefore, 13 combination treatments were designed. Several features including seed yield, biological yield, nitrogen losses, nitrogen use efficiency and water use efficiency were measured as dependent variables and response surface of these variables under each combination treatment was calculated by regression model. Finally, the optimum values of water and nitrogen consumption were determined according to three scenarios including economic, environmental and economic-environmental scenarios. Results and discussion The results indicated a positive effect of increasing nitrogen fertilization and irrigation on seed yield, biological yield and water use efficiency. Whereas, increasing irrigation level led to decreasing nitrogen use efficiency and increasing nitrogen losses. Finally, the optimum levels of nitrogen and irrigation were estimated based on three scenarios including economic, environmental and economic- environmental. In economic scenario, the optimum levels of fertilizer and irrigation were estimated 274 kg urea.ha-1 and 3964 m3.ha-1, respectively to obtain 4045 kg.ha-1 seed yield and 9908 kg.ha-1 biological yield. In environmental scenario, the optimum levels of the treatments to obtain the minimum nitrogen losses amounts were 64.65 kg urea.ha-1 and 2651 m3.ha-1, respectively. In economic-ecological scenario, both seed yield and nitrogen losses were considered, so the estimated input rates were 153 kg urea.ha-1 and 3030 m3.ha-1 irrigation. Simultaneous consideration of the economic aspects and environmental issues to the production in economic-ecological scenario shows the excellence of this scenario than other the two scenarios.  Conclusion In order to achieve sustainable production of crops, one of the basic principles is to improve resource efficiency and prevent agricultural input losses. Based on our results, it seems that the optimization values of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation calculated in the economic-environmental scenario which simultaneously considered both economic and environmental aspects of wheat production can be suggested as the most appropriate levels of these two factors according to the study conditions. Acknowledgements This study was financially supported by the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran (Grant number 17676/2).}, keywords = {economic-environmental scenario,Nitrogen losses,resource use efficiency,Seed yield}, title_fa = {بهینه‌سازی کود نیتروژن و آبیاری در زراعت گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) با استفاده از طرح مرکب مرکزی}, abstract_fa = {امروزه با توجه به مصرف بی­رویه نهاده­های کشاورزی علاوه بر تحمیل هزینه­های اضافی بر بخش تولید، آلودگی­های زیست­محیطی پیش­آمده در­نتیجه آن نیز مشکل­ساز شده­است. لذا به‌منظور برآورد مقادیر بهینه مصرف منابع آب و نیتروژن در زراعت گندم آزمایشی در قالب طرح مرکب مرکزی در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال زراعی 1390-1389 اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی با توجه به سطوح بالا و پائین کود نیتروژن (صفر و 400 کیلوگرم کود اوره در هکتار) و آبیاری (2500 و 5000 مترمکعب) طراحی شدند، نقطه مرکزی در هر تیمار پنج بار تکرار شد و درمجموع 13 ترکیب تیماری بدست­آمد. عملکرد بیولوژیک، عملکرد دانه، تلفات نیتروژن، کارایی مصرف نیتروژن  و کارایی مصرف آب  بعنوان متغیرهای وابسته مورد اندازه­گیری قرار گرفتند و با استفاده از یک مدل رگرسیونی، سطوح پاسخ این متغیرها تحت تأثیر تیمارها محاسبه شد. در­مجموع نتایج نشان داد که افزایش مصرف کود نیتروژن و آبیاری اثر مثبتی بر افزایش عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک و کارایی مصرف آب داشت در حالیکه افزایش آبیاری منجر به کاهش کارایی مصرف نیتروژن و افزایش تلفات نیتروژن شد. در نهایت  مقادیر بهینه مصرف کود نیتروژن و آبیاری بر اساس سه سناریوی اقتصادی، زیست­محیطی و اقتصادی- زیست­محیطی تعیین گردید. در سناریوی اقتصادی، مقدار بهینه کوددهی و آبیاری به­منظور دستیابی به 4045 کیلوگرم در هکتار عملکرد دانه و 9908 کیلوگرم در هکتار عملکرد بیولوژیک به ترتیب 274 کیلوگرم در هکتار کود اوره و 3964 مترمکعب در هکتار آبیاری بدست­آمد. در سناریوی زیست­محیطی، مقدار بهینه این منابع به‌منظور کاهش تلفات نیتروژن محاسبه شد و به ترتیب برای کوددهی و آبیاری مقادیر 64 کیلوگرم در هکتار و 2651 مترمکعب در هکتار بدست آمد. در سناریوی اقتصادی-زیست محیطی عملکرد دانه و کاهش تلفات نیتروژن همزمان مورد­نظر قرار گرفت، در­نتیجه مقادیر بهینه سطوح کوددهی و آبیاری به ترتیب معادل 153 کیلوگرم در هکتار و 3030 مترمکعب بدست­آمد. توجه همزمان به جنبه اقتصادی تولید و مسائل زیست­محیطی، برتری سناریوی اقتصادی- زیست­محیطی را نسبت به دو سناریوی دیگر نشان می­دهد.}, keywords_fa = {تلفات نیتروژن,سناریوی اقتصادی-زیست محیطی,عملکرد دانه,کارایی مصرف منابع}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37026.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37026_5af25a134532e522a6b4b2ffedf665a4.pdf} } @article { author = {Nazarian, Ramin and Koocheki, Ali Reza and Nassiri Mahallati, Mahdi and Rezvani Moghaddam, Parviz}, title = {Effect of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and Persian clover (Trifolium respinatum L.) intercropping on forage quality}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {531-541}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v11i2.45216}, abstract = {Introduction Forage quality is limited in many forage production systems in developing countries, specifically in arid and semiarid conditions. Mixing Persian clover as a forage legume with cereals such as barley has been proposed as a way of increasing forage quantity and quality. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an annual cereal which can grow in marginal area, suppress weed pressure and provide high forage yield but protein content of the forage is low. Intercropping cereals and legumes have been suggested to increase forage nutrient .stated that barley intercropped with Berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) compared with oat or triticale (Tritico×secale rimpaui Wittm.) produced higher protein in forage production. In addition, Lithourgidis et al. (2006) has been reported that vetch (Vicia sativa L.) intercropped with oat produced higher total protein compared with a sole stand of vetch. Carr et al. (2004) demonstrated that barley forage compared with oat (Avena sativa L.) had higher dry matter digestibility (DMD), lower acid detergent fiber (ADF), and higher crude protein (CP). In current study we compared a wide range of cropping rate and pattern to determine the best forage quality in mixture of barley and Persian clover in a low-input system.   Materials and methods In order to find the optimum cropping rate and pattern in a mixture of barley and Persian clover an experiment was conducted in a split plot layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications at Research Farm of College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2013-14. The pattern of sowing considered in five levels (row intercropping 1:1, sowing one row barley one row clover (M1), row intercropping 2:2, sowing two row barley two row clover (M2), strip intercropping 3:3, sowing three row barley three row clover (M3), strip intercropping 4:4, sowing four row barley four row clover (M4) and mixed cropping barley and clover (M5)) which allocated as main plots and the cropping rate in five levels (additive mixture of barley %100: %50 clover (R5), additive mixture of barley %100: %25 clover (R4), replacement mixture of barley %50: %50 clover (R3), with pure barley (R2)and pure clover (R1)) proposed as subplots. Barley (Watan local variety originated from Herat, Afghanistan) and Persian clover (Trifolium respinatum L.) seed rates were considered 120 kg.ha-1 and 40 kg.ha-1, respectively. Sowing date was on October 23. Barley was harvested in heading stage and clover in completed flowering stage. Two random samples (0.5-1 kg) were chose in each plot to determine forage fresh yield and quality characteristics. Samples were dried at 75ºC for 72 h, then milled and determined percentage of forage dry matter. The forage quality characteristics examined were dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), digestive value (D-value), crude protein (CP), protein yield (PY), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). The pepsin-cellulase In vitro two step method was used for determine DMD, OMD and D-value. Crud protein; NDF and ADF contents were determine based on Nelson et al. (1973) and  Goering and Van Soest (1970) methods, respectively. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and lest significant different test (LSD) were performed using SAS version 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Results and Discussion Results showed that the effect of cropping rate and pattern on DMD, OMD, D-value and protein yield (PY) were significant (p<0.01).  The highest levels of DMD, OMD and D-value were obtained in M1 sowing pattern and R1 pure clover, respectively .The effect of sowing pattern on CP, NDF and ADF contents were not significant. The highest CP content was shown in pure clover (16.3 %) and the highest PY were obtained in pure barley (1962.2 kg.ha-1) and mixed cropping (1584.4 kg.ha-1). So producing high DMD, OMD, D-value and CP in clover and PY in barley alone is not sufficient but must also consider the stability of the system that it is implemented in mixed cultures.}, keywords = {Dry matter digestibility (DMD),Organic matter digestibility (OMD),Digestive value (D-value)}, title_fa = {تأثیر کشت مخلوط جو (Hordeum vulgare L.) و شبدر ایرانی (Trifolium resupinatum L.) بر ویژگی-های کیفی علوفه}, abstract_fa = {کشت مخلوط دو یا چند گیاه علوفه­­ای، یک جامعه گیاهی را به وجود می­آورد که قادرند از منابع بهتر استفاده کرده و درنتیجه کمیت و کیفیت محصول بهبود یابد. جهت بهینه­سازی نسبت و آرایش کاشت در مخلوط جو و شبدر ایرانی آزمایشی به­صورت کرت­های خردشده در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال زراعی 93 – 1392 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد اجرا شد. آرایش کاشت در پنج سطح (مخلوط ردیفی 1:1، کشت یک ردیف جو یک ردیف شبدر (M1)، مخلوط ردیفی 2:2، کشت دو ردیف جو دو ردیف شبدر (M2)، مخلوط نواری 3:3، کشت سه ردیف جو سه ردیف شبدر (M3)، مخلوط نواری 4:4، کشت چهار ردیف جو چهار ردیف شبدر (M4) و کشت مخلوط درهم جو و شبدر (M5)) به­عنوان کرت اصلی و نسبت کاشت نیز در پنج سطح (مخلوط افزایشی 50% شبدر + 100% جو (R5)، مخلوط افزایشی 25% شبدر + 100% جو (R4)، مخلوط جایگزینی 50% جو + 50% شبدر (R3) همراه با جو خالص (R2) و شبدر خالص (R1)) در کرت­های فرعی قرار گرفتند. خصوصیات کیفی موردبررسی برای هر تیمار شامل قابلیت هضم ماده خشک (DMD)، قابلیت هضم ماده آلی (OMD)، ارزش هضمی (D-value)، مقدار پروتئین خام (CP)، عملکرد پروتئین (PY)، فیبر قابل­حل در شوینده خنثی (NDF) و فیبر قابل­حل در شوینده اسیدی (ADF) بود. نتایج آزمایش نشان داد که آرایش و نسبت کاشت تاثیر معنی­داری برDMD، OMD، D-value و PY داشت. بالاترین مقدار DMD، OMD و D-value متعلق به آرایش کاشت (M1) و نسبت کاشت شبدر خالص (R1) بود. مقادیرCP، NDF و ADF تحت تأثیر آرایش کاشت قرار نگرفت ولی اثر نسبت کاشت بر مقدار CP معنی­دار بود. به­طوریکه بیشترین مقدار CP را شبدر خالص (26/16 %) به خود اختصاص داد. همچنین بیشترین PY مربوط به نسبت کاشت R2 (2/1962 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و آرایش­کاشت M5 (38/1584 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بود. باوجود بیشتر بودن مقادیر DMD، OMD، D-value و CP درکشت خالص شبدر و PY درکشت خالص جو، آنچه امروز بسیار حائز اهمیت می­باشد پایداری تولید است که در سیستم­های کشت مخلوط تحقق می­پذیرد که آرایش کشت مخلوط درهم (M5) با مقدار عملکرد مناسب ازنظر کمی و کیفی  بیشترین مقدار عملکرد پروتئین را تولید نمود.}, keywords_fa = {قابلیت هضم ماده خشک (DMD),قابلیت هضم ماده آلی (OMD),ارزش هضمی (D-value)}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37037.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37037_b5c46c88069b8efabf10aca6d903af4c.pdf} } @article { author = {Meshkani, Javad and Kafi, Mohammad and Khorramdel, Surur and Moallem Benhangi, Fatemeh}, title = {Effect of intercropping rates of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) and Persian shallot (Allium altissimum Regel.) on their growth indices}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {543-560}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v11i2.67513}, abstract = {Introduction Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is a small annual herbaceous and annual medicinal plant that is a member of the aromatic plant family (Apiaceae). It is planted in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. The seeds are used to add flavor to spicy dishes. Cumin seeds contain numerous phytochemicals that are known to have antioxidant, carminative and anti-flatulent properties. In addition, the seeds yield about 22% fats, numerous free amino acids, and a variety of flavonoid glycosides. Persian shallot (Allium altissimum Regel.) is a medicinal, industrial and perennial plant that belongs to the Alliaceae family and has underground bulbs. It is native and endemic of Iran and grows wild on the mountains quite resistant to cold and freezing stress. Persian shallot is widely used in food and medicinal industries. Intercropping allows for improved resource use efficiency such as light, water and nutrients and beneficial interactions between the plants. Intercropping work to decrease the spread of plant diseases by reducing the quantity of susceptible host plants. Other benefits of intercropping include optimal use of resources, stabilization of yield, weed suppression, improved soil fertility conservation, and higher economic returns. The paper evaluated the effect of intercropping ratios as replacement series of cumin and Persian shallot on growth physiological indices such as dry matter (DM), leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR) and relative growth rate (RGR).           Materials and methods This experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during growing season of 2014-2015. Replacement intercropping ratios such as 80% cumin+20% shallot, 60% cumin+40% shallot, 50% cumin+50% shallot, 40% cumin+60% shallot, 20% cumin+80% shallot and their monoculture were considered as treatments. Plant density for shallot bulbs and cumin seeds were considered as 10 bulbs.m-2 and 120 plants.m-2, respectively. DM, LAI, CGR and RGR were measured and calculated were measured and calculated. In order to measure the growth indices, the destructive samplings were carried out every 10 days from 50 cm of row in each plot. All plants were harvested by cutting at the soil surface. Plants were then divided into leaf and stem. The areas of green leaves were measured using a Delta-T leaf area meter (Delta-T Devices, Cambridge, England). Then the samples including stems and leaves were dried in a forced-air oven at 70 ০C for 48 h and after witch DM was measured. The leaf area data was divided to ground area and the leaf area index (LAI) was obtained. The LAI data was fitted to the equation to predict the LAI in growth season. The sigmoid equation was fitted to the TDM data and by derivation from this equation, CGR and RGR were obtained. The graphs were drawn by Excel.  Results and discussion The results showed that the maximum and the minimum DM of cumin and Persian shallot were observed in their monoculture with 426 and 289 g.m-2, respectively. Crop growth rate of cumin reached to its peak in 50 days after planting followed by a decreasing trend afterwards, the highest and the lowest CGR were recorded in monoculture (8.45 g.m-2.d-1) and 20% cumin+80% Persian shallot (13.7 g.m-2.d-1), respectively. For Persian shallot, the time was calculated with 55 days after emergence. The maximum and the minimum CGR of Persian shallot were calculated for its monoculture (8.0 g.m-2.d-1) and 80% cumin+20% Persian shallot, respectively. RGR in all intercropped treatments declined as plant age increased, so that at the end of growth season RGR got close to zero. At the beginning of growth stage, due to radiation penetration and less shading and less respiration, RGR is more and its reduction slope is less.  Conclusion The results indicated that the intercropping of cumin with Persian shallot increased growth physiological indices such as LAI, DM, CGR and RGR. Studied traits of cumin and Persian shallot were increased by changing in planting ratios from intercropping to its monoculture. The results confirmed the better use of resources especially for radiation and water of these plants in intercropping treatments.}, keywords = {Crop Growth Rate,Growth physiological indices,Leaf Area Index,Medicinal plants,Relative growth rate}, title_fa = {اثر نسبت‌های کشت مخلوط جایگزینی زیره سبز (Cuminum cyminum L.) و موسیر (Allium altissimum Regel.) بر شاخص‌های رشدی}, abstract_fa = {به‌منظور بررسی اثر نسبت­های کشت مخلوط جایگزینی زیره سبز (Cuminum cyminum L.) و موسیر (Allium altissimum Regel.) بر ویژگی­های اکولوژیک و شاخص­های رشدی دو گونه، آزمایشی در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در سال زراعی 94-1393 انجام شد. نسبت­های کشت مخلوط جایگزینی شامل 20% موسیر + 80% زیره سبز،40% موسیر + 60% زیره سبز، 50% موسیر + 50% زیره سبز، 80% موسیر +20% زیره سبز، 60% موسیر + 40% زیره سبز و کشت خالص هر دو گونه به‌عنوان تیمار مدنظر قرار گرفتند. تراکم غده­های موسیر و بذر زیره سبز به ترتیب برابر با 10 و 120 بوته در مترمربع بود. شاخص­های فیزیولوژیکی رشد شامل شاخص سطح برگ، میزان تجمع ماده خشک، سرعت رشد محصول و سرعت رشد نسبی هر دو گونه بودند. نتایج نشان داد که اثر نسبت­های کشت مخلوط دو گیاه دارویی زیره سبز و موسیر بر روند تجمع ماده خشک، شاخص­های رشدی سطح برگ، سرعت رشد محصول و سرعت رشد نسبی هر دو گیاه تأثیرگذار بود؛ به‌طوری­که بیشترین میزان تجمع ماده خشک زیره سبز و موسیر در کشت خالص به ترتیب با 426 و 289 گرم بر مترمربع به‌دست آمد. بالاترین سرعت رشد محصول زیره ‌سبز، 55 روز پس از سبز شدن از کشت خالص (45/8 گرم در مترمربع در روز) و کمترین مقدار آن از تیمار 20% زیره ‌سبز + 80% موسیر (7/6 گرم در مترمربع در روز) به‌دست آمد. بیشترین و کمترین مقدار CGR موسیر 50 روز پس از سبز شدن در کشت خالص با 98/7 گرم در مترمربع و تیمار 80% زیره ‌سبز + 20% موسیر 45 روز پس از سبز شدن به‌دست آمد.}, keywords_fa = {شاخص سطح برگ,شاخص های فیزیولوژیک,سرعت رشد محصول,سرعت رشد نسبی,گیاه دارویی}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37044.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37044_5789ae940296f4945117ea2ee781aa46.pdf} } @article { author = {Shahsavarpour Lendeh, Khadijeh and Pirdashti, Hemmatollah and Bakhshandeh, Esmaeil}, title = {Effect of plant growth promoting bacteria along with potassium fertilizer on yield and yield components of rice (cv. ‘Tarom Hashemi’)}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {561-577}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v11i2.67375}, abstract = {Introduction Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important tropical cereals which is a staple food for about 50% of population around the world, including Iran. The annual grain production of rice in Iran was 2.5 million tones which provided from an area of 0.59 million ha-1. Estimates indicate that rice yield should be enhanced about 65% in the world by the year 2020, especially in developing countries where it is the main food crop. The third macro-nutrient next to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) is known as potassium (K). Potassium is absorbed by roots equal to N and or second after N in some plants like rice. However, it is available to plants about 1-2% of total K in the soil (K+, soluble forms) while 90-98% of this is unavailable for plant uptake, as a result of the strong binding force between K and other minerals such as mica and feldspar. Therefore, introduce alternative sources of fertilizer such as microbial activation can be an effective way to meet a sustainable agriculture and to decline the use of chemical fertilizers. For this purpose, plant growth promoting rhisobacteria (PGPRs) can be used in rice paddies field. PGPRs influence on plant growth and productivity using both direct (assisting in resource acquisition (nitrogen, phosphorus and essential minerals) or modulating plant hormone levels) and indirect (indirectly by decreasing the inhibitory effects of various pathogens on plant growth and development in the forms of biocontrol agents) mechanisms that are fully described in Ahemad and Kibret (2014).   Materials and methods A field experiment was conducted in a paddy field of Mazandaran province (Babol city) as a split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2016. Six levels of potassium sulfate fertilizer (PSF: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg.ha-1) were used as the main plot and four levels of inoculations (non-inoculation as control, seed inoculation in the seedbed condition, seedling root inoculation before transplanting time and combined both previously methods) served as the sub-plots. The experiment was performed under optimal agronomic conditions. Plots were weeded by hand. If necessary, appropriate chemicals were applied to control pests and diseases. A water depth of 3–5 cm was applied in all plots from transplanting time until 2 weeks before harvest maturity (82 days after transplanting). Ten rice plants were randomly harvested at physiological maturity to measure yield components of rice. Actual paddy yield (PY) and biological yield (BY) were also determined at harvesting time by removing of 1 m–2 of rice plants from each plot. Potassium concentration in the grain was measured by the flame photometric method.   Results and discussion The results indicated that all studied traits were significantly affected by PSF and various inoculation methods, except for panicle length and total number of grain per panicle, but the interaction effect between them were not statistically significant. Various inoculation methods significantly increased panicle number per hill, number of filled grain per panicle, PY, BY, harvest index, potassium uptake (PU) in the grain and PU in the straw of rice by 8.40-17.8, 3.50-8.30, 14.6-19.8, 8.71-13.2, 5.20-5.70, 15.9-18.9 and 3.45-13.2%, respectively, and the number of empty grain per panicle (NEGP) was decreased by 58.3-61.6% as compared to the control. Furthermore, values of all studied traits particularly PY (18.2% more than the control), except for NEGP which was decreased, increased with the addition of PSF from zero to 125 kg.ha-1.   Conclusion The combined inoculation method improve yield components and potassium uptake by rice plant which was defined as the best method. Therefore, this method can be used in reduced potassium fertilizer condition (~25 kg.ha-1) to meet a sustainable rice system production.  Acknowledgements The authors thank the Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan (GABIT) and Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran for providing financial support for this study.}, keywords = {Enterobacter sp,Paddy yield,Regression analysis,Rice,sulfate potassium fertilizer,Yield components}, title_fa = {ارزیابی روش‌های تلقیح با باکتری بومی افزاینده رشد (Enterobacter sp.) بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و جذب پتاسیم در برنج (Oriza sativa L.) (رقم ’طارم هاشمی‘)}, abstract_fa = {به‌منظور ارزیابی باکتری بومی افزاینده رشد (Enterobacter sp.) بر عملکرد، اجزای عملکرد و جذب پتاسیم برنج (Oriza sativa L.) (رقم ’طارم هاشمی‘) آزمایشی در یکی از مزارع زارعین واقع در شهرستان بابل از استان مازندران در سال 1395 انجام شد. آزمایش به‌صورت کرت‌های خردشده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار اجرا گردید. تیمارها شامل شش سطح کود سولفات پتاسیم (صفر، 25، 50، 75، 100 و 125 کیلوگرم ‌در هکتار) به‌عنوان کرت اصلی و تلقیح در چهار سطح (عدم تلقیح بذر یا گیاهچه به‌عنوان شاهد، تلقیح بذر در خزانه، تلقیح ریشه گیاهچه و تلقیح توأم بذر در خزانه و ریشه گیاهچه) به‌عنوان کرت فرعی بودند. طبق نتایج، اثرات اصلی تیمارها بر تمامی صفات مورد مطالعه به‌جز طول خوشه و تعداد دانه کل در خوشه معنی‌دار و اثر متقابل تیمارها غیر‌معنی‌دار بود. روش‌های مختلف تلقیح موجب افزایش معنی‌دار تعداد خوشه در کپه، تعداد دانه پر در خوشه، عملکرد دانه، عملکرد بیولوژیک، شاخص برداشت، جذب پتاسیم در دانه و جذب پتاسیم در بقایا (به‌ترتیب 4/8- 8/17، 5/3- 3/8، 6/14- 8/19، 71/8- 2/13، 2/5- 7/5، 9/15-9/18 و 45/3-2/13 درصد) و کاهش تعداد دانه پوک در خوشه (به مقدار 3/58-6/61 درصد) نسبت به شاهد شدند. همچنین، با مصرف کود پتاسیم از صفر تا 125 کیلوگرم در هکتار مقدار تمامی صفات اندازه‌گیری شده به‌ویژه عملکرد دانه (2/18 درصد بیشتر از شاهد) افزایش یافت. در‌مجموع، تلقیح توأم بذر در خزانه و ریشه گیاهچه با باکتری از طریق بهبود صفات اجزای عملکرد و جذب پتاسیم بر روش‌های دیگر برتری داشت. در‌نتیجه، از این تیمار به‌خوبی می‌توان در مقادیر کاهش‌یافته کود پتاسیم (حدود 25 کیلوگرم در هکتار) جهت رسیدن به کشاورزی پایدار به‌ویژه در زراعت برنج استفاده نمود.}, keywords_fa = {Enterobacter sp,برنج,سولفات پتاسیم,عملکرد,اجزای عملکرد و تجزیه رگرسیون}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37048.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37048_c6e48c37e1669396fa3f6972b6ee7bc6.pdf} } @article { author = {Farhadian Azizi, Shiva and Kazemi, Hossein and Soltani, Afshin}, title = {Investigation of effective precipitation sufficiency in rainfed farming in order to development of autumn cereals cropping in agricultural lands of Aq-Qala, Kalale and Gonbad Kavous townships (Golestan province) by spatial analysis of GIS}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {579-599}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v11i2.61365}, abstract = {Introduction: Annual climate variation, along with water shortage is an important factor influencing agricultural productivity, especially in rainfed crop production systems. Also, understanding the current relationship between food grain production and rainfall will help in assessing the possible impact of future  climate change on the livelihood of smallholder farmers. In Golestan province due to different climates and extended rainfed lands, amount and spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall is very important. In general, the minimum rainfall for dry farming is about 250-300 mm. In addition, distribution of rainfall during the growing period is also noticeable. The enough moisture in vegetation phase is essential for growth and establishment of plant. In this study, spatial analysis of GIS and some methods of classic interpolation and geostatistical methods were used  to evaluate spatial and temporal changes of rainfall variables in the agricultural lands of Aq-Qala, Kalale and Gonbad Kavous townships in Golestan province.   Materials and methods: This research was carried out in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (GUASRN), during 2015. The studied region was included the agricultural lands of Aq-Qala, Gonbad Kavous and Kalale townships in Golestan province, as three important regions for  dry farming production. First, the data of 10 synoptic stations and 77 rain-gauge stations from Golestan province were used. The thematic maps of rainfall variables such as annual, autumn, spring, November and May precipitations were provided using various methods of geostatistical and classic interpolation such as Ordinary Kriging (OK), Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) in GIS (var. 10) media. Before interpolation calculations, common statistical tests were performed on main data. The performance criteria for evaluation were Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Bias Error (MBE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and Cross Validation. In this research, a semivariogram function was used to show the variation of rainfalls with respect to distance.   Results and discussion: The results showed that Kriging-spherical model was the best method to estimate autumn and May precipitations and also, the annual, spring and November precipitations were interpolated by Multi-quadric (RBF) in agricultural lands of Aq-Qala, Kalale and Gonbad Kavous townships. Furthermore, the IDW and Thin Plate Spline (TPS) were introduced as inappropriate methods due to high error  in precipitation estimate. The semivariograms analysis indicated that autumn, spring, November and May precipitation variables were the best fitted by Spherical models, but annual precipitation was fitted by Exponential model. It was found that some areas in north of Aq-Qala and Gonbad Kavous had the limitation in amounts of spring and May precipitations. The spatial distribution of precipitations showed that annual precipitation was increased from north to south, so that, the maximum annual precipitation was observed in Kalale township. Thus, this township can be a region with high suitable degree for dry farming some autumn crops such as wheat and barley. The lowest autumn rainfall amount was observed in the northern parts of Gonbad Kavous township with 31.37 mm, but the southern parts of the Aq-Qala, Gonbad Kavous and especially Kalale had the highest autumn precipitation amounts.   Conclusion: Result of the spatial distribution of precipitation showed that amounts of precipitation variables were increased from north to south of the studied region. Totally, among  the three studied townships, Kalale township had the highest amounts of precipitations and the best spatial distribution of precipitation variables for rainfed farming. Therefore, this township was selected as the high suitable region for  dry farming in Golestan province.  Acknowledgements: We are grateful to Agriculture Service Centers of Golestan province and Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (GUASNR).}, keywords = {Geographical information system,Inverse Distance Weighting,Kriging,rainfall,Semivariograms}, title_fa = {ارزیابی مکفی بودن بارش‌های مؤثر در زراعت دیم به‌منظور توسعه کشت غلات پاییزه در اراضی شهرستان‌های آق‌قلا، کلاله و گنبدکاووس (استان گلستان) با استفاده از تحلیل‌های مکانی GIS}, abstract_fa = {در استان گلستان با توجه به وجود دیم‌زارهای گسترده، مقدار و توزیع مکانی و زمانی بارش، از اهمیت زیادی برخوردار است. در این مطالعه، با استفاده از تحلیل‌های مکانی سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی، تغییرات مکانی و زمانی و نیز کفایت متغیر­های بارش در محدوده اراضی کشاورزی شهرستان­های آق­قلا،­ کلاله و گنبدکاووس جهت توسعه زراعت دیم غلات پاییزه مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. این پژوهش در سال 1394 در دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان اجرا گردید. ابتدا نقشه­های موضوعی انواع متغیرهای بارش مؤثر در زراعت دیم شامل بارش سالانه، بارش پاییزه، بارش بهاره، بارش آبان ماه و بارش اردیبهشت ماه، با استفاده از روش­های متعدد درون­یابی مانند کریجینگ معمولی، وزن­دهی فاصله معکوس (IDW) و توابع پایه شعاعی (RBF) در محیط GIS نسخه 10 تهیه و طبقه­بندی شدند. از معیارهای میانگین مطلق خطا (MAE)، میانگین انحراف خطا (MBE) و خطای برآورد ((RMSE، جهت ارزیابی این روش­ها استفاده شد. در این پژوهش از داده­های 10 ایستگاه هم­دیدی و 77  ایستگاه باران­سنجی مستقر در استان گلستان استفاده گردید. نتایج نشان داد که روش کریجینگ با مدل کروی بهترین الگو برای تخمین بارش پاییزه و اردیبهشت ماه و هم­چنین روش توابع پایه شعاعی مدل چند ربعی، بهترین الگو برای تخمین بارش­های سالانه، بهاره و آبان ماه در اراضی کشاورزی شهرستان­های آق­قلا، ­کلاله و گنبدکاووس می­باشد. روش وزن‌دهی فاصله معکوس توان 1 و روش توابع پایه شعاعی مدل نواری کم ضخامت، نامناسب­ترین الگو جهت تخمین انواع بارش شناخته شد. نتایج توزیع مکانی بارش نشان داد از سمت شمال به جنوب مناطق موردمطالعه، بر میزان متغیرهای بارش افزوده می­شود. بر این اساس، برخی از مناطق شمالی شهرستان­های آق­قلا و گنبدکاووس ازنظر بارش بهاره و بارش اردیبهشت ماه جهت توسعه زراعت دیم دارای محدودیت می­باشند. درمجموع در بین سه شهرستان موردبررسی­، شهرستان کلاله بیش­ترین میزان و بهترین توزیع مکانی انواع متغیرهای بارش را جهت توسعه زراعت دیم دارا بود.}, keywords_fa = {بارش، سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی,کریجینگ,نیم تغییرنما,وزن دهی فاصله معکوس}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37055.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37055_4d8533e2e70912b2bf30ac2fb8b39804.pdf} } @article { author = {Shokouhi, Mojtaba and Sanaei-Nejad, Seyed Hossein and Bannayan Aval, Mohammad}, title = {Effects of Climate Change on Frequency of Adverse Weather Events during Wheat-Growing Season (Case Study: Main Areas of Rainfed Wheat Production in Iran)}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {601-618}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v11i2.75744}, abstract = {Introduction: Adverse and extreme  agro climatic events will disrupt food production and these  changes are expected to increase in the world. The wheat is Iran's dominant diet, especially in the form of bread. It is important as a food product that has an impact on food security. Climate change can affect wheat production in major areas of rainfed wheat production in Iran, with social and economic consequences. Therefore, it is important for policy makers and scientists  to evaluate the effects of climate change on the agricultural sector and food security. Crop models cannot take into account the effects of severe weather events (such as heavy rainfall, heat stresses) on the final yield of the crop. It could be useful to  utilize  agro climatic indices to provide more comprehensive projections of the impact of climate change on  agro climatic conditions. The purpose of this study was  evaluating the  probability of occurrence of adverse and extreme  agro climatic events at different stages of wheat development using  agro climatic indices.   Materials and Methods:  The focus of this study is on main areas of rainfed wheat production in Iran (Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Golestan, Zanjan, Hamedan, and Ardebil provinces). According to the latest statistics and information from the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad, more than 55% of wheat production  achieve in these areas. The evaluations are based on the outputs of seven CMIP5 models and RCP8.5 and RCO2.6 emission scenarios for the period 2045-2065 and 2080-2100.  The equidistant quintile-based mapping method (EDCDF) was applied to bias correct the outputs of CMIP5 models .The proposed method of Allen et al. (1998) was  utilized to estimate daily crop evapotranspiration, soil moisture and relative reduction in crop yield under soil water shortage to describe the major adverse conditions for wheat production;  the set of 13 indicators was used to cover the major causes of low yields of winter wheat.   Result and discussion:  The average temperature during the growing season will be increased by 3.1 °C for the late cultivar and RCP8.5 scenario during the period 2080-2100 compared to the baseline. The appropriate sowing dates will occur later for all scenarios relative to the baseline and shift to late autumn. Due to the increased average temperature during the growth period, anthesis and maturity dates will occur earlier relative to the baseline and subsequently the average growth period for all scenarios is shorter than the baseline. Average total crop evapotranspiration (ETc) during the growing season will be reduced in most stations. The average relative reduction in crop yield (YD) and the average total effective solar radiation will be more favorable than the baseline.  Thus, it can be said that these crop yield indicators are better than the baseline. However, increasing frequency of adverse events will be undesirable and the most unsettling possibility is the increase in the likelihood of occurrence of at least one, two and three adverse events during the growing season that can be extremely unfavorable climatic conditions for the production of wheat. The close connection between the likelihood of adverse events  and the duration of growth period (such as moisture and heat stresses) is obvious so that the longer growth period,  is more likely to be exposed to high temperatures and moisture stresses. An early cultivar will be a more suitable cultivar for sowing compare to late and medium-ripening cultivar which can change future climate conditions in favor of rainfed wheat production in most areas, especially cold regions.   Conclusion:  In this study, the probability of occurrence of adverse and extreme  agro climatic events during the growing season of wheat was determined, which is usually not well considered in crop models. However, it is well known that the impacts of such extreme events can be substantial. The results of this study showed that, despite high uncertainty in the climate projections within CMIP5 models, the probability of occurrence of at least one (or more) adverse event during the growth period for each cultivar will increase compared to the baseline for the same cultivar. So that, the longer growth period, the greater likelihood of occurrence of at least one (or more) adverse event.}, keywords = {.Agro-climatic indices,CMIP5 models,EDCDF biases correction,Emission scenarios RCP}, title_fa = {بررسی اثر تغییر اقلیم بر فراوانی وقوع رخدادهای نامطلوب آب و هوایی طی دوره رشد محصول گندم (مطالعه موردی: مناطق عمده تولید گندم‌دیم (Triticum aestivum L.) در ایران)}, abstract_fa = {یکی از پیامد­های تغییر اقلیم افزایش ریسک وقوع رخداد­های وخیم اقلیمی است که باعث اختلال در تولید مواد غذایی خواهند شد و انتظار می­رود فراوانی آنها در جهان افزایش یابد. تغییر اقلیم بر محیط تولید محصولات زراعی ازجمله مناطق عمده تولید گندم دیم (Triticum aestivum L.) در ایران (استان­های اردبیل، کردستان، کرمانشاه ،گلستان، همدان و زنجان) اثرگذار خواهد بود و می­تواند در این مناطق امنیّت غذایی را با خطر مواجه سازد. احتمال وقوع پدیده­های نامطلوب اقلیمی تأثیرگذار بر عملکرد محصول طی مراحل مختلف رشد و نمو برای سه رقم زود­رس، دیررس و میان­رس تعیین شد. برای تعریف پدیده­های نامطلوب از شاخص­های اگروکلیمایی (13 شاخص) در مقیاس روزانه که بر مبنای خروجی مجموعه مدل­های به روز CMIP5 و سناریوهای انتشار RCP8.5 و RCP2.6 است، استفاده شد. خروجی روزانه هفت مدل GCM انتخابیِ متناسب با منطقه برای دو دوره زمانی 2045-2065 و 2080-2100 با روش تصحیح خطای نگاشت هم فاصله تابع توزیع تجمعی EDCDFm تصحیح و سپس بکار­گیری شد. بیشترین افزایش دمای متوسط طی دوره رشد مربوط به سناریوی RCP8.5 در دوره 2080-2100 و رقم دیررس به مقدار 1/3 درجه سانتی­گراد خواهد بود. تاریخ مناسب کاشت برای تمام سناریوها در آینده نسب به دوره پایه دیرتر رخ داده و به اواخر پاییز منتقل می­شود. به علت افزایش متوسط دما طی دوره رشد مراحل گل­دهی و رسیدن زودتر رخ داده و درنتیجه متوسط طول دوره رشد برای تمام سناریوها در مقایسه با دوره پایه کوتاه­تر می­شود. متوسط مجموع تبخیر و تعرق محصول (ETc) طی دوره رشد در اکثر ایستگاه­ها کاهش می­یابد. با توجه به مطلوب­تر شدن کاهش نسبی عملکرد (YD) و تابش خورشیدی مؤثر طی دوره رشد برای اکثر ایستگاه­ها می­توان گفت که این شاخص­های عملکردی محصول نسبت به دوره پایه بهبود می­یابند. اما آنچه در این میان نامطلوب به نظر می­آید افزایش فراوانی وقوع پدیده­های نامطلوب نسبت به دوره پایه است و نکته نگران­کننده­تر افزایش احتمال وقوع حداقل یک، دو و سه پدیده نامطلوب طی دوره رشد است که می­تواند شرایط اقلیمی را به ضرر تولید گندم تغییر دهد. انتخاب یک رقم زودرس جهت کاشت در آینده در مقایسه با رقم­های دیررس و میان­رس، رقم مناسب­تری خواهد بود و می­تواند شرایط اقلیمی آینده را به نفع تولید گندم دیم در اکثر مناطق به­ویژه مناطق سردسیر تغییر دهد.}, keywords_fa = {تصحیح خطای EDCDFm,سناریوهای انتشار RCP,شاخص های اگروکلیمایی,مدل های CMIP5}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37060.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37060_616aab987b8b9828912e5b84b9f97c3e.pdf} } @article { author = {Moosavi Far, Bibi Elahe and Khazaei, Hamid Reza and Kafi, Mohammad}, title = {The determine of nutrition value of Kochia (Kochia Scoparia L.) forage under salinity and deficit irrigation conditions}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {619-634}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v11i2.75545}, abstract = {Introduction The conventional water resources and crops do not meet all the requirement of human society in dry and saline areas. Sea water and brackish water and salt tolerant plant should be considered for research. Salt tolerant plants (halophytes) are highly evolved and specialized organisms. They have well-adapted morphological, phenological and physiological characteristics allowing them to proliferate in the high salinity conditions and offer a low-cost approach to reclaiming and rehabilitating saline habitats. This approach would lead to the domestication of wild, salt tolerant plants  to use as forage crops. Kochia scoparia (L., Schrad) is a highly, drought and salinity resistant plant widely used as emergency forage for livestock. Kochia can establish on saline soils, not only to produce protective short-lived vegetation coverage, but also is being used as an alternative forage crop, especially in regions faced with forage shortage. Kochia also has high forage yield potential; Kafi et al. (2010) reported an annual forage yield up to 11 ton ha-1. On the other hand, there is no study on the effect of salinity and drought on the qualitative characteristics of forage in this plant. Therefore, the aim of this study was  evaluate the effects of different salinity stress and deficit irrigation on qualitative forage of Kochia scoparia. Materials and Methods In order to investigate the effects of different levels of salinity stress and deficit irrigation on quantity and quality forage of Kochia, a randomized complete blocks design used in spilt plot arrangement with three replications. A field study was conducted in Agriculture Research field, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University during 2015 growing season. Treatment consisted of three levels of salinity stress (0.9 (non-salinity water), 15.45 (mixture of non-salinity and salinity water) and 30 (salinity water) dS/m) and five water deficits (100% full irrigation, 75 and 50 % full irrigation, 75 and 50% PRD). Plant height, number of lateral branch, fresh and dry forage yield was measured. Oven dried (75◦C for 72 h) chopped samples were ground to pass through a 1-mm screen. The samples were analyzed according to the standard procedures for chemical composition (The quantities of Na+, K+ and Na+/ K+ ratio, Cl-, NDF and ADF , ash amount, ether extract, crude protein, energy metabolism, phenol and tannin.   Results and Discussion The analysis of variance showed that the effects of salinity and deficit irrigation on ether extract and crude ash were significant and with increasing salinity and drought stress levels decreased, while the quantities of Na+ and crude protein increased. In all saline treatments, by decreasing the water consumption to the treatment of 50 % full irrigation increase in the amount of sodium was observed and after this treatment the amount of this ion was decreased. In addition, to their effects on the quantities of K+ and Na+/ K+ ratio, Cl-, dry matter digestibility percent, energy metabolism, ADF and NDF were not significant. On the other hand, due to many leaves of Kochia, digestibility of its dry matter is similar to alfalfa. Also, increased salinity and drought did not  effect forage quality factors such as tannin and phenol. These results indicate that, under drought stress and salinity, the qualitative characteristics of Kochia forage are completely preserved and not reduced.  Conclusion  Study results indicates that forage of Kochia scoparia can be recommended as a suitable forage for arid or semi-arid conditions to provide the nutritional needs of domestic livestock. Therefore, the farmers along the desert areas,  two big deserts in the center of Iran for example, are in extreme need of fodder for their animals, and the introduction of this species would provide an impressive economic benefit.}, keywords = {chemical composition,Kochia scoparia,water quality,water quantity}, title_fa = {تعیین ارزش غذایی علوفه کوشیا (Kochia scoparia L.) تحت شرایط شوری و کم آبیاری}, abstract_fa = {کاهش کمی و کیفی منابع آب همراه با شوری خاک از مهمترین ویژگی­های مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک می­باشد و تولید گیاهان شور زیست تحت این شرایط جهت تغذیه دام از پایدارترین روش­های حفاظت از اکوسیستم­های بیابانی محسوب می­شود. هدف از این پژوهش بررسی کمی و کیفی علوفه کوشیا (Kochia scoparia L.) تحت مدیریت شوری و کم آبیاری بود. این آزمایش به­صورت کرت­های خردشده در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در سال 1394 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد انجام شد. تیمارهای آزمایشی شامل 3 روش مدیریتی شوری: آب غیر شور (9/0 ﺩﺳﻲﺯﻳﻤﻨﺲ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺮ)، مخلوط آب شور و غیر شور (45/15دسی­زیمنس بر متر) و آب شور (30 دسی­زیمنس بر متر)، 5 تیمار خشکی شامل:  آبیاری کامل (100% جبران نقصان رطوبتی خاک)، کم آبیاری سنتی یا تنظیم­شده 75% و 50% آبیاری کامل، و کم آبیاری نوین یا بخشی (جویچه­ای یک در­میان متغیر) 75% و 50% آبیاری کامل بود. نتایج نشان داد که اثر متقابل تنش شوری و خشکی باعث کاهش خاکستر خام و چربی خام و افزایش سدیم و پروتئین خام شد. همچنین اثر متقابل تنش شوری و خشکی بر روی میزان پتاسیم و کلر، NDF و ADF، قابلیت هضم و انرژی متابولیسم معنی­دار نبود که بیانگر بی­تأثیر بودن تنش شوری و خشکی بر کیفیت علوفه کوشیا می­باشد. بعلاوه افزایش شوری و خشکی بر عوامل ضد کیفیت علوفه مانند تانن و فنول بی­تأثیر بود. در­مجموع با توجه به پاسخ گیاه به تنش­های شوری و کم­آبی، می­توان کوشیا را به­عنوان گیاه علوفه­ای برای بسیاری از مناطق به­ویژه مناطق خشک و نیمه­خشک که در ایران از وسعت زیادی هم برخوردار هستند، جهت برآورده ساختن نیازهای انواع دام­های اهلی توصیه نمود.}, keywords_fa = {کوشیا,کیفیت آب,کمیت آب,ترکیب شیمیایی علوفه}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37064.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37064_7f338b9a9f92aab47ce6fe7d44c07770.pdf} } @article { author = {Khojamli, Razieh and Siahmarguee, Asieh and Zeinali, Ebrahim and Soltani, Afshin}, title = {Effect of Different Winter Cover Crops on the Dynamics of Weed Populations and Corn Growth (Zea mays L.) (Single 704)}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {635-654}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v11i2.78205}, abstract = {Introduction: Cover crops have  wide range influence on agroecosystem  as well as multiple benefits for farmers. A major benefit of cover crops is the suppression of weeds during fall and winter, which can help to reduce soil tillage and herbicide use. A cover crop is a plant that is used primarily to slow erosion, improve soil health, enhance water availability, make weeds smother, help control pests and diseases, increase biodiversity and bring a host of other benefits to your farm. Many types of plants can be used as cover crops. Fabaceae, Poaceae and brassicaceae familys are the most extensively used. Considering the importance of corn, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of six types of winter cover crops including rye, barley, hairy vetch, berseem clover, Indian mustard and rocket on the dynamics of weed populations and seedling growth and yield of corn.   Materials and Methods:  To investigate  the efficiency of various cover crops in weed controlling, seedling growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) (single-cross 704), a factorial experiment based on Split Block  design was conducted with three replicates in 2016-2017 at research field of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Experimental treatments included: 1) cover crop type in 7 levels of rye (Secale cereal L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.), berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), Indian mustard (Brassica junce L.), rocket (Eruca sativa L.) and no cover crop (control), 2) weed elimination in two levels of hand weeding and no-weeding. Different  cover crops planted in three times the recommended amount in middle winter of 2016. One week before planting corn, all cover crops were sprayed with paraquat herbicide (3 liters per hectare), then corn seeds were planted  directly inside the residuals of the cover crops manually.  Results and  Discussion: Comparison of weed density and dry weight in various treatments of cover crop with control treatment shows the potential of cover crop (disregarding the type) in weed control and increment of diversity. The results showed that the growth of maize seedlings planted in hairy vetch and berseem clover (both from Fabaceae family) and rye residue areas (form Poaceae family) had an increasing trend and in Indian mustard and rocket (both from Brassicaceae family) and barley (from Poaceae family) had a decreasing trend. The lowest maize grain yield was obtained in no cover crop treatment, whereas the lowest grain yield among cover crop treatments was achieved in maize planted in barley residue. Indian mustard and rocket residues had the lowest maize yield after barley. It seems that residues  of these three crops have  allelopathic impact on maize, which was confirmed by observing growth reduction in maize seedlings planted in these residues. On the other hand, the highest maize grain yield was associated with rye, hairy vetch and berseem clover treatments. Hairy vetch and berseem clover had lower biomass than rye. It seems: 1) the ability of these plants  in biological nitrogen fixation, 2) improve soil fertility and 3) accelerate the rate of decomposition of these plant  residuals had a significant role to  improve the growth and quick development of maize that planted in  residuals of these plants. Brust et al. (2014) were tested the  growth and weed suppression ability of four new cover crop species including tartary buckwheat, forage radish, red oat and grain amaranth. The results show that tartary buckwheat and forage radish are well suited as new cover crops in Germany due to their fast growth and good weed suppression ability.   Conclusion: According to the results, barley, Indian mustard and rocket are able to produce high biomass and have very good effects on weed control. However these plants also have allelopathic effects on corn seedling. Therefore, they are not recommend for cultivation in corn. Rye, hairy vetch and berseem clover had less biomass, but had a good ability to control weeds. It also improved seedling growth and corn yield. Therefore, these three plants can be described as suitable cover crops in corn.}, keywords = {Allelopathy,Brassicaceae,Ecological weed management,Fabaceae,Plant residues,Poaceae}, title_fa = {اثر گیاهان پوششی زمستانه بر پویایی جمعیت علف‌های‌ هرز و رشد و عملکرد ذرت دانه-ای (Zea mays L.) (رقم سینگل کراس 704)}, abstract_fa = {کاربرد مداوم علف‌کش­ها به­منظور کنترل علف‌های­ هرز مشکلات زیست ‌محیطی گوناگونی از  جمله آلودگی­ آب‌های سطحی و زیرزمینی را در پی داشته است. استفاده از گیاهان پوششی یکی از مهم­ترین روش­های جایگزین و پایدار برای کاهش استفاده از علف‌کش‌های شیمیایی در بوم نظام‌های زراعی می‌باشد. به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر گیاهان پوششی مختلف در کنترل علف‌های ­هرز، رشد و عملکرد ذرت  (Zea mays L.) رقم سینگل کراس 704، آزمایشی به­صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در سال زراعی96-1395در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان اجرا شد. تیمارهای آزمایش شامل هفت گیاه پوششی (چاودار(Secale cereal L.)، جو(Hordeum vulgare L. )، ماشک­گل‌خوشه‌ای (Vicia villosa L.)، شبدر برسیم (Trifolium alexandrinum L.)، خردل علوفه‌ای (Brassica junce L.)، منداب (Eruca sativa L.) و شاهد بدون گیاه پوششی) که در دو شرایط  وجین (عاری از علف هرز در کل فصل رشد) یا عدم وجین دستی (آلوده به علف هرز در کل فصل رشد) کشت شدند. گیاهان پوششی در اواسط بهمن ماه سال 1395 به‌صورت ردیفی و در سه برابر مقدار توصیه‌شده  کشت شدند. یک هفته قبل از کاشت ذرت، کلیه گیاهان پوششی با استفاده از علف‌کش پاراکوات (3 لیتر در هکتار) سمپاشی و سپس کاشت ذرت در درون بقایای آنها در فواصل بین و روی ردیف 75 و 18 سانتی‌متر به‌صورت دستی انجام شد. نتایج نشان داد که مقایسه تراکم و وزن خشک علف‌های هرز در تیمارهای مختلف گیاه پوششی  با شاهد ( بدون گیاه پوششی) حاکی از پتانسیل گیاه پوششی (صرف‌نظر از نوع آن) در مهار علف­ هرز و افزایش تنوع گونه­ای بود. نتایج نشان داد که وزن خشک ذرت در محدوده بقایای دو گیاه ماشک گل‌خوشه‌ای و شبدر برسیم ( هر دو از تیره بقولات) و چاودار (از تیره گندمیان) روند افزایشی و در محدوده بقایای دو گونه منداب و خردل علوفه‌ای (هر دو از تیره شب­بو) و جو  (از تیره گندمیان) روند کاهشی داشت. کمترین عملکرد دانه ذرت، در تیمارهای بقایای جو (8492 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و به دنبال آن بقایای منداب (6/9335 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و خردل علوفه­ای (10220 کیلوگرم در هکتار) تولید شد. به نظر می‌رسد علاوه بر حجم زیاد بقایای تولیدشده به‌وسیله این گیاهان،  بروز اثرات دگرآسیبی ناشی از بقایای این گیاهان نیز در بروز این نتیجه دخالت داشته باشند. اما بیشترین مقادیر عملکرد دانه ذرت  به سه تیمار چاودار (8/11028 کیلوگرم در هکتار)، شبدر برسیم (2/11321 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و ماشک گل‌خوشه‌ای (8/11914 کیلوگرم در هکتار) تعلق داشت. در بین این سه، دو گیاه ماشک گل‌خوشه‌ای و شبدر برسیم در مقایسه با سایر تیمارها ماده خشک کمتری داشتند؛ اما به نظر می‌رسد توانایی قابل­توجه این گیاهان در تثبیت بیولوژیک نیتروژن و بهبود حاصلخیزی خاک و همچنین سرعت تجزیه بالاتر بقایای این گیاهان به دلیل پایین بودن نسبت کربن به نیتروژن آنها، نقش مؤثری در بهبود رشد و استقرار سریع­تر ذرت کاشته شده در بقایای این گیاهان داشته باشد.}, keywords_fa = {بقایای گیاهی,دگرآسیبی,علف‌های هرز,مالچ,مدیریت اکولوژیک,نسبت کربن به نیتروژن}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37071.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37071_b79e48fc2c67990966b45e3f321647ad.pdf} } @article { author = {jafari, leila and koocheki, alireza and Nassiri-Mahallati, mehdi}, title = {Evaluation of Nitrogen Efficiency for Cereal Crop Cultivars in Iran Based on the Historical Course of their Release: 1- Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {655-671}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v11i2.49170}, abstract = {Introduction Yield increase in the second half of the last century was attributed to breeding new high yielding cultivars and use of chemical inputs, particularly nitrogenous fertilizer, where contribution of fertilizers in yield improvement has been reported in the range of 30 to 50 percent. In fact, genetic potential of high yielding cultivars is achieved  using sufficient nitrogen supply because canopy development, radiation capture photosynthesis and radiant use efficiency is associated with the amount of nitrogen uptake. In recent years, enhancement of inputs efficiency and in particular chemical fertilizers have been the concern of many scientists, though nitrogen use efficiency has not been the goal of plant breeder in a broader sense. Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE), Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency (NUpE) and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency (NUtE) are the main indices normally used to investigate the nitrogen efficiency of plants. However, Nitrogen Harvest Index (NHI), Nitrogen Partial Factor Productivity are also evaluated for this purpose. The aim of the present study was to evaluate all these indices for wheat cultivars released in Iran during the last 60 years to find the trend of changes during the course of their release. Materials and Methods In order to evaluate the trend of changes of nitrogen efficiency for wheat cultivars during the course of their release, an experiment was conducted in the growth season of 2014- 2015 in the experiment farm of faculty of agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. The experiment was based on split plot with complete randomized Block design. In this study, treatments included 12 different levels of nitrogen (nitrogen applied from urea 46% N: 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N ha-1, animal manure: 0, 10, 20 and 30 ton animal manure ha-1 which respectively equal with 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg N ha-1, and the combination of both chemical and manure fertilizer with 0:0, 50:5, 100:10 and 150:15 kg ha-1: ton ha-1 ratios, respectively). These were allocated to the main plots and six wheat cultivars of wheat, Roshan and Tabasi released as very old cultivars, Falat as an old cultivars and Parsi, Sirvan and Sepahan as new ones were allocated to sub plots. Sub plots were 1.5×2 m with three replications. Results and discussion Results showed that there was no difference between cultivars in terms of economic yield, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen partial factor productivity except for those of Sirvan which were lower than the others. However, there was difference between cultivars in terms of nitrogen utilization efficiency, nitrogen harvest index, straw yield and biological yield; though no particular then between old and new cultivars in this report. Without considering the type of fertilizers, by increasing nitrogen level from 100 to 300 kg N ha-1 nitrogen efficiency indices decreased significantly, so that almost maximum nitrogen efficiency indices obtained with 100 kg N ha-1. In agreement with these results, indicated that nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen harvest index differ between new and old and also between new wheat cultivars, significantly. In contrast with these results, showed that although the new cultivars have significantly higher nitrogen use efficiency than old wheat cultivars, but no significant differences in nitrogen utilization and uptake efficiencies and nitrogen harvest index were observed between under study cultivars. In  this study, in all nitrogen levels, and cultivars, nitrogen utilization and uptake efficiencies contribute 37 and 79% in nitrogen use efficiency changes, respectively. Conclusion With an increase in fertilizer levels (chemical, manure and combination of both), efficiency indices were reduced, but these reductions were lower when chemical and manure fertilizers were combined and hence more efficient fertilizer use. Results of this study indicated that in recent decades, breeding of wheat cultivar, could not improve nitrogen efficiency indices and subsequently efficient use of fertilizers in Iran.}, keywords = {Nitrogen use efficiency,Nitrogen uptake efficiency,Nitrogen utilization efficiency,New and old wheat cultivars}, title_fa = {ارزیابی کارایی نیتروژن در طی روند تاریخی اصلاح ارقام مختلف غلات در ایران: 1-گندم (Triticum aestivum L.)}, abstract_fa = {استفاده کارا از نیتروژن در افزایش بهره‌وری و سودمندی نظام‌های زراعی نقش مهمی ایفا کرده است. بهبود کارآیی مصرف نیتروژن به‌عنوان یک راهکار کلیدی در افزایش عملکرد سیستم‌های کشاورزی پایدار از طریق به حداقل رساندن مصرف نهاده‌ها و هدر‌روی نیتروژن نقش دارد. به‌منظور بررسی ویژگی‌های عملکرد و شاخص‌های کارآیی نیتروژن شامل عملکردهای اقتصادی و بیولوژیک، شاخص برداشت، کارآیی‌های مصرف، جذب و استفاده از نیتروژن، بهره‌وری جزئی نیتروژن و شاخص برداشت نیتروژن در ارقام مختلف گندم (Triticum aestivum L.)، پژوهشی در سال زراعی 94-1393 در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد به‌صورت کرت‍‍‌های خردشده در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. در این مطالعه فاکتور اصلی مقادیر مختلف کود در 12 سطح (نیتروژن از منبع کود اوره 46 درصد: 0، 100، 200 و 300 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص در هکتار؛ کود دامی: 0، 10، 20 و 30 تن کود دامی در هکتار که به‌ترتیب معادل تقریباً صفر، 100، 200 و 300 کیلوگرم نیتروژن خالص می‌باشد، ترکیب دو نوع کود نیتروژن شیمیایی و دامی به ترتیب به‌نسبت‏های 0:0، 5:50، 10:100، 15:150 کیلوگرم در هکتار : تن در هکتار) و فاکتور فرعی شامل ارقام گندم در 6 سطح (ارقام خیلی قدیمی: روشن و طبسی؛ رقم قدیمی: فلات؛ ارقام جدید: پارسی، سیروان و سپاهان) بود. نتایج این پژوهش نشان داد که صفات مورد مطالعه به‌طور معنی‌دار تحت تأثیر تیمارهای آزمایش قرار گرفتند. درحالی‌که اثر برهمکنش نوع رقم با سطوح کودی بر هیچ یک از صفات معنی‌دار نبود. با کاربرد کودهای اوره، دامی و ترکیب آ‌ن‌ها، عملکرد دانه، کاه و بیولوژیک به‌طور معنی‌دار در مقایسه با شاهد افزایش یافت. بیشترین و کمترین کارآیی مصرف نیتروژن در ارقام سپاهان و سیروان که هر دو از ارقام جدید بوده به ترتیب به میزان 84/20 کیلوگرم بر کیلوگرم و 63/14 کیلوگرم بر کیلوگرم به‌دست آمد. بدون در نظر گرفتن نوع منبع کود بکار رفته، با افزایش میزان نیتروژن مصرفی، شاخص‌های کارآیی نیتروژن به‌طور معنی‌دار کاهش یافت. اگرچه بین ارقام مختلف ازنظر کارایی استفاده از نیتروژن، شاخص برداشت نیتروژن، عملکرد کاه و بیولوژیک تفاوت معنی‌دار وجود داشت اما بین ارقام قدیم و جدید روندی مشاهده نگردید.}, keywords_fa = {کارایی مصرف نیتروژن,کارایی استفاده از نیتروژن,کارایی جذب نیتروژن,ارقام اصلاح شده قدیم و جدید}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37076.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37076_15c7d5eb5495b9d55823c5124ce3921b.pdf} } @article { author = {Seyedan, Seyed Mohsen and Mansouri, Hamed}, title = {Water Productivity in Sugar Beet Cultivation under Classical and Furrow Irrigation System in Hamedan Province}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {673-686}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v11i2.68593}, abstract = {Introduction Iran has dry climate conditions that its rainfall is lower than one third of rainfall in world. The results of anticipation illustrated that renewable water resource in Iran will be lower than 1500 m3 year-1, which it will cause critical level in water issue. Sugar beet is consumed high water and this issue cause to limitation of cultivated area in regions where water resources is determinate. Therefore, using classical irrigation systems instead of furrow irrigation systems was occurred in last decades. Therefore, evaluation of the water  usage efficiency in different irrigation systems under field conditions is necessary. Mirzaei and Ghadami Firozabadi (2007) evaluated the water use efficiency under two different irrigation systems included furrow and classical systems in sugar beet in Ekbatan research site of Hamedan. They reported that the highest water use efficiency in term of physical was related to drop irrigation and the lowest amount was observed in furrow system. The goal of the study was to evaluate water productivity in terms of physical and economical in sugar beet fields in Hamedan province. Materials and methods This study was performed by using questionnaire, observation and also interview with farmers in 2017. Studied area was four counties of Hamedan province included Nahavand, Asadabad, Toyserkan and Famenin. Water productivity was calculated by two different methods  which were physical and economical. Simple way to calculate the physical water productivity under field conditions is crop per drop (CPD) index. In this method, produced yield was considered per used drop. Higher value of CPD index indicates the correct use of water. The concept of economical water productivity is benefit per drop (BPD). BPD index considered the gross benefit and it is the limit of this index, so another index  named NBPD was used. In NBPD index, net benefit was considered.      Results and discussion Yield of sugar beet was considered based on average yield in each county and the price of sugar beet was determinate based on sugar beet price in 2017 year and it was 2916 Rials kg-1. The results showed that yield and total income of sugar beet in Hamedan province and its counties under classical irrigation system was higher than furrow one, so that applying classical system caused to increase in gross benefit as 18% compared to Furrow system. As data, sugar beet production cost in furrow approach was 14.96% lower than classical method in total province. Net benefit was gained by subtract of production cost from gross benefit for each county. The study results illustrated that net benefit of sugar beet for farmers who use classical irrigation system was higher than farmers who use furrow way to irrigate their fields. Average of net benefit by sugar beet production in furrow and classical systems was 83381.47 and 110269.53 (1000Rials ha-1), respectively that indicates 32.2% increase in net benefit under classical system in comparison with furrow system. Water consumption in furrow approach was higher than classical one in all studied counties of Hamedan province. Asadabad with water consumption as 13476 m3 ha-1 had the highest and Nahavand with 9461 m3 ha-1 had the lowest water consumption among counties. Physical water productivity (CPD) in furrow and classical systems was gained 4.71 kg m3 and 6.85 kg m3, respectively. Results of the BPD values indicated that classical system had more productivity in comparison with furrow in all counties and total province. NBPD values also showed the same results of BPD, so that the value of NBPD under furrow system was observed 6805 Rials m-3 , but for classical system was obtained 11077 Rials m-3. Therefore, water consumption at a rate of one m3 by classical system causes increase in benefit as 4272 Rials compared to furrow.  Conclusion In general, it can be concluded that applying classical irrigation systems causes increasing of water productivity as physically and economically compared to furrow system. Asadabad had the lowest water productivity among other counties of Hamedan province. Therefore, it is necessary to extend needed information about increasing of water productivity to farmers of this county by agricultural experts and promoters.}, keywords = {Classic Irrigation,Economical Productivity,Net benefit,Physical Productivity,production cost}, title_fa = {ارزیابی بهره‌وری آب در زراعت چغندرقند (Beta vulgaris L.) در سامانه‌های آبیاری نشتی و کلاسیک در استان همدان}, abstract_fa = {اندازه­گیری و تحلیل شاخص­های بهره­وری تولید به­ویژه آب در بخش کشاورزی بسیار مهم بوده و از جایگاه خاصی برخوردار است. هـدف از این تحقیق اندازه­گیری و مقایسه بهره­وری آبیاری در دو روش آبیاری نشتی و کلاسیک در محصول چغندرقند (Beta vulgaris L.) در استان همدان می­باشد. بدین منظور تعداد 48 بهره­بردار انتخاب و سپس داده­های لازم از طریق مصاحبه و تکمیل پرسشنامه جمع­آوری گردید در این مطالعه سه نوع شاخص مختلف بهره­وری آب شامل عملکرد از هر واحد حجم آب، سود ناخالص از هر واحد حجم آب و سود خالص از هر واحد حجم آب مورد­استفاده قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که متوسط مصرف آب در سیستم آبیاری نشتی به میزان 1/23 درصد بیش از آبیاری کلاسیک است. هزینه تولید چغندرقند در تمام شهرستان‌های مورد­بررسی استان همدان در سیستم آبیاری نشتی کمتر از کلاسیک به دست آمد. بر اساس نتایج حاصله میزان بهره‌وری فیزیکی آب در سامانه آبیاری کلاسیک (85/6 کیلوگرم به ازای یک متر­مکعب آب) بیشتر از نشتی (71/4 کیلوگرم به ازای یک متر­مکعب آب) بود. در بین شهرستان‌های مختلف استان همدان نیز بالاترین بهره­وری فیزیکی و اقتصادی آب در مزارع چغندرقند در شهرستان­های نهاوند و فامنین و کمترین بهره‌وری در شهرستان اسدآباد مشاهده شد. به­طور­کلی می­توان نتیجه گرفت که کشاورزان از نگاه  بهره­وری آب در روش آبیاری کلاسیک در مقایسه با روش نشتی از لحاظ مصرف آب منطقی عمل می­کنند، بطوریکه شاخص بهره­وری اقتصادی آب در سامانه آبیاری کلاسیک (11077 ریال بر متر­مکعب) به میزان 7/62 درصد بیشتر از روش آبیاری نشتی (6805 ریال بر متر­مکعب) برآورد گردید. لیکن تلفات آب در­نتیجه تبخیر و بادبردگی در سامانه­های بارانی باید مورد­توجه باشد.}, keywords_fa = {آبیاری کلاسیک,بهره وری اقتصادی,بهره وری فیزیکی,سود خالص,هزینه تولید}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37085.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37085_a862a07e51eb52ab013a20d608faebc5.pdf} } @article { author = {Koocheki, Alireza and Khorramdel, Surur and Ebrahimian, Elnaz and Shabahang, Javad}, title = {Evaluation of planting patterns and fertilizer treatments on growth and flower and seed yield of mallow (Malva sylvestris L.) as a medicinal plant}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {687-701}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v11i2.42037}, abstract = {Introduction Under limited moisture conditions, various row planting arrangements have been utilized to provide additional moisture for plant growth and development. Planting patterns had significant effects on the availability of water in time to better match crop development. Soil fertility is one of the most important factors in agricultural operations. Also, soil fertility greatly contributes to yield differences for the same agronomic practices. It is well-known from numerous fertilizer experiments that mallow yield is strongly dependent on the supply of organic matter and mineral nutrients. Cow manure and municipal waste compost in controlling different types of debris and the reduction in fertilizer consumption in agricultural products and mineral absorption elements improve low consumption by plants. Mallow (Malva sylvestris) (Malvaceae) is a medicinal plant that it was used for its emollient and laxative properties and is a popular medicine. Mallow broadly used for various inflammatory conditions (Wichtl, 2004). Phytochemical studies of this plant revealed the presence of numerous polysaccharides, anthocyanins, coumarins, tannins, flavones, flavonols, anthocyanidins, leucoanthocyanidines, mucilagen and essential oil (Unver et al., 2009). Therefore, the objectives of the current study are to evaluate the effects of planting pattern and fertilizer treatments on growth, flower and seed yield of mallow as a medicinal plant. Materials and Methods A field experiment was conducted as a split-plot based on a complete randomized block design with three replications at Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during two growing seasons of 2012-2013 and 2013-2014. Fertilizer sources of cow manure (40 t.ha-1), municipal waste compost (20 t.ha-1), chemical fertilizer and control (without fertilizer), three planting patterns included 70 cm apart single side row, 90 cm apart single side row and two side rows and two harvests were the main, sub and subfactors, respectively. After land preparation, organic fertilizers were added to the soil. Based on nutrient contents in organic fertilizers, N, P and K for chemical fertilizers were determined by 114, 18 and 220 kg.ha-1. P (as triple superphosphate) and K (potassium sulfate) were applied just before sowing. Urea (N fertilizer) was applied as a top dressing in three stages such as sowing, thinning and flowering stages when the crop was irrigated. Plant height, the fresh yield of flower, the dry yield of flower, biological yield, seed yield and mucilage content of mallow were measured. To analyze the variance of the experimental data and drawing of diagrams, MSTAT-C and Excel software was used. All the averages were compared according to Duncan’s multiple range test (p≤0.05). Results and Discussion The results showed that the simple and interaction effects were significant on most studied traits. The highest dry yield of the flower was observed in the interaction of manure+ two side rows (4071.17 kg.ha-1) and the lowest was for control+90 cm apart single row (1095.85 kg.ha-1). The maximum and the minimum dry yield of the flower were observed in manure in the second harvest (4596.06 kg.ha-1) and for control in the first harvest (941.69 kg.ha-1) treatment, respectively. The highest biological yield and seed yield were obtained in two side rows (4731.01 and 813.60 kg.ha-1) and the lowest was for 90 cm apart single row (with 3880.96 and 635.74 kg.ha-1), respectively. Manure affected mucilage percent significantly, (12.06%) and the lowest was for chemical fertilizer (9.32%). Conclusion Manure increased nutrient uptake by plants, improving plant hormone-like activity, increase soil water holding capacity, and generally improve the growth and yield of medicinal plant. It can be concluded that two side rows and cow manure could be considered as a suitable treatment for improving quantity and quality yield of this medicinal plant. Acknowledgment This research (27066.2) was funded by Vice Chancellor for Research of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, which is hereby acknowledged.}, keywords = {Compost made from house-hold,Manure,Two sides planting}, title_fa = {ارزیابی تأثیر آرایش کاشت و تیمارهای کودی بر رشد و عملکرد گل و بذر گونه دارویی پنیرک (Malva sylvestris L.)}, abstract_fa = {به­منظور ارزیابی تأثیر آرایش کاشت و تیمارهای کودی بر رشد و عملکرد گل و بذر گونه دارویی پنیرک (Malva sylvestris L.)، آزمایشی به‌صورت کرت­های دو بار خردشده (اسپلیت اسپلیت پلات) در قالب طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد در دو سال زراعی 92-1391 و 93-1392 به اجرا درآمد. منابع کودی شامل کود دامی از نوع گاوی، کمپوست زباله شهری پوسیده، کود شیمیایی و شاهد (عدم مصرف کود) و سه آرایش کاشت یک­طرفه با فاصله 70 سانتی‌متر، یک­طرفه با فاصله 90 سانتی‌متر و دوطرفه (با فاصله ردیف 100 سانتی­متر) و دو برداشت به ترتیب به‌عنوان عامل کرت­های اصلی، فرعی و فرعی فرعی در آزمایش در نظر گرفته شدند. صفات موردمطالعه شامل ارتفاع بوته، عملکرد گل تر و خشک، عملکرد بیولوژیک، دانه و درصد موسیلاژ پنیرک بودند. نتایج نشان داد که اثر ساده و متقابل تمام فاکتورها بر بیشتر صفات موردمطالعه معنی­دار بود. بیشترین عملکرد خشک گل برای کود دامی و آرایش کاشت دوطرفه (17/4071 کیلوگرم در هکتار) مشاهده شد و کمترین میزان به شاهد×آرایش کاشت یک‌طرفه 90 سانتی­متر (85/1095 کیلوگرم در هکتار) اختصاص داشت. بیشترین و کمترین عملکرد خشک گل به ترتیب برای کود دامی×برداشت دوم (06/4596 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و شاهد×برداشت اول (69/941 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بدست آمد. بالاترین عملکرد بیولوژیک و بذر مربوط به آرایش دوطرفه (به ترتیب با 01/4731 و 60/813 کیلوگرم در هکتار) بود و کمترین میزان به آرایش یک‌طرفه 90 سانتی­متر (به ترتیب با 96/3880 و 74/635 کیلوگرم در هکتار) تعلق داشت. کاربرد کود دامی در مقایسه با شاهد بیشترین تأثیر معنی­دار را در افزایش درصد موسیلاژ داشت؛ به‌طوری­که بیشترین درصد موسیلاژ برای کود دامی (06/12 درصد) بدست آمد و کمترین میزان به کود شیمیایی (32/9 درصد) تعلق داشت. بر اساس نتایج این آزمایش، آرایش کاشت دوطرفه و بهره­گیری از کودهای دامی را می­توان به‌عنوان راهکاری پایدار جهت دستیابی به عملکرد مطلوب کمی و کیفی در مدیریت این گونه دارویی مدنظر قرارداد.}, keywords_fa = {کشت دو طرفه,کمپوست زباله شهری,کود دامی,کود آلی,موسیلاژ}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37088.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37088_61465a5e2836b0c9e5e25b516b5ae08e.pdf} } @article { author = {Askary, Mahdiye and Behdani, Mohammad Ali and Parsa, Soheil and Jami Al-Ahmadi, Majid and Mahmoodi, Sohrab}, title = {Effects of water stress and application of manure on growth indices and accumulation of dry matter of Thymus vulgaris and Thymus daenensis}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {703-721}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v11i2.63227}, abstract = {Introduction: Environmental stress is one of the main factors limiting the growth and production of crops in the world. In general, water is one of the most effective factors on a Total Dry Matter (TDM) and water stress on plants can reduce the Crop Growth Rate(CGR), Relative Growth Rate(RGR), Leaf Area Index(LAI) and Total Dry Matter(TDM). One of the most accurate ways to study the responses of plants to environmental condition is evaluation of growth indices. Sanchez-Rodrigo et al (2010) reported that in water stress condition that reduced moisture for plants, manure might help plants to maintain their moisture content, provide water for plant and is effective in reducing the negative effects of water stress. Due to the water stress influences on plant growth, measurement of TDM of medicinal herbs like thyme is of vital importance to evaluate the effect of water stress on plans. The quality of medicinal plants is largely determined by the relevant natural compounds (secondary metabolites) and the quantity and quality of these compounds are determined by environmental factors such as water availability. In general, water reduction in plant tissues reduces the growth of different parts of the plant like the roots and aerial organs of the plant. In this regard, Sharafzadeh and Zare (2011) reported that drought stress reduces dry weight and height of Thymus vulgaris. Given that the large parts of Iran’s lands are situated in the arid and semi-arid regions. Therefore evaluating the effect of drought stress on qualitative and quantitative changes in medicinal plant species of thyme is important.This study aimed at examining the effects of water stress and manure on some the growth indices and TDM of Thymus daenensis and Thymus vulgaris Materials and methods:  In order to evaluate the effect of water stress and manure on some of the growth indices and accumulation of total dry matter of Thymus daenensis and Thymus vulgaris an experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications in the Agriculture research field of the University of Birjand, located at latitude 53º: 32N, longitude 13:55ºE and altitude 1480 m above sea level in 2015. Experimental factors were including water stress (100%, 67% and 33% of field capacity), two species of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L. and Thymus daenensis celak) and manure at two levels (30tons.ha-1 and No manure).  Results and Discussion: The results showed that water stress reduced traits such as LAI, CGR, NAR, SLA, LWR and TDM and only non-significant effect on RGR. In all traits the highest and lowest amount obtained from 100% FC (normal condition) and 33% FC (The highest level of water stress) respectively. The higher LAI, CGR, RGR, NAR, and SLA in the normal condition (100% FC) might be due to better availability to water and food and the result of efforts to expand the plant canopy. TDM decreased 26.56 percent with increasing stress from 100 to 33% field capacity. Manure treatment had a positive impact on growth indices and the highest the and lowest amount of growth indices and TDM obtained from of 30ton.ha-1 manure. So the application of manure to the soil in water shortage conditions is recommended to achieve the highest TDM.  Conclusions: In the current study, the highest TDM obtained from 30 ton ha-1 manure that having a significant difference with the situation where no manure. The TDM and growth indices increased after the soil physical properties were modified and nutrient available for thyme in the manure treatment. In between the two species, Thymus daenensis showed the highest growth indices (With the exception of LWR) compared to the Thymus vulgaris. Therefore, we can say that Thymus daenensis can introduce superior species when exposed to water stress.}, keywords = {Accumulation total dry matter,Growth indices,Thymus daenensis,Thymus vulgaris}, title_fa = {اثرات تنش رطوبتی و کاربرد کود دامی بر شاخص‌های رشدی و تجمع وزن خشک دو گونه آویشن باغی( Thymus vulgaris L.) و دنایی (Thymus daenensis celak.)}, abstract_fa = {یکی از دقیق­ترین راه­های مطالعه واکنش گیاهان به شرایط محیطی ارزیابی شاخص­های رشدی می­باشد. به همین منظور  حاضر با هدف بررسی اثرات تنش رطوبتی و کود دامی بر برخی شاخص­های رشدی و تجمع وزن خشک دو گونه گیاه دارویی آویشن باغی (.Thymus vulgaris L) و آویشن دنایی (Thymus daenensis celak.) به­صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه بیرجند در سال زراعی 1394 اجرا گردید. فاکتورهای آزمایش شامل سطوح رطوبتی (100، 67 و 33 درصد ظرفیت زراعی)، گونه­های آویشن (دنایی و باغی) و کود دامی (کود گاوی) (عدم کاربرد و کاربرد 30 تن در هکتار) بودند. تنش باعث کاهش معنی­دار شاخص سطح برگ (LAI)، سرعت رشد محصول (CGR)، سرعت آسیمیلاسیون خالص (NAR)، سطح ویژه برگ (SLA)، نسبت وزن برگ (LWR) و تجمع وزن خشک کل (TDM) گردید و تنها تأثیر غیر معنی­داری بر سرعت رشد نسبی (RGR) داشت. تیمار کود دامی تأثیر مثبتی بر شاخص­های رشد و افزایش TDM داشت و به همین دلیل مصرف کودهای دامی در مدیریت منابع غذایی و رطوبتی و در شرایط تنش خشکی جهت حصول عملکرد کمی مطلوب قابل توصیه می­باشد. همچنین در بین دو گونه مورد آزمایش گونه آویشن دنایی با دارا بودن میزان بالاتر شاخص­های رشدی(به­استثناء نسبت وزن برگ) و دارا بودن تجمع وزن خشک بالاتر (TDM) نسبت به گونه آویشن باغی برتری داشت و به عنوان گونه برتر در این آزمایش معرفی می­گردد.}, keywords_fa = {آویشن باغی و دنایی,تجمع وزن خشک,شاخص های رشد}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37092.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37092_33322958400a276c0e7b9d27cc47acc9.pdf} } @article { author = {Sayadi, Farahnaz and Saeidi, Mohsen and Jalali Honarmand, Saeid and Sasani, Shahryar and Ghobadi, Mohammad Eghbal}, title = {Effects of Post Anthesis Water Deficit on Physiological Characteristics of Current and Storage Sources and Production Capacity of Temperate Wheat Cultivars}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {723-737}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v11i2.68087}, abstract = {Introduction Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important crops in the world, which plays the greatest role in feeding the world's population. The crop yield (such as wheat) is determined by the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Among environmental factors, water deficit in many agricultural areas is the major obstacles for achieving optimal crop yield including wheat. The carbohydrates that are needed for grain growth are provided from two sources (1) during grain filling via leaves photosynthesis (current source) and (2) excess carbohydrates that are produced after and before anthesis and stored in the stem and then remobilized to the growing grains during grain filling stage (storage source). The decline of photosynthetic activity is the main sign of leaf senescence. It is generally accepted that cultivars that are able to preserve photosynthesis rate of leaves for a longer time, also, have more grain yield. Drought stress that occurs after anthesis can significantly affect on the power of both current and storage sources of wheat. These effect via reduction of grain filling rate and grain filling duration can lead to the reduction of grain size and then grain yield.   Materials and Methods This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of post-anthesis water deficit on physiological characteristics of current and storage sources and also to identify strategies for increasing grain yield of two wheat growth types include 1) spring growth type (Sivand and Sirvan) and facultative growth type (Pishgam and Orum). This research was applied to the research farm of Razi University. The experiment was laid out as split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications. Water deficit was conduct in two levels (control and water deficit from anthesis till maturity) in main plot and wheat cultivars in subplot. Density was considered 400 plants per square meter. Sowing date was at 21 October 2016. To evaluate the power of current sources, gas exchange of leaves (photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, temperature, CO2 concentration in sub stomatal cavity, fluorescence chlorophyll and stomatal conductance) and also for evaluating the power of storage sources, remobilization of carbohydrates from stem to the growing grains was measured.   Results and discussion With respect to the results, in control and water deficit conditions, Sivand and Orum cultivars with 8435 and 5255 kg.h-1 had the highest and the lowest grain yield respectively. Application of post-anthesis water deficit caused 36, 28, 24 and 26 percent reduction in grain yield of Sivand, Sirvan, Pishgam and Orum cultivars respectively. In control treatment, 7 and 21 days after anthesis, Sivand and Sirvan had the highest photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and maximum efficiency of photosystem II and the lowest leaf temperature. In both times Orum cultivar had the lowest photosynthesis rate and also transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and maximum efficiency of photosystem II and the highest leaf temperature. Water deficit in 7 and 21 days after anthesis significantly increased leaf temperatures and significantly reduced Sub-stomatal CO2, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and maximum efficiency of photosystem II. Pishgam cultivar had the highest remobilization in two water regimes.  The Relative contribution of stem reserve in grain yield in all evaluated cultivars was less than 30%.   Conclusion The application of post-anthesis water deficit stress through decreasing stomatal conductance and consequently reducing transpiration rate significantly increased leaf temperature and decreased grain yield. Therefore, it seems that considering the ease of measuring leaf temperature in comparison with other physiological traits examined in this study and not destroying the method of measuring it, this trait can be considered as a very suitable indicator for investigation. Then with further study, it is possible to estimate the grain yield loss in wheat cultivars using this indicator in environmental drought stress conditions. Application of post-anthesis water deficit on average caused 30% reduction in grain yield in spring and facultative growth type cultivars. Regarding to the high probability of occurrence of drought stress at the end of the growing season of wheat in the studied area and most of Iran's agricultural areas, therefore, further studies on the recognition of the mechanisms of coping with post-anthesis drought stress conditions and the breeding of wheat cultivars in this regard, are necessary.}, keywords = {Chlorophyll fluorescence,Leaf temperature,Photosynthesis rate,Remobilization,Transpiration rate}, title_fa = {اثر تنش کم‌آبی انتهای فصل بر خصوصیات فیزیولوژیکی منابع جاری، ذخیره‌ای و ظرفیت تولیدی ارقام گندم نان (Triticum aestivum L.) مناطق معتدله}, abstract_fa = {میزان عملکرد گیاهان توسط اثر متقابل محیط و ژنتیک تعیین می­شود. در بین عوامل محیطی، تنش کم­آبی در اکثر مناطق کشاورزی ایران در جلوگیری از دستیابی به عملکرد مطلوب گیاهان زراعی از‌جمله گندم (Triticum aestivum L.) نقش مهمی دارد. بنابراین، این تحقیق به‌منظور بررسی نحوه تأثیر تنش کم­آبی پس از گلدهی بر خصوصیات فیزیولوژیک منابع جاری و ذخیره­ای ارقام گندم مناطق معتدله شامل: دو رقم با تیپ رشد بهاره (سیوند و سیروان) و دو رقم با تیپ رشد بینابین (پیشگام و اروم) انجام شد. این پژوهش در سال زراعی 95-1394در دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه به‌صورت طرح کرت­های خردشده بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار انجام شد. تیمار تنش کم­آبی در دو سطح شامل: شاهد و قطع کامل آبیاری پس از گلدهی در کرت­های اصلی و رقم­ها در کرت­های فرعی قرار گرفتند. بر اساس نتایج به‌دست آمده، اعمال تنش کم­آبی به‌طور متوسط موجب 36، 28، 24 و 26 درصد کاهش عملکرد دانه به ترتیب در ارقام سیوند، سیروان، پیشگام و اروم گردید. 7 و 21 روز بعد از گرده‌افشانی در شرایط شاهد رطوبتی به ترتیب ارقام سیوند و سیروان بیشترین سرعت فتوسنتز (به ترتیب با 5/24 و 9/21 میکرومول دی‌اکسید کربن بر مترمربع در ثانیه)، سرعت تعرق، هدایت روزنه­ای و کارایی فتوشیمیایی فتوسیستم II و پایین­ترین دمای برگ و در هر دو مرحله مذکور رقم اروم کمترین مقادیر صفات فوق را داشتند. تنش کم­آبی دمای برگ را 7 و 21 روز بعد از گرده‌افشانی افزایش و سرعت فتوسنتز غلظت CO2 اتاقک روزنه‌ای، هدایت روزنه‌ای، سرعت تعرق و حداکثر کارایی فتوشیمیایی را به‌طور معنی­داری کاهش داد. رقم پیشگام بالاترین مقدار انتقال مجدد را در هر دو شرایط رطوبتی داشت. سهم انتقال مجدد در شکل­گیری عملکرد دانه در ارقام موردبررسی کمتر از 30 درصد بود. با توجه به نتایج به‌دست آمده، ارقام تیپ رشد بهاره در مقایسه با تیپ رشد بینابین در کشت پاییزه ازنظر عملکرد دانه حساسیت بیشتری نسبت به تنش کم­آبی پس از گلدهی داشتند و کاشت آنها در این شرایط با کاهش عملکرد دانه بیشتری توأم همراه خواهد بود.}, keywords_fa = {انتقال مجدد,دمای برگ,سرعت تعرق,سرعت فتوسنتز,فلورسانس کلروفیل}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37100.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37100_1910d3752f2984804ab0997f77dd9872.pdf} } @article { author = {omidmehr, zaynolabedin}, title = {Comparison of Energy Productivity and Global Warming Potential in Rain-fed Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Production Systems}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {739-755}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v11i2.49739}, abstract = {Introduction The main objective in agriculture production, so far, focused mostly on the increase of yield and production. Whereas today, economical and sustainable production is more important with regard to product quality, reduction of input consumption, conservation of natural resources and environment. Conservation tillage methods stabilize the soil productivity, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and protect the environment. The atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) has been increased considerably in recent year's, as a result, human activities. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the most important anthropogenic GHG; its annual emissions increased by about 80% between 1970 and 2004. Conservation tillage systems are increasingly considered as sustainable options to reduce the aftermaths of improper soil tillage. The objective of this study was to investigate energy flow and greenhouse gases emissions of sunflower production in three different tillage methods in northeastern part of Iran.  Materials and methods In order to evaluate the effect of three methods of sunflower production (conventional tillage and sowing, reduced tillage and direct seeding method) on energy consumption and global warming potential in rainfed conditions, this study was performed in the Kalpoosh of shahrood. Data were gathered from thirty representative fields by using a face-to-face questionnaire method and monitoring production practices and inputs used. After gathering of data, energy parameters and global warming potential were calculated based on CO2 balance. The energy amount of each input was calculated by multiplying the amount of consumed input on energy's equivalent. The output energy of sunflower was calculated by multiplying the crop yield on energy's equivalent. Other calculations of inputs and outputs in each method performed by energy coefficients. Results & Discussion The results indicated that total input energy in the conventional method, reduced tillage, direct seeding were 13169, 11814 and 10600 MJ.ha-1, respectively. Thus, conventional method had the highest rate of energy consumption (30 % higher than of direct seeding). Similar results reported by some researchers. The highest amount of total energy input related to nitrogen fertilizer and diesel fuel. Seedbed preparation had the highest rate of fuel and energy consumption (43.5 %) followed by nitrogen Fertilizer (37.6). Maximum of direct and indirect consumed energy, related to fuel and nitrogen, respectively. Similar results reported by some researchers. In three tillage methods, the share of irreproducible energy was the highest and small share of total energy consumption related to renewable energy. Rajabi et al. (2011) reported similar results. The energy efficiency of conventional method was less than other methods. This is due to the high share of machinery and fuel energy and greater use of workers and low yield per hectare. Reducing inputs consumption can be increased efficiency in agricultural systems. Feyzbakhsh and Soltani (2013) reported similar results. Maximum and minimum of energy productivity related to direct seeding (0.15 kg.MJ-1) and conventional method (0.11 kg.MJ-1), respectively. Maximum and minimum of global warming potential (GWP) was related to conventional method (1731 Kg.CO2 eq.ha-1) and direct seeding (1405 Kg.CO2 eq.ha-1), respectively. This issue is compatible with more fuel consumption in conventional method compared with direct seeding. In conventional method, the most rate of GWP was related to fuel consumption (44.8%) followed by nitrogen fertilizer (38.8%) and farm machinery (8.3%). Conclusions Based on this study results, through reducing of fuel consumption (replacing of obsolescent machinery and usage of modern implement, performing of farm operations in suitable soil moisture content and preventing of additional operations) and accurate consuming of nitrogen (according to soil testing), it is possible to reduce fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emission and environmental pollutions. }, keywords = {CO2,Direct seeding,Greenhouse gases emission,Tillage}, title_fa = {مقایسه بهره‌وری انرژی و پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی در نظام‌های تولید آفتابگردان (Helianthus annuus L.) دیم}, abstract_fa = {این مطالعه به­منظور بررسی جریان انرژی و پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی مزارع آفتابگردان (Helianthus annuus L.) در شهرستان میامی انجام شد. اطلاعات لازم در مورد سه روش کاشت مرسوم، روش کم‌خاک‌ورزی و کاشت مستقیم از طریق مصاحبه حضوری و تکمیل پرسش‌نامه در سال 1389 تهیه شد. پس از جمع‌آوری اطلاعات، پارامترهای مربوط به انرژی و پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی ناشی از انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای بر مبنای معادل دی اکسید کربن محاسبه گردید. نتایج نشان داد که میزان انرژی ورودی در سه روش کاشت مرسوم، روش کم‌خاک‌ورزی و کاشت مستقیم به ترتیب برابر 13971، 12117 و 10865 مگاژول بر هکتار بود. در هر سه روش در مقایسه با سایر نهاده‌ها،کود نیتروژن و سوخت مصرفی بیشترین سهم انرژی ورودی را داشتند. بیشترین و کمترین میزان بهره‌وری انرژی به ترتیب مربوط به کشت مستقیم (15/0 کیلوگرم بر مگاژول) و کشت رایج (11/0 کیلوگرم بر مگاژول) بود. کمترین مقدار پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی از روش کاشت مستقیم به میزان 1449 کیلوگرم معادل دی اکسید کربن در هکتار بود. در روش مرسوم و کم‌خاک‌ورزی، پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی حاصل از مصرف سوخت بیشترین مقدار تولید گازهای گلخانه‌ای به ترتیب 3/43 و 5/36 درصد از کل تولید گازهای گلخانه‌ای  را به خود اختصاص داده است. در روش کاشت مستقیم، پتانسیل گرمایش جهانی حاصل از مصرف کود نیتروژن بیشترین مقدار تولید گازهای گلخانه‌ای (3/47 درصد) را به خود اختصاص داد. با توجه به نتایج بدست آمده مدیریت عملیات زراعی با رویکرد حذف عملیات اضافی (کاهش مصرف سوخت) و مدیریت مصرف کود نیتروژن، به­منظور افزایش بهره‌وری انرژی،کاهش تولید گازهای گلخانه‌ای و اثرات زیست‌محیطی ضروری است.}, keywords_fa = {انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای,خاک‌ورزی,دی ‌اکسید کربن,کشت مستقیم}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37103.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37103_8723fa620c788f146994ee5583093429.pdf} } @article { author = {ahmadi, khadijeh and omidi, heshmat}, title = {Evaluation of Morphological Characteristics, Yield Components and Catalase Enzymes Activity of Lallemantia royleana Benth. under Drought Stress}, journal = {Journal Of Agroecology}, volume = {11}, number = {2}, pages = {757-774}, year = {2019}, publisher = {Ferdowsi University of Mashhad}, issn = {2008-7713}, eissn = {2423-4281}, doi = {10.22067/jag.v11i2.69373}, abstract = {Introduction Lallemantia royleana (Walla) Benth is a folk medicinal plant of Labiatae family. This family is one of the largest and most distinctive flowering plants, with about 220 genera and almost 4000 species worldwide. It is well represented in different regions of European and the Middle Eastern countries especially Iran by 46 genera and 410 species and subspecies. The vernacular name of L. royleana’s seed in Iran is Balangu or Balangu Shirazi. Balangu seed is a good source of carbohydrates (45.25%), crude fiber (30.67%), ash (3.63%), oil (18.27%) and protein (25.60%) and has some medicinal, nutritional and human health properties. Balangu seed that conventionally consumes as stimulant, constituent, diuretic, and expectorant, is used in a range of products made in traditional or industrial applications such as beverage (namely Tokhme Sharbati) and bread in Iran and Turkey. Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic factors which adversely affect growth, metabolism, and yield of crops in semiarid and arid area. Drought stress during any particular growth stage of crops causes yield reduction. The purpose of this test is to evaluate the effect of drought on morphological characteristics, yield components and catalase enzymes activity of medicinal plant population are Balangu. Materials and Methods To evaluate the effect of drought stress on morphological characteristics, yield components and catalase enzymes activity of medicinal plant populations Balangu split-plot experiment in randomized complete block design with three replications in research farm of the  Shahed University of medicinal plants in the year 2015. Factors examined include three levels of drought at flowering stage as the main factor (soil water potential of -0.5 atmosphere as a witness, 6.5- and 9.5- atmosphere), 5 Balangu population includes a population of Kurdistan (Sanandaj) Province and 4 population of Isfahan Province (E3 (Naein), E5 (Ardestan), E6 (Najaf Abad), E7 (Khansar)) were considered as subplots. Measured traits including root length, plant height, fresh and dry weight per plant, grain yield, components grain yield, mucilage percent, and yield. In order to study morphological traits, seven plants of each plot were selected with due consideration of margins. To determine yield components are calculated, about four square meters per plot was harvested at maturity. The ROS scavengers are antioxidant enzymes containing catalase. Information obtained through the statistical program SAS 9.12 for analysis and the means were compared by Duncan's multiple range test in 5% level. Results and Discussion The results showed significant effect of drought on morphological traits, yield components (except the number of nut in every cycle) and catalase enzymes activity. With increasing drought traits such as plant height and its components declined. Balangu populations on plant height, number of tributaries, fresh and dry weight per plant was non-significant. In the crowd, except root length in the rest statistically significant differences were observed. For the purpose of planting the seed Balangu, E3 has the potential moisture in the atmosphere -.9.5 atm had the highest grain yield per plant. A significant positive correlation with yield and grain yield per plant, grain weight, number of cycles of flowers per plant and plant height. Pearson correlations between traits with grain yield results showed that the Grain Yield per plant and Plant height (r=0.580**), thousand grain weight (r=0.514**),  nut number of per flowers cycle (r=0.496**),  fresh weight per plant (r=0.360**), dry weight plant (r=0.337*), and root length (r=0.324**) positive correlation and significant and flowering cycle her plant (r=-0.299*) showed a significant negative correlation and significant. No significant grain yield with other traits. Conclusions The results of this study indicated that drought stress at flowering stage increased root length and catalase enzyme as well as decreased other morphological traits, grain yield components, percentage and mucilage yield and protein content of balangu medicinal plant. In moderately severe stress, the highest grain yield and mucilage yield were related to Nain population, and in mild stress, Ardestan (E5) population had the highest grain yield, percent and mucilage yield. Therefore, considering the stresses introduced, introducing high-yielding populations in relatively severe stresses can lead to water use efficiency and irrigation management. Due to the necessity of production of medicinal plants in crop systems and the necessity to pay attention to cultivation of these plants in arid and semi-arid regions, it is recommended in severe climatic conditions of Naein (E3) population under similar climatic conditions.}, keywords = {Antioxidant,Lallemantia royleana,yield,Dehydration,Grain weight}, title_fa = {ارزیابی ویژگی‌های مرفولوژیک، اجزای عملکرد و آنزیم کاتالاز جمعیت‌های بالنگو شیرازی (Lallemantia royleana Benth.) تحت تنش خشکی}, abstract_fa = {کمبود آب، عامل محدود­کننده رشد و عملکرد گیاهان در مناطق خشک و نیمه­خشک محسوب می­شود. به­منظور بررسی اثر تنش خشکی بر خصوصیات مرفولوژیک و آنزیم کاتالاز جمعیت­های گیاه دارویی بالنگو شیرازی (Lallemantia royleana Benth.)، آزمایشی به­صورت کرت­های خرد­شده در قالب طرح بلوک­های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار در مزرعه تحقیقاتی گیاهان دارویی دانشکده علوم کشاورزی دانشگاه شاهد در سال 94-1393 اجرا شد. فاکتورهای آزمایش شامل سه سطح خشکی در مرحله گلدهی به­عنوان فاکتور اصلی (پتانسیل رطوبت خاک 5/0- (شاهد)، 5/6- و 5/9- اتمسفر)، پنج جمعیت­ بالنگو شامل یک جمعیت از استان کردستان (سنندج) و چهار جمعیت از استان اصفهان (نائین، اردستان، نجف آباد و خوانسار) به­عنوان فاکتور فرعی در نظر گرفته شدند. بررسی نتایج نشان داد که خشکی تأثیر معنی­داری بر صفات مرفولوژیک، اجزای عملکرد (به­جز صفت تعداد فندقه در هر چرخه گل)، عملکرد دانه، درصد و عملکرد موسیلاژ، محتوای پروتئین و آنزیم کاتالاز داشت. با افزایش خشکی صفاتی مانند ارتفاع بوته، اجزای عملکرد و عملکرد دانه، عملکرد موسیلاژ و محتوای پروتئین کاهش پیدا کردند. تنش خشکی باعث افزایش طول ریشه، درصد موسیلاژ و آنزیم کاتالاز شد. اثر ساده جمعیت­ بر ارتفاع بوته، تعداد شاخه­های فرعی، وزن تر و خشک تک بوته غیر معنی­دار شد. در بین جمعیت­های بالنگو، جمعیت نجف آباد دارای بیش­ترین عملکرد دانه، عملکرد موسیلاژ و اجزای عملکرد بود. بین عملکرد دانه با ارتفاع بوته، وزن هزار دانه، تعداد فندقه در هر چرخه گل، وزن تر بوته، وزن خشک بوته و طول ریشه همبستگی مثبت و معنی­داری مشاهده شد. بیش­ترین همبستگی بین عملکرد موسیلاژ و وزن هزار دانه مشاهده شد. با توجه به اینکه هدف از کشت گیاه دارویی بالنگو دانه است، جمعیت نائین در پتانسیل رطوبت 5/9- اتمسفر بیش­ترین عملکرد دانه را داشت.}, keywords_fa = {آنتی اکسیدان,تخم شربتی,عملکرد,کم آبی,وزن هزار دانه}, url = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37113.html}, eprint = {https://agry.um.ac.ir/article_37113_3b9a99ae45359de4d189eab2e8e9edbb.pdf} }